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Kruk A, Popowski D, Roszko MŁ, Granica S, Piwowarski JP. Heterogeneity of transport and metabolism of Tormentillae rhizoma constituents across human intestinal epithelium cellular model. Food Res Int 2024; 188:114326. [PMID: 38823825 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Tormentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch is a widespread plant in Europe and Western Asia. Its rhizomes (Tormentilae rhizoma) are the main ingredient of herbal alcoholic beverages and can be used as a natural preservative in beer production. Apart from its unique taste qualities, therapeutic properties in gastrointestinal tract ailments are attributed to the tincture obtained from Tormentillae rhizoma. The presented research aimed to determine the mutual relationship between the components of Tormentillae tincture, present in popular alcoholic beverages, and intestinal epithelium (Caco-2 cell monolayers). A comprehensive qualitative and quantitative analysis of the tincture was performed, including the determination of condensed and hydrolyzable tannins as well as triterpenoids (UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS). Incubation of the tincture with Caco-2 monolayers has shown that only triterpenes pass through the monolayer, while condensed tannins are mainly bound to the monolayer surface. Ellagic acid derivatives were the only components of the Tormentillae tinctura being metabolized by cell monolayers to the compounds not previously described in the literature, which may be crucial in the treatment of intestinal diseases with inflammatory background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Kruk
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Dominik Popowski
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marek Ł Roszko
- Department of Food Analysis, Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology - State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36 Street, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub P Piwowarski
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
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Jafernik K, Kubica P, Sharafan M, Kruk A, Malinowska MA, Granica S, Szopa A. Phenolic compound profiling and antioxidant potential of different types of Schisandra henryi in vitro cultures. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:322. [PMID: 38713216 PMCID: PMC11076313 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13159-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Schisandra henryi is an endemic species of medicinal potential known from traditional Chinese medicine. As part of this study, a complex biotechnological and phytochemical assessment was conducted on S. henryi with a focus on phenolic compounds and antioxidant profiling. The following in vitro cultures were tested: microshoot agar and callus, microshoot agitated, and suspension, along with the microshoot culture in PlantForm bioreactors. Qualitative profiling was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector coupled with ion-trap mass spectrophotometry with electrospray ionization and then quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector using standards. In the extracts, mainly the compounds from procyanidins were identified as well as phenolic acids (neochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid) and catechin. The highest content of phenolic compounds was found for in vitro agar microshoot culture (max. total content 229.87 mg/100 g DW) and agitated culture (max. total content 22.82 mg/100 g DW). The max. TPC measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay was equal to 1240.51 mg GAE/100 g DW (agar microshoot culture). The extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant potential by the DPPH, FRAP, and chelate iron ion assays. The highest potential was indicated for agar microshoot culture (90% of inhibition and 59.31 nM/L TEAC, respectively). The research conducted on the polyphenol profiling and antioxidant potential of S. henryi in vitro culture extracts indicates the high therapeutic potential of this species. KEY POINTS: • Different types of S. henryi in vitro cultures were compared for the first time. • The S. henryi in vitro culture strong antioxidant potential was determined for the first time. • The polyphenol profiling of different types of S. henryi in vitro cultures was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Jafernik
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 Str, 30-688, Cracow, Poland
| | - Paweł Kubica
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 Str, 30-688, Cracow, Poland
| | - Marta Sharafan
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24 Str, 31-155, Cracow, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Kruk
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Anna Malinowska
- Department of Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24 Str, 31-155, Cracow, Poland
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Microbiota Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 Str, 02-097, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Szopa
- Chair and Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Medyczna 9 Str, 30-688, Cracow, Poland.
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Augustynowicz D, Lemieszek MK, Strawa JW, Wiater A, Tomczyk M. Phytochemical Profiling of Extracts from Rare Potentilla Species and Evaluation of Their Anticancer Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054836. [PMID: 36902263 PMCID: PMC10002591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the common use of Potentilla L. species (Rosaceae) as herbal medicines, a number of species still remain unexplored. Thus, the present study is a continuation of a study evaluating the phytochemical and biological profiles of aqueous acetone extracts from selected Potentilla species. Altogether, 10 aqueous acetone extracts were obtained from the aerial parts of P. aurea (PAU7), P. erecta (PER7), P. hyparctica (PHY7), P. megalantha (PME7), P. nepalensis (PNE7), P. pensylvanica (PPE7), P. pulcherrima (PPU7), P. rigoi (PRI7), and P. thuringiaca (PTH7), leaves of P. fruticosa (PFR7), as well as from the underground parts of P. alba (PAL7r) and P. erecta (PER7r). The phytochemical evaluation consisted of selected colourimetric methods, including total phenolic (TPC), tannin (TTC), proanthocyanidin (TPrC), phenolic acid (TPAC), and flavonoid (TFC) contents, as well as determination of the qualitative secondary metabolite composition by the employment of LC-HRMS (liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry) analysis. The biological assessment included an evaluation of the cytotoxicity and antiproliferative properties of the extracts against human colon epithelial cell line CCD841 CoN and human colon adenocarcinoma cell line LS180. The highest TPC, TTC, and TPAC were found in PER7r (326.28 and 269.79 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g extract and 263.54 mg caffeic acid equivalents (CAE)/g extract, respectively). The highest TPrC was found in PAL7r (72.63 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g extract), and the highest TFC was found in PHY7 (113.29 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g extract). The LC-HRMS analysis showed the presence of a total of 198 compounds, including agrimoniin, pedunculagin, astragalin, ellagic acid, and tiliroside. An examination of the anticancer properties revealed the highest decrease in colon cancer cell viability in response to PAL7r (IC50 = 82 µg/mL), while the strongest antiproliferative effect was observed in LS180 treated with PFR7 (IC50 = 50 µg/mL) and PAL7r (IC50 = 52 µg/mL). An LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assay revealed that most of the extracts were not cytotoxic against colon epithelial cells. At the same time, the tested extracts for the whole range of concentrations damaged the membranes of colon cancer cells. The highest cytotoxicity was observed for PAL7r, which in concentrations from 25 to 250 µg/mL increased LDH levels by 145.7% and 479.0%, respectively. The previously and currently obtained results indicated that some aqueous acetone extracts from Potentilla species have anticancer potential and thus encourage further studies in order to develop a new efficient and safe therapeutic strategy for people who have been threatened by or suffered from colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Augustynowicz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland
| | - Marta Kinga Lemieszek
- Department of Medical Biology, Institute of Rural Health, ul. Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Władysław Strawa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ul. Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-85-748-56-94
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Augustynowicz D, Lemieszek MK, Strawa JW, Wiater A, Tomczyk M. Anticancer potential of acetone extracts from selected Potentilla species against human colorectal cancer cells. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1027315. [PMID: 36249795 PMCID: PMC9556846 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1027315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cinquefoils have been widely used in local folk medicine in Europe and Asia to manage various gastrointestinal inflammations and/or infections, certain forms of cancer, thyroid gland disorders, and wound healing. In the present paper, acetone extracts from aerial parts of selected Potentilla species, namely P. alba (PAL7), P. argentea (PAR7), P. grandiflora (PGR7), P. norvegica (PN7), P. recta (PRE7), and the closely related Drymocalis rupestris (syn. P. rupestris) (PRU7), were analysed for their cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activities against human colon adenocarcinoma cell line LS180 and human colon epithelial cell line CCD841 CoN. Moreover, quantitative assessments of the total polyphenolic (TPC), total tannin (TTC), total proanthocyanidins (TPrC), total flavonoid (TFC), and total phenolic acid (TPAC) were conducted. The analysis of secondary metabolite composition was carried out by LC-PDA-HRMS. The highest TPC and TTC were found in PAR7 (339.72 and 246.92 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g extract, respectively) and PN7 (332.11 and 252.3 mg GAE/g extract, respectively). The highest TPrC, TFC, and TPAC levels were found for PAL7 (21.28 mg catechin equivalents (CAT)/g extract, 71.85 mg rutin equivalents (RE)/g extract, and 124.18 mg caffeic acid equivalents (CAE)/g extract, respectively). LC-PDA-HRMS analysis revealed the presence of 83 compounds, including brevifolincarboxylic acid, ellagic acid, pedunculagin, agrimoniin, chlorogenic acid, astragalin, and tiliroside. Moreover, the presence of tri-coumaroyl spermidine was demonstrated for the first time in the genus Potentilla. Results of the MTT assay revealed that all tested extracts decreased the viability of both cell lines; however, a markedly stronger effect was observed in the colon cancer cells. The highest selectivity was demonstrated by PAR7, which effectively inhibited the metabolic activity of LS180 cells (IC50 = 38 μg/ml), while at the same time causing the lowest unwanted effects in CCD841 CoN cells (IC50 = 1,134 μg/ml). BrdU assay revealed a significant decrease in DNA synthesis in both examined cell lines in response to all investigated extracts. It should be emphasized that the tested extracts had a stronger effect on colon cancer cells than normal colon cells, and the most significant antiproliferative properties were observed in the case of PAR7 (IC50 LS180 = 174 μg/ml) and PN7 (IC50 LS180 = 169 μg/ml). The results of LDH assay revealed that all tested extracts were not cytotoxic against normal colon epithelial cells, whereas in the cancer cells, all compounds significantly damaged cell membranes, and the observed effect was dose-dependent. The highest cytotoxicity was observed in LS180 cells in response to PAR7, which, in concentrations ranging from 25 to 250 μg/ml, increased LDH release by 110%–1,062%, respectively. Performed studies have revealed that all Potentilla species may be useful sources for anti-colorectal cancer agents; however, additional research is required to prove this definitively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
- *Correspondence: Michał Tomczyk,
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Fragaria × ananassa cv. Senga Sengana Leaf: An Agricultural Waste with Antiglycation Potential and High Content of Ellagitannins, Flavonols, and 2-Pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic Acid. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27165293. [PMID: 36014531 PMCID: PMC9415522 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Strawberry leaves are considered a valuable waste material; so far, mainly due to their antioxidant properties. Since the annual production of this crop is high, our study aimed to thoroughly examine the chemical composition and antidiabetes-related bioactivity of Fragaria × ananassa leaf of its popular and productive cultivar Senga Sengana. Leaves from three different seasons, collected after fruiting, were extensively analyzed (UHPLC-qTOF-MS/MS, HPLC-DAD). Some individual components were isolated and quantified, including specific flavonol diglycosides (e.g., 3-O-[β-xylosyl(1‴→2″)]-β-glucuronosides). The separated quercetin glycosides were tested in an antiglycation assay, and their methylglyoxal uptake capacity was measured. In addition, the biodegradable polyester precursor 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC) was confirmed at relatively high levels, providing further opportunity for strawberry leaf utilization. We want to bring to the attention of the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries the Senga Sengana strawberry leaf as a new botanical raw material. It is rich in PDC, ellagitannins, and flavonols—potent glycation inhibitors.
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Kumari S, Seth A, Sharma S, Attri C. A holistic overview of different species of Potentilla a medicinally important plant along with their pharmaceutical significance: A review. J Herb Med 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hermed.2021.100460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
Tannins are natural polyphenolic compounds widely distributed in the plant kingdom in the leaves, bark, fruits, and other parts. They have various biological functions in humans and animals and are used mainly in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The aim of this work was to isolate, extract, purify, and identify the tannins from the root bark of a common oak tree (Quercus aegilops L.) in Jordan and around the Mediterranean. The results showed that at least one form of ellagitannin (ellagic acid ester), quercitrin, afzelechin, valoneic acid, trigalloyl glucose, and catechin was identified in addition to two unidentified compounds. Results of this work can help in developing an ESI MS/MS search library for the constituents of the tannins of oak (Quercus aegilops L.) root bark.
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Augustynowicz D, Latté KP, Tomczyk M. Recent phytochemical and pharmacological advances in the genus Potentilla L. sensu lato - An update covering the period from 2009 to 2020. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 266:113412. [PMID: 32987127 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Potentilla plants are still common herbal medicines used in folk medicine. This review provides an update of research undertaken on Potentilla from 2009 until 2020. AIM OF THE STUDY This comprehensive review considers biological updates, recent advances in phytochemical and pharmacological research, and toxicological reports on Potentilla sensu lato based on available data since 2009. METHODS A literature search was conducted using available databases including ScienceDirect, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure and Google Scholar. RESULTS Until now, more than 210 new and known compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, triterpenes and phenolic compounds, have been confirmed and elucidated for numerous Potentilla species, i.e., in the underground and aerial parts of this genus. Modern pharmacology studies have revealed that those structures are responsible for a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, such as anti-neoplastic, antihyperglycemic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, antibacterial and anti-yeast effects. CONCLUSIONS However, in vitro studies must be re-considered due to the discovery of urolithins and their origins, including microbiota, which can lead to different results when applying Potentilla species and their extracts to in vivo conditions. Thus, future research should focus more on in vivo and particularly clinical studies to confirm the validity and safety of traditional uses. Particularly, the use of Potentilla alba extracts in the treatment of thyroid gland disorders should be further explored to confirm the underlying mechanism of their action, efficacy and safety. In addition, more clinical studies should focus on Potentilla erecta rhizome extracts for application as herbal remedies against dysentery, diarrhoea and inflammation of the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Augustynowicz
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230, Białystok, Poland
| | | | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230, Białystok, Poland.
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Pentacyclic triterpenes with nitric oxide inhibitory activity from Potentilla chinensis. Bioorg Chem 2021; 108:104659. [PMID: 33524652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Three new ursane-type triterpenes (1-3) and twenty-one known triterpenoids (4-24) were isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plants of Potentilla chinensis. Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis of 1D and 2D NMR (HSQC, HMBC, COSY and ROESY) and HRESIMS data. The bioassay screening revealed the inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production of compounds 2, 5, 7, 9, 10, and 13-24 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages.
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Kirsch J, Jung A, Hille K, König B, Hannig C, Kölling-Speer I, Speer K, Hannig M. Effect of fragaria vesca, hamamelis and tormentil on the initial bacterial colonization in situ. Arch Oral Biol 2020; 118:104853. [PMID: 32801033 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The presentin situ study aims to examine the influence of the polyphenolic tea drugs fragaria vesca, hamamelis and tormentil on the initial oral bioadhesion. DESIGN Initial biofilm formation was performed on bovine enamel slabs which were carried intraorally by 12 subjects. After 1 min of intraoral pellicle formation, the subjects rinsed with fragaria vesca, tormentil (0.8 mg/8 mL) and hamamelis (0.2 mg/8 mL) for 10 min. Tap water served as negative control, 0.2 % CHX as positive control. The investigations took place on different days (wash-out: 2 days). Afterwards, fluorescence microscopy has been performed per test solution (n = 5) and per subject (n = 12) to visualize bacterial adhesion and glucan formation (8 h oral exposition) with DAPI, ConA and BacLight. Additionally, TEM was used to visualize the pellicle ultrastructure and expectorate samples. Statistical evaluation was carried out using the Kruskal-Wallis- (p < 0.5), Mann-Whitney U test (p < 0.5) and Bonferroni-Holm-correction (p < 0.1). RESULTS Rinsing with the polyphenolic tea extracts reduced significantly initial bacterial colonization (DAPI) compared to the negative control. There was no significant difference betweenfragaria vesca, hamamelis and tormentil. All solutions showed a reducing effect on the glucan formation. No significant difference was observed between fragaria vesca and CHX. Considerable alterations of the pellicle's ultrastructure manifested by an increase in thickness and electron density resulted from rinsing with the three polyphenolic aqueous extracts. CONCLUSIONS Fragaria vesca, hamamelis and tormentil significantly reduce initial bioadhesion and glucan formation in situ and are therefore recommended as adjuvant antibacterial oral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Kirsch
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Amira Jung
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Kristin Hille
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Belinda König
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, D- 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
| | - Christian Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstraße 74, D-01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Isabelle Kölling-Speer
- Special Food Chemistry and Food Production, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karl Speer
- Special Food Chemistry and Food Production, TU Dresden, Bergstraße 66, D-01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Matthias Hannig
- Clinic of Operative Dentistry, Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital, Saarland University, Building 73, D- 66421, Homburg, Saar, Germany
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Zhang YG, Kan H, Chen SX, Thakur K, Wang S, Zhang JG, Shang YF, Wei ZJ. Comparison of phenolic compounds extracted from Diaphragma juglandis fructus, walnut pellicle, and flowers of Juglans regia using methanol, ultrasonic wave, and enzyme assisted-extraction. Food Chem 2020; 321:126672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Olalere OA, Gan CY. Multi-step reflux extraction of bio-pharmaceutical phenolic bioactives from balsam apple (Momordica balsamina L.). JOURNAL OF TAIBAH UNIVERSITY FOR SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/16583655.2020.1721722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olusegun Abayomi Olalere
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Center (ABrC), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Chee Yuen Gan
- Analytical Biochemistry Research Center (ABrC), Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Gelugor, Penang, Malaysia
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Lorenzo JM, Munekata PE, Putnik P, Kovačević DB, Muchenje V, Barba FJ. Sources, Chemistry, and Biological Potential of Ellagitannins and Ellagic Acid Derivatives. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64181-6.00006-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Walia M, Kumar P, Singh B, Agnihotri VK. UPLC-DAD quantification of chemical constituents of Potentilla atrosanguinea roots and their antioxidant activity. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2018; 55:4337-4345. [PMID: 30228433 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-018-3383-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Potentilla atrosanguinea, native to Himalayan region, is well known for its curative effects in traditional medicinal system. An ultra performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection method for the quantification of constituents of root part of P. atrosanguinea has been developed along with antioxidant activity evaluation. A simple and sensitive quantification method developed for seven compounds however only four compounds; p-coumaric acid (4), rutin (7), tiliroside (14) and kaempferol (16) were quantified as others were in lesser amount. Syringic acid and quercetin were found in trace amount whereas chlorogenic acid was absent in the ethanol extract of roots of P. atrosanguinea. Total polyphenolic and flavonoid contents were determined to be 21.75 mg of gallic acid equivalent and 8.57 mg of quercetin equivalent per gram of dry plant material, respectively. Antioxidant activity of extract was assessed using three assays; 2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP). The IC50 values; 35.75 μg/ml and 30.35 μg/ml by DPPH and ABTS assays for ethanolic extract showed excellent free radical scavenging potential of its root part. The ferric reducing ability (FRAP) value, 26.67 mg of ascorbic acid per gram also indicated its higher antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayanka Walia
- 1Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India.,2Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- 2Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
| | - Bikram Singh
- 1Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India.,2Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
| | - Vijai K Agnihotri
- 1Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India.,2Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh 176061 India
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Mazurek S, Fecka I, Węglińska M, Szostak R. Quantification of active ingredients in Potentilla tormentilla by Raman and infrared spectroscopy. Talanta 2018; 189:308-314. [PMID: 30086923 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The most important active compounds present in Potentilla tormentilla rhizomes were quantitatively determined on the basis of Raman, attenuated total reflection (ATR) and diffuse reflectance mid- and near- infrared spectra (DRIFTS) collected for the untreated plant material. Partial least-squares (PLS) models were constructed utilizing vibrational spectra and the results of reference high-performance liquid chromatography analyses. Applying Raman spectroscopy, total polyphenols, tannins, ellagitannins, procyanidins, agrimoniin, 3-O-galloylquininc acid and catechin were simultaneously quantified in tormentil rhizomes, with the relative standard errors of prediction in the 2.0-4.9% range for both calibration and validation sets. These error ranges were found to be slightly higher for infrared techniques and amounted to 2.7-6.5%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwester Mazurek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Izabela Fecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Wrocław Medical University, 211 Borowska, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Węglińska
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Roman Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wrocław, 14 F. Joliot-Curie, 50-383 Wrocław, Poland.
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16
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Nowicka A, Kucharska AZ, Sokół-Łętowska A, Fecka I. Comparison of polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of strawberry fruit from 90 cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa Duch. Food Chem 2018; 270:32-46. [PMID: 30174053 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Strawberry fruit is a valuable resource, rich in vitamins and polyphenolic compounds. These compounds have a broad spectrum of biological activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the qualitative and quantitative composition of polyphenols in strawberry fruit from 90 cultivars of Fragaria × ananassa Duch. from two growing seasons. Eighty of them were analyzed for the first time (to the best of our knowledge). The identification of polyphenolics and other compounds was performed using UPLC-qTOF-MS/MS. Nine compounds were recorded for the first time in mature strawberry fruit. Antioxidant properties were also determined using DPPH and ABTS methods. Statistical analysis of the results was performed using principal component analysis. Tannins, especially ellagitannins with agrimoniin, as well as the total polyphenols, had the greatest influence on antioxidant activity in the ABTS test. Cultivars characterized by a high content of tannins and high antioxidant capacity were selected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Nowicka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska St. 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Alicja Z Kucharska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Nutraceutical Plant, Chełmońskiego St. 37/41, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Anna Sokół-Łętowska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Nutraceutical Plant, Chełmońskiego St. 37/41, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Izabela Fecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska St. 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
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17
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Neves NDA, Stringheta PC, Gómez-Alonso S, Hermosín-Gutiérrez I. Flavonols and ellagic acid derivatives in peels of different species of jabuticaba (Plinia spp.) identified by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn. Food Chem 2018; 252:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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18
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Marcinczyk N, Jarmoc D, Leszczynska A, Zakrzeska A, Kramkowski K, Strawa J, Gromotowicz-Poplawska A, Chabielska E, Tomczyk M. Antithrombotic Potential of Tormentil Extract in Animal Models. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:534. [PMID: 28860991 PMCID: PMC5559472 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentilla species that have been investigated so far display pharmacological activity mainly due to the presence of polyphenols. Recently, it was shown that polyphenol-rich extract from rhizome of Potentilla erecta (tormentil extract) affects the metabolism of arachidonic acid and exerts both anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities, suggesting a possible effect on thrombosis. Accordingly, the aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of tormentil extract on haemostasis in a rat model of thrombosis. Lyophilized water-methanol extract from P. erecta rhizome was administrated per os for 14 days in doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg in a volume of 2 mL/kg in a 5% water solution of gummi arabici (VEH). In the in vivo experiment an electrically induced carotid artery thrombosis model with blood flow monitoring was used in Wistar rats. Collected blood samples were analyzed ex vivo functionally and biochemically for changes in haemostasis. Tormentil extract (400 mg/kg) significantly decreased thrombus weight and prolonged the time to carotid artery occlusion and bleeding time without changes in the blood pressure. In the ex vivo experiment tormentil extract (400 mg/kg) reduced thromboxane production and decreased t-PA activity, while total t-PA concentration, as well as total PAI-1 concentration and PAI-1 activity remained unchanged. Furthermore, tormentil extract (400 mg/kg) decreased bradykinin concentration and shortened the time to reach maximal optical density during fibrin generation. Prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, QUICK index, fibrinogen level, and collagen-induced aggregation remained unchanged. To investigate the involvement of platelets in the antithrombotic effect of tormentil, the extract was administrated per os for 2 days to mice and irreversible platelets activation after ferric chloride induced thrombosis was evaluated under intravital conditions using confocal microscopy system. In this model tormentil extract (400 mg/kg) significantly reduced platelet activation at the same extent as acetylsalicylic acid. Taken together, we have shown for the first time that tormentil extract inhibits arterial thrombosis in platelet- and endothelial-dependent mechanisms without hemodynamic changes. Further studies on the detailed mechanism of action of tormentil extract toward fibrinolysis and the kinin system should be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Marcinczyk
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of BialystokBialystok, Poland
| | - Dominika Jarmoc
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of BialystokBialystok, Poland
| | | | | | - Karol Kramkowski
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of BialystokBialystok, Poland
| | - Jakub Strawa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of BialystokBialystok, Poland
| | | | - Ewa Chabielska
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of BialystokBialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of BialystokBialystok, Poland
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19
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Grochowski DM, Skalicka-Woźniak K, Orhan IE, Xiao J, Locatelli M, Piwowarski JP, Granica S, Tomczyk M. A comprehensive review of agrimoniin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1401:166-180. [PMID: 28731232 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plant tannins are a unique class of polyphenols with relatively high molecular weights. Within the ellagitannins group, agrimoniin--dimeric ellagitannin--is one of the most representative compounds found in many plant materials belonging to the Rosaceae family. Agrimoniin was first isolated in 1982 from roots of Agrimonia pilosa Ledeb. (Rosaceae), a plant traditionally used in Japan and China as an antidiarrheal, hemostatic, and antiparasitic agent. Agrimoniin is a constituent of medicinal plants, which are often applied orally in the form of infusions, decoctions, or tinctures. It is also present in commonly consumed food products, such as strawberries and raspberries. It is metabolized by human gut microbiota into a series of low-molecular-weight urolithins with proven anti-inflammatory and anticancer in vivo and in vitro bioactivities. The compound has received widespread interest owing to some interesting biological effects and therapeutic activities, which we elaborate in the present review. Additionally, we present an overview of the techniques used for the analysis, isolation, and separation of agrimoniin from the practical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Grochowski
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Krystyna Skalicka-Woźniak
- Department of Pharmacognosy with Medicinal Plant Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ilkay Erdogan Orhan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau.,College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Marcello Locatelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Jakub P Piwowarski
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sebastian Granica
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
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20
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Kucharska AZ, Sokół-Łętowska A, Oszmiański J, Piórecki N, Fecka I. Iridoids, Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Edible Honeysuckle Berries (Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica Sevast.). Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22030405. [PMID: 28273885 PMCID: PMC6155291 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridoid and polyphenol profiles of 30 different honeysuckle berry cultivars and genotypes were studied. Compounds were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS) in positive and negative ion modes and quantified by HPLC-PDA. The 50 identified compounds included 15 iridoids, 6 anthocyanins, 9 flavonols, 2 flavanonols (dihydroflavonols), 5 flavones, 6 flavan-3-ols, and 7 phenolic acids. 8-epi-Loganic acid, pentosyl-loganic acid, taxifolin 7-O-dihexoside, and taxifolin 7-O-hexoside were identified in honeysuckle berries for the first time. Iridoids and anthocyanins were the major groups of bioactive compounds of honeysuckle constituents. The total content of quantified iridoids and anthocyanins was between 128.42 mg/100 g fresh weight (fw) (‘Dlinnoplodnaya’) and 372 mg/100 g fw (‘Kuvshinovidnaya’) and between 150.04 mg/100 g fw (‘Karina’) and 653.95 mg/100 g fw (‘Amur’), respectively. Among iridoids, loganic acid was the dominant compound, and it represented between 22% and 73% of the total amount of quantified iridoids in honeysuckle berry. A very strong correlation was observed between the antioxidant potential and the quantity of anthocyanins. High content of iridoids in honeysuckle berries can complement antioxidant properties of phenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Z Kucharska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Anna Sokół-Łętowska
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Jan Oszmiański
- Department of Fruit, Vegetable and Plant Nutraceutical Technology, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Science, Chełmońskiego 37, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Narcyz Piórecki
- Arboretum and Institute of Physiography in Bolestraszyce, 37-700 Przemyśl, Poland.
- University of Rzeszów, Towarnickiego 3, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland.
| | - Izabela Fecka
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Wrocław Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland.
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21
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Tomczyk M, Sosnowska K, Pleszczyńska M, Strawa J, Wiater A, Grochowski DM, Tomczykowa M, Winnicka K. Hydrogel Containing an Extract of Tormentillae Rhizoma for the Treatment of Biofilm-Related Oral Diseases. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, hydrogels containing the dried extract of tormentil ( Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch., Rosaceae) were designed and qualitatively evaluated regarding their viscosity, thixotropy, and texture properties. As mucoadhesiveness is a crucial factor determining drug retention within the oral cavity, mucoadhesive properties expressed as the work of adhesion and maximum detachment force under the presence of porcine buccal mucosa and two different models of mucoadhesive layers: mucin and gelatin discs were evaluated. The fingerprints of the analyzed tormentil extract were established by using a LC-ESI-MS method. The dominating compounds of the tested extract are oligomeric proanthocyanidins and agrimoniin. This study reveals that designed hydrogels are promising semi-solid delivery systems for the dry extract of tormentil with beneficial mucoadhesive, thixotropic, and texture characteristics and may be utilized as platforms for tormentil delivery to the oral cavity in periodontal diseases. In vitro evaluation of the efficacy of the tormentil hydrogel against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans biofilms was also performed. The hydrogel significantly reduced artificial biofilm formation. For all Streptococci, complete inhibition was revealed at a final concentration of the extract of 2 mg/mL. These beneficial characteristics, as well as the anti-biofilm activity, enable its use for dental care, but further clinical studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sosnowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pleszczyńska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ul. Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Strawa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ul. Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Daniel M. Grochowski
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Tomczykowa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Winnicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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22
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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Agrimoniin-Enriched Fractions of Potentilla erecta. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060792. [PMID: 27322232 PMCID: PMC6273098 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Potentilla erecta (PE) is a small herbaceous plant with four yellow petals belonging to the Rosaceae family. The rhizome of PE has traditionally been used as an antidiarrheal, hemostatic and antihemorrhoidal remedy. PE contains up to 20% tannins and 5% ellagitannins, mainly agrimoniin. Agrimoniin is a hydrolyzable tannin that is a potent radical scavenger. In this study we tested the anti-inflammatory effect of four PE fractions with increasing amounts of agrimoniin obtained by Sephadex column separation. First, we analyzed in HaCaT keratinocytes the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) induced by ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation. As COX-2 catalyzes the metabolism of arachidonic acid to prostanoids such as PGE2, we also measured the PGE2 concentration in cell culture supernatants. PE inhibited UVB-induced COX-2 expression in HaCaT cells and dose-dependently reduced PGE2. The PE fraction with the highest agrimoniin amount (PE4) was the most effective in this experiment, whereas fraction PE1 containing mainly sugars had no effect. PE4 also dose dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) which plays a crucial role in UVB-mediated COX-2 upregulation. A placebo-controlled UV-erythema study with increasing concentrations of PE4 demonstrated a dose dependent inhibition of UVB-induced inflammation in vivo. Similarly, PE4 significantly reduced UVB-induced PGE2 production in suction blister fluid in vivo. In summary, PE fractions with a high agrimoniin content display anti-inflammatory effects in vitro and in vivo in models of UVB-induced inflammation.
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