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Cogoi L, Marrassini C, Martin EMS, Alonso MR, Filip R, Anesini C. Inhibition of Glycation End Products Formation and Antioxidant Activities of Ilex paraguariensis: comparative study of fruit and leaves extracts. J Pharmacopuncture 2023; 26:338-347. [PMID: 38162469 PMCID: PMC10739477 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2023.26.4.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Ilex paraguariensis (Aquifoleaceae) is cultivated to produce "yerba mate". Due to its nutritional, energizing, hypoglycemic and antioxidant effects, it is used in the elaboration of food, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. The oxidative stress related to protein glycation and production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) leads to the development of several diseases. The objective of this work was to compare the antioxidant and anti-AGEs activity of a decoction of fruits (F) and leaves (L). Methods The antioxidant activity was assayed by the DPPH assay and the inhibition of egg yolk lipid peroxidation (ILP), and anti-AGEs activity, through the inhibition of the formation of fructosamine (IF), β-amyloid (Iβ), protein carbonylation (IC) and AGEs (IA). Polyphenols were quantified by HPLC. Results Maximum response ± SEM For F 0.01 µg/mL IF = 42 ± 4%, IC = 17 ± 2% and for 10 µg/mL IA = 38 ± 4%, Iβ = 67 ± 7%. For L 0.1 µg/mL IF = 35 ± 2%, IC = 19 ± 2% and for 100 µg/mL IA = 26 ± 3%, Iβ = 63.04 ± 2%. The DPPH IC50 = 134.8 ± 14 µg/mL for F and 34.67 ± 3 µg/mL for L. The ILP IC50 = 512.86 ± 50 µg/mL for F and 154.8 ± 15 µg/mL for L. By HPLC L presented the highest amounts of flavonoids and caffeoylquinic acids. F and L showed strong anti-AGEs activity, affecting the early stages of glycation at low concentrations and the late stages of glycation at high concentrations. The highest activity for both F and L was seen in the IF and Iβ. F presented the highest anti-AGEs potency. L presented the highest antioxidant potency, which was related to the highest content of polyphenols. Conclusion The fruits of I. paraguariensis could be a source of antioxidant and anti-AGEs compounds to be used with medicinal purposes or as functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cogoi
- Pharmacognosy Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Institute of Chemistry and Drug Metabolism (IQUIMEFA), CONICET-University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carla Marrassini
- Pharmacognosy Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Institute of Chemistry and Drug Metabolism (IQUIMEFA), CONICET-University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elina Malen Saint Martin
- Pharmacognosy Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Institute of Chemistry and Drug Metabolism (IQUIMEFA), CONICET-University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Rosario Alonso
- Institute of Chemistry and Drug Metabolism (IQUIMEFA), CONICET-University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosana Filip
- Pharmacognosy Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia Anesini
- Pharmacognosy Unit, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Institute of Chemistry and Drug Metabolism (IQUIMEFA), CONICET-University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
To better control the quality of saponins, ensure their biological activity and clinical therapeutic effect, and expand the development and application of saponins, this paper systematically and comprehensively reviews the separation and analytical methods of saponins in the past decade. Since 2010, the electronic databases of PubMed, Google Scholar, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, Wiley, Springer, CNKI (National Knowledge Infrastructure, CNKI), Wanfang Med online, and other databases have been searched systematically. As a result, it is found that ionic liquids and high-performance countercurrent chromatography are the most popular extraction and separation techniques for saponins, and the combined chromatography technique is the most widely used method for the analysis of saponins. Liquid chromatography can be used in combination with different detectors to achieve qualitative or quantitative analysis and quality control of saponin compounds in medicinal materials and their preparations. This paper provides the latest valuable insights and references for the analytical methods and continued development and application of saponins.
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Negrin A, Long C, Motley TJ, Kennelly EJ. LC-MS Metabolomics and Chemotaxonomy of Caffeine-Containing Holly ( Ilex) Species and Related Taxa in the Aquifoliaceae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5687-5699. [PMID: 31042034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ilex species have been consumed traditionally as medicinal teas worldwide. Though the presence of caffeine has been reported in several species, little is known about secondary-metabolite diversity within and among these taxa. Leaf samples of Ilex guayusa, Ilex paraguariensis, and Ilex vomitoria were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and comparative metabolite profiling with Ilex cassine and other Ilex species to identify chemotaxonomic markers, delimit species, and provide an assessment of chemodiversity. Purine alkaloids were detected and quantified in I. guayusa, I. paraguariensis, and I. vomitoria. Reports of caffeine for I. cassine were not corroborated, suggesting that I. vomitoria was the traditional source of the Native North American tea yaupon. The tetramethyluric acid, theacrine, was detected for the first time in the genus Ilex as a low-level chemotaxonomic marker in I. vomitoria samples. Chemotaxonomy and metabolomics support a close relationship for caffeine-containing Ilex species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Negrin
- Department of Biological Sciences , Lehman College , Bronx , New York 10468 , United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center , The City University of New York , New York , New York 10016 , United States
| | - Chunlin Long
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences , Minzu University of China , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
| | - Timothy J Motley
- Department of Biological Sciences , Old Dominion University , Norfolk , Virginia 23529 , United States
| | - Edward J Kennelly
- Department of Biological Sciences , Lehman College , Bronx , New York 10468 , United States
- Ph.D. Program in Biology, The Graduate Center , The City University of New York , New York , New York 10016 , United States
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences , Minzu University of China , Beijing 100081 , People's Republic of China
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da Silva CGF, Cassel E, Vargas RMF, Marczak LDF. Selective extraction of saponins from Ilex paraguariensis St.-Hil. unripe fruits. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhao J, Shin Y, Chun KH, Yoon HR, Lee J. A Simple, Rapid and Reliable Method to Determine Imipramine and Desipramine in Mouse Serum Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 54:561-8. [PMID: 26688563 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometric (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was developed for quantification of imipramine, one of the most widely used tricyclic antidepressants, and desipramine, an active metabolite of imipramine, in mouse serum. The developed method included a simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile in 50 μL of serum and analyte separation on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column using a gradient elution of acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid and 20 mM ammonium formate. As a result, the entire analysis time was <20 min including the sample preparation and the LC-MS analysis. The limit of quantification was 5.0 ng mL(-1) for both imipramine and desipramine, and calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 5.0-1,000.0 and 5.0-250.0 ng mL(-1) for imipramine and desipramine, respectively. Intraday precisions at three levels were 2.2-3.6 and 1.7-4.2% for imipramine and desipramine, respectively, whereas interday precisions were 2.6-5.0 and 2.0-8.4% for imipramine and desipramine, respectively. Accuracy ranged between 93.6 and 106.6% for imipramine and 94.1 and 106.4% for desipramine. Absolute recovery was 96.0-97.6% for imipramine and 87.0-99.5% for desipramine. Finally, the described method was applied to mice administered with imipramine, demonstrating the suitability for quantification of imipramine and desipramine for therapeutic drug monitoring or bioequivalence studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Chun
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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LC-MS/MS Determination and Pharmacokinetic Study of Pedunculoside in Rat Plasma after Oral Administration of Pedunculoside and Ilex rotunda Extract. Molecules 2015; 20:9084-98. [PMID: 25996213 PMCID: PMC6272306 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ilex rotunda is widely used to treat many disorders as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) containing 4%–5% pedunculoside (PDC). A rapid, selective, and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-MS/MS) was developed and validated to determine PDC in rat plasma by using 3β,19α-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid 28-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester (DEOG) as an internal standard. The analytes were extracted by protein precipitation and eluted on a C18 chromatography column using a mobile phase of methanol–H2O (70:30, v/v) delivered at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. Detection was performed using positive ion electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring modes. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 0.60 ng/mL to 200 ng/mL, with a quantification limit of 0.60 ng/mL. Intra-day and inter-day precisions (%RSD) ranged from 2.12 to 9.51 for PDC, whereas the accuracy was within −7.83%~9.40%. The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of PDC in rat plasma after oral administration of pure PDC and Ilex rotunda extract (IRE). Pharmacokinetic parameters of PDC in IRE, such as Cmax, AUC0–t, AUC0–∞, t1/2z, and CLz/F, statistically differed from those of the pure monomer (p < 0.01). However, Tmax and MRT showed no significant differences between the two groups. Results suggested that other coexisting components in IRE may decrease the absorption of PDC. Compound-compound interactions between PDC and other herbal extract components can alter the pharmacokinetic behavior of PDC. The study will be helpful in providing references for understanding the action mechanism and clinical application of Ilex rotunda.
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de Resende PE, Kaiser S, Pittol V, Hoefel AL, D'Agostini Silva R, Vieira Marques C, Kucharski LC, Ortega GG. Influence of crude extract and bioactive fractions of Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hil. (yerba mate) on the Wistar rat lipid metabolism. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.03.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Zhou Y, Lin Y, Liu X, Ju W. Simultaneous determination of 12 index components and compatibility changes in Longchai decoction by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2014; 53:60-5. [PMID: 24714141 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmu015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the traditional decoction theory of Chinese medicine compound prescriptions. To control the quality of Longchai decoction and to analyze the changes of chemical components before and after compatibility, the determination method of 12 index components including salidroside, wogonoside, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, quercetin, isoliquiritigenin, isorhamnetin, wogonin, saikosaponin A, saikosaponin D and ursolic acid by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was established. The 12 index components were detected by LC-MS with the Agilent Zorbax SB C18 (3.1 × 100 mm, 3.6 µm) column, the mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile-0.1% methanoic acid with gradient elution at the flow rate of 0.25 mL min(-1) and the column temperature was maintained at 30°C. All the samples were isolated to baseline. All calibration curves showed good linear regression (r(2) > 0.9978). The average recoveries were between 99.16 and 103.25% of relative standard deviation <2.82% (n = 5). Obtained results indicated that the content of index components was increased in traditional decoction, compared with mixed individual decoctions. This method with good resolution and high precision could be used for the quality control of Longchai decoction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Zhou
- Pharmaceutical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ying Lin
- Pharmaceutical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xunhong Liu
- Pharmaceutical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wenzheng Ju
- First Clinical Medical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, PR China
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Identification and comparison of anti-inflammatory ingredients from different organs of Lotus nelumbo by UPLC/Q-TOF and PCA coupled with a NF-κB reporter gene assay. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81971. [PMID: 24312388 PMCID: PMC3843740 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lotus nelumbo (LN) (Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) is an aquatic crop that is widely distributed throughout Asia and India, and various parts of this plant are edible and medicinal. It is noteworthy that different organs of this plant are used in traditional herbal medicine or folk recipes to cure different diseases and to relieve their corresponding symptoms. The compounds that are contained in each organ, which are named based on their chemical compositions, have led to their respective usages. In this work, a strategy was used to identify the difference ingredients and screen for Nuclear-factor-kappaB (NF-κB) inhibitors with anti-inflammatory ability in LN. Seventeen main difference ingredients were compared and identified from 64 samples of 4 different organs by ultra-performance liquid chromatography that was coupled with quadrupole/time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) with principal component analysis (PCA). A luciferase reporter assay system combined with the UPLC/Q-TOF-MS information was applied to screen biologically active substances. Ten NF-κB inhibitors from Lotus plumule (LP) extracts, most of which were isoquinoline alkaloids or flavone C-glycosides, were screened. Heat map results showed that eight of these compounds were abundant in the LP. In conclusion, the LP extracts were considered to have the best anti-inflammatory ability of the four LN organs, and the chemical material basis (CMB) of this biological activity was successfully validated by multivariate statistical analysis and biological research methods.
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Maria-Ferreira D, Dartora N, da Silva LM, Pereira IT, de Souza LM, Ritter DS, Iacomini M, Werner MFDP, Sassaki GL, Baggio CH. Chemical and biological characterization of polysaccharides isolated from Ilex paraguariensis A. St.-Hil. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 59:125-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhou Y, Liu X, Chen F, Zhang F. Simultaneous quantitative determination of eight index constituents and compatibility changes in Longchai Decoction by UPLC–Q-TOF-MS. Acta Pharm Sin B 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Resende PED, Verza SG, Kaiser S, Gomes LF, Kucharski LC, Ortega GG. The activity of mate saponins (Ilex paraguariensis) in intra-abdominal and epididymal fat, and glucose oxidation in male Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 144:735-740. [PMID: 23088849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Revised: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Ilex paraguariensis A. St. Hilaire (mate) has traditionally been used in several South American countries to prepare tea-like beverages having stimulant effects on the CNS and appetite. In recent years, however, mate preparations have been recommended putatively as an appetite suppressant and slimming remedy. Moreover, studies carried out on either normal or diet-induced obese rats treated with mate extracts revealed anti-obesity and satiety effects, thus refuting ethnopharmacological data. In this work, the effect of mate on the intra-abdominal and epididymal fat, and glucose oxidation levels after oral administration in male Wistar rats, was studied using crude extract from leaves, unripe fruits, and a chemically well-defined purified saponin fraction (MSF). MATERIAL AND METHODS Saponin, polyphenol and methylxanthine contents in MSF were analyzed by HPLC-PDA and UPLC/Q-TOF-MS. Crude extracts from mate leaves (LAE) and unripe fruits (FHE) were assayed for comparison purposes. Male Wistar rats fed with standard diet and water ad libitum were used as the control group. RESULTS The fat weight and both liver and adipose glucose oxidation were reduced significantly by MSF (35, 90 and 60%, respectively), while LAE and FHE were less active. Also, a significant lowering of the blood triglycerides level was observed in rats treated with MSF and LAE. All creatinine, urea, and transaminase plasma levels remained unaffected no matter what mate preparation was considered. It is also worth pointing out that the glucose blood level was increased after treatment with FHE. This finding did not correlate either with the content of methylxanthines, polyphenols or saponins. CONCLUSION A reduction in both visceral fat weight and glucose oxidation of hepatic and adipose tissue in healthy rats fed with a standard diet could be ascribed to a purified mate saponin fraction from unripe fruits. These findings agree with former studies carried out with crude mate extracts and also suggest their potential use as an anti-obesity preparation. Nonetheless, further in vivo experiments are still required to corroborate its effect on human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Ernesto de Resende
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
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