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Yener H, Erdmann R, Jariyavidyanont K, Mapossa A, Focke WW, Hillrichs G, Androsch R. Slow-DEET-Release Mosquito-Repellent System Based on Poly(butylene succinate). ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:8377-8384. [PMID: 35309496 PMCID: PMC8928517 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bio-sourced and biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) strands containing up to 40 m% mosquito-repellent N,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET) were obtained by extrusion, for an initial evaluation of the DEET evaporation characteristics and the possible application of such strands as biodegradable slow-release repellent-delivery devices. For DEET concentrations up to 20 m%, DEET is entrapped in the semicrystalline spherulitic superstructure of PBS. In contrast, at higher DEET concentrations, the liquid repellent, at least partially, is not fully incorporated in the PBS spherulites rather than segregates to form an own macrophase. Quantification of the release of DEET to the environment by thermogravimetric analysis at different temperatures between 60 and 100 °C allowed estimation of the evaporation rate at lower service temperatures, suggesting an extremely low release rate with a time constant of the order of magnitude of 1-2 years at 25 °C, independent of the initial concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hande
Ece Yener
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Rafael Erdmann
- Institute
for Biopolymers and Sustainability (ibp), University of Applied Sciences Hof, Alfons-Goppel-Platz 1, 95028 Hof/Saale, Germany
| | - Katalee Jariyavidyanont
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - António
B. Mapossa
- Institute
of Applied Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
- Institute
for Sustainable Malaria Control & MRC Collaborating Centre for
Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Walter W. Focke
- Institute
of Applied Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
- Institute
for Sustainable Malaria Control & MRC Collaborating Centre for
Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa
| | - Georg Hillrichs
- Department
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University
of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Straße 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary
Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Mapossa AB, López-Beceiro J, Díaz-Díaz AM, Artiaga R, Moyo DS, Mphateng TN, Focke WW. Properties of Mosquito Repellent-Plasticized Poly(lactic acid) Strands. Molecules 2021; 26:5890. [PMID: 34641433 PMCID: PMC8512872 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is an attractive candidate for replacing petrochemical polymers because it is fully biodegradable. This study investigated the potential of PLA as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative material that can be developed into commercially viable wearable mosquito repellent devices with desirable characteristics. PLA strands containing DEET and IR3535 were prepared by twin screw extrusion compounding and simultaneously functioned as plasticizers for the polymer. The plasticizing effect was investigated by thermal and rheological studies. DSC studies showed that the addition of DEET and IR3535 into PLA strands reduced the glass transition temperature consistent with predictions of the Fox equation, thus proving their efficiency as plasticizers. The rheology of molten samples of neat PLA and PLA/repellents blends, evaluated at 200 °C, was consistent with shear-thinning pseudoplastic behaviour. Raman studies revealed a nonlinear concentration gradient for DEET in the PLA strand, indicating non-Fickian Type II transport controlling the desorption process. Release data obtained at 50 °C showed initial rapid release followed by a slower, near constant rate at longer times. The release rate data were fitted to a novel modification of the Peppas-Sahlin desorption model.
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Affiliation(s)
- António B. Mapossa
- Institute of Applied Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (T.N.M.); (W.W.F.)
- UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control & MRC Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
| | - Jorge López-Beceiro
- Higher Polytechnical School, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15471 Ferrol, Spain; (J.L.-B.); (A.M.D.-D.); (R.A.)
| | - Ana María Díaz-Díaz
- Higher Polytechnical School, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15471 Ferrol, Spain; (J.L.-B.); (A.M.D.-D.); (R.A.)
| | - Ramón Artiaga
- Higher Polytechnical School, University of A Coruña (UDC), 15471 Ferrol, Spain; (J.L.-B.); (A.M.D.-D.); (R.A.)
| | - Dennis S. Moyo
- UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control & MRC Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
- Institute of Applied Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Thabang N. Mphateng
- Institute of Applied Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (T.N.M.); (W.W.F.)
| | - Walter W. Focke
- Institute of Applied Materials, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; (T.N.M.); (W.W.F.)
- UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control & MRC Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria 0028, South Africa;
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Du F, Yener HE, Hillrichs G, Boldt R, Androsch R. Crystallization-Induced Polymer Scaffold Formation in the Polymer/Drug Delivery System Poly(l-lactic acid)/Ethyl Butylacetylaminopropionate (PLLA/IR3535). Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3950-3959. [PMID: 34428015 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymer/mosquito-repellent scaffolds exhibit increasing importance in long-lasting human skin protection to be used as wearable devices and allowing for controlled release of repellents. In this study, ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (IR3535) was used as a human and environmental friendly active mosquito-repellent serving as a solvent to form functional poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA) scaffolds by crystallization-based solid-liquid thermally induced phase separation. Crystallization of PLLA in the presence of IR3535 is faster than melt-crystallization of neat PLLA, and in the investigated concentration range from 5 to 50 mass % PLLA, its maximum crystallization rate increases with the PLLA content, by both, increases of the maximum crystal growth rate and of the nuclei density. By adjusting the polymer concentration and the crystallization temperature, microporous scaffolds of different fine structures are obtained, hosting the mosquito-repellent in intra- and interspherulitic pores for its intended later evaporation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Du
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Hande Ece Yener
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Georg Hillrichs
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, D-06217 Merseburg, Germany
| | - Regine Boldt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung e. V. Dresden (IPF), Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences (IWE TFN), Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle/Saale, Germany
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Sitoe AJ, Pretorius F, Focke WW, Androsch R, du Toit EL. Solid–liquid–liquid phase envelopes from temperature-scanned refractive index data. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A novel method for estimating the upper critical solution temperature (UCST) of N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)-polyethylene systems was developed. It was validated using data for the dimethylacetamide (DMA)-alkane systems which showed that refractive index mixing rules, linear in volume fraction, can accurately predict mixture composition for amide-alkane systems. Furthermore, rescaling the composition descriptor with a single adjustable parameter proved adequate to address any asymmetry when modeling the DMA-alkane phase envelopes. This allowed the translation of measured refractive index cooling trajectories of DEET-alkane systems into phase diagrams and facilitated the estimation of the UCST values by fitting the data with an adjusted composition descriptor model. For both the DEET- and DMA-alkane systems, linear behavior of UCST values in either the Flory–Huggins critical interaction parameter, or the alkane critical temperature, with increasing alkane molar mass is evident. The UCST values for polymer diluent systems were estimated by extrapolation using these two complimentary approaches. For the DEET-polyethylene system, values of 183.4 and 180.1 °C respectively were obtained. Both estimates are significantly higher than the melting temperature range of polyethylene. Initial liquid–liquid phase separation is therefore likely to be responsible for the previously reported microporous microstructure of materials formed from this binary system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alcides J. Sitoe
- Department of Chemical Engineering , UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control & MRC Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria , Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028 , Pretoria , South Africa
| | - Franco Pretorius
- Department of Chemical Engineering , UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control & MRC Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria , Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028 , Pretoria , South Africa
| | - Walter W. Focke
- Department of Chemical Engineering , UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control & MRC Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria , Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028 , Pretoria , South Africa
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-Oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg , D-06099 Halle/Saale , Germany
| | - Elizabeth L. du Toit
- Department of Chemical Engineering , UP Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control & MRC Collaborating Centre for Malaria Research, University of Pretoria , Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028 , Pretoria , South Africa
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Ferreira I, Brünig H, Focke W, Boldt R, Androsch R, Leuteritz A. Melt-Spun Poly(D,L-lactic acid) Monofilaments Containing N,N-Diethyl-3-methylbenzamide as Mosquito Repellent. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14030638. [PMID: 33573227 PMCID: PMC7866511 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is still a major tropical disease, with Africa particularly burdened. It has been proposed that outdoor protection could aid substantially in reducing the malaria incidence rate in rural African communities. Recently, melt-spun polyolefin fibers containing mosquito repellents have been shown to be promising materials to this end. In this study, the incorporation of N,N‑Diethyl‑3‑methylbenzamide (DEET)-a popular and widely available mosquito repellent-in commercially available, amorphous poly(D,L-lactic acid) (PDLLA) is investigated with the aim of producing biodegradable mosquito-repelling filaments with a reduced environmental impact. It is shown to be possible to produce macroscopically stable PDLLA-DEET compounds containing up to 20 wt.-% DEET that can be melt-spun to produce filaments, albeit at relatively low take-up speeds. A critical DEET content allows for stress-induced crystallization during the spinning of the otherwise amorphous PDLLA, resulting in the formation of α-crystals. Although the mechanical integrity of the filaments is notably impacted by the incorporation of DEET, these filaments show potential as materials that can be used for Malaria vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignatius Ferreira
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung e. V. Dresden (IPF), Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany; (I.F.); (H.B.); (R.B.)
- Institute of Applied Materials and Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa;
| | - Harald Brünig
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung e. V. Dresden (IPF), Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany; (I.F.); (H.B.); (R.B.)
| | - Walter Focke
- Institute of Applied Materials and Institute for Sustainable Malaria Control, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield 0028, South Africa;
| | - Regine Boldt
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung e. V. Dresden (IPF), Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany; (I.F.); (H.B.); (R.B.)
| | - René Androsch
- Interdisciplinary Center for Transfer-oriented Research in Natural Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06099 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Andreas Leuteritz
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung e. V. Dresden (IPF), Hohe Strasse 6, D-01069 Dresden, Germany; (I.F.); (H.B.); (R.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-351-4658-378
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Bonadies I, Longo A, Androsch R, Jehnichen D, Göbel M, Di Lorenzo ML. Biodegradable electrospun PLLA fibers containing the mosquito-repellent DEET. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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