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Cao Y, Xu B, Li B, Fu H. Advanced Design of Soft Robots with Artificial Intelligence. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:214. [PMID: 38869734 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cao
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China
| | - Bingang Xu
- Nanotechnology Center, School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bin Li
- Bioinspired Engineering and Biomechanics Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Fu
- Department of Mathematics and Information Technology, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Patel BB, Feng H, Loo WS, Snyder CR, Eom C, Murphy J, Sunday DF, Nealey PF, DeLongchamp DM. Self-Assembly of Hierarchical High-χ Fluorinated Block Copolymers with an Orthogonal Smectic-within-Lamellae 3 nm Sublattice and Vertical Surface Orientation. ACS NANO 2024; 18:11311-11322. [PMID: 38623826 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Hierarchical structure-within-structure assemblies offer a route toward increasingly complex and multifunctional materials while pushing the limits of block copolymer self-assembly. We present a detailed study of the self-assembly of a series of fluorinated high-χ block copolymers (BCPs) prepared via postmodification of a single poly(styrene)-block-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (S-b-G) parent polymer with the fluorinated alkylthiol pendent groups containing 1, 6, or 8 fluorinated carbons (termed trifluoro-ethanethiol (TFET), perfluoro-octylthiol (PFOT), and perfluoro-decylthiol (PFDT), respectively). Bulk X-ray scattering of thermally annealed samples demonstrates hierarchical molecular assembly with phase separation between the two blocks and within the fluorinated block. The degree of ordering within the fluorinated block is highly sensitive to synthetic variation; a lamellar sublattice was formed for S-b-GPFOT and S-b-GPFDT. Thermal analyses of S-b-GPFOT reveal that the fluorinated block exhibits liquid crystal-like ordering. The complex thin-film self-assembly behavior of an S-b-GPFOT polymer was investigated using real-space (atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy) and reciprocal-space (resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS), grazing incidence small- and wide-angle scattering) measurements. After thermal annealing in nitrogen or vacuum, films thicker than 1.5 times the primary lattice spacing exhibit a 90-degree grain boundary, exposing a thin layer of vertical lamellae at the free interface, while exhibiting horizontal lamellae on the preferential (polystyrene brush) substrate. RSoXS measurements reveal the near-perfect orthogonality between the primary and sublattice orientations, demonstrating hierarchical patterning at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijal B Patel
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Hongbo Feng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Whitney S Loo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Chad R Snyder
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Christopher Eom
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Julia Murphy
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Daniel F Sunday
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Paul F Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Dean M DeLongchamp
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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Langlais M, Baulu N, Dronet S, Dire C, Jean-Baptiste-Dit-Dominique F, Albertini D, D'Agosto F, Montarnal D, Boisson C. Multiblock Copolymers Based on Highly Crystalline Polyethylene and Soft Poly(ethylene-co-butadiene) Segments: Towards Polyolefin Thermoplastic Elastomers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310437. [PMID: 37642586 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers based on polyethylene (PE) and ethylene butadiene rubber (EBR) were obtained by successive controlled coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) of a mixture of ethylene and butadiene (80/20) and pure ethylene. EBR-b-PE diblock copolymers were synthesized using the {Me2 Si(C13 H8 )2 Nd(BH4 )2 Li(THF)}2 complex in combination with n-butyl,n-octyl magnesium (BOMAG) used as both the alkylating and chain transfer agent (CTA). Triblock and multiblock copolymers featuring highly semi-crystalline PE hard segments and soft EBR segments were further obtained by the development of a bimetallic CTA, the pentanediyl-1,5-di(magnesium bromide) (PDMB). These new block copolymers undergo crystallization-driven organization into lamellar structures and exhibit a variety of mechanical properties, including excellent extensibility and elastic recovery in the case of triblock and multiblock copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Langlais
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Baulu
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
- Manufacture Michelin, 23 place Carmes Déchaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Séverin Dronet
- Manufacture Michelin, 23 place Carmes Déchaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Charlotte Dire
- Manufacture Michelin, 23 place Carmes Déchaux, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | | | - David Albertini
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, CNRS UMR 5270, Institut des Nanotechnologies de Lyon, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Damien Montarnal
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Boisson
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS UMR 5128, Laboratoire CP2M, Equipe PCM, 69616, Villeurbanne, France
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4
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Xu S, Xu W, Zheng Y, Yu C, Wang B, Pan P. Structural Organizations of a Mesogen-Terminated Semicrystalline Polymer: Chain Termini Ordering between Polymer Crystal Lamellae. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11703-11709. [PMID: 36512490 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In polymer crystallization, the chain end groups are generally excluded into the nanoscaled amorphous regions confined between crystal lamellae. Understanding the structural characteristic and evolution of interlamellar end groups is of great importance to control the macroscopic properties of polymers. However, the structural evolution of those confined end groups and related physical evidence remain unclear. Herein, we synthesized the end-functionalized poly(lactic acid)s with a self-assemblable mesogenic termini (4-hexyloxy-4'-cyanobiphenyl) and investigated the structural evolution of mesogenic termini between crystal lamellae. Intriguingly, the mesogenic termini can organize into an ordered layer structure between polymer crystal lamellae; such a process strongly depends upon the interlamellar spacing. A higher crystallization temperature (Tc) of the polymer allows for a larger interlamellar region, favoring the formation of an ordered mesogenic layer. However, a lower Tc results in a restricted interlamellar region, in which the end groups are strongly confined without sufficient mobility to undergo structural ordering. This study provides evidence for the structural ordering of chain termini confined between polymer crystal lamellae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Zhejiang University─Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengtao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Zhejiang University─Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Zhejiang University─Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Zhejiang University─Quzhou, 99 Zheda Road, Quzhou, Zhejiang 324000, People's Republic of China
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5
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Xu Y, Hickey RJ. Templating Polymer/Chromophore Crystallization in a Gyroid Matrix. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
| | - Robert J. Hickey
- Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania16802, United States
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Jamali F, Hassanian-Moghaddam D, Ahmadjo S, Mohammad Mahdi Mortazavi S, Maddah Y, Ahmadi M. Amphiphilic olefin block copolymers synthesized by successive coordinative chain transfer and ring-opening polymerizations. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schmalz H, Abetz V. Block Copolymers with Crystallizable Blocks: Synthesis, Self-Assembly and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040696. [PMID: 35215610 PMCID: PMC8875877 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Block copolymers with crystallizable blocks are a highly interesting class of materials owing to their unique self-assembly behaviour both in bulk and solution. This Special Issue brings together new developments in the synthesis and self-assembly of semicrystalline block copolymers and also addresses potential applications of these exciting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (V.A.)
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Abstract
In contrast to conventional hard actuators, soft actuators offer many vivid advantages, such as improved flexibility, adaptability, and reconfigurability, which are intrinsic to living systems. These properties make them particularly promising for different applications, including soft electronics, surgery, drug delivery, artificial organs, or prosthesis. The additional degree of freedom for soft actuatoric devices can be provided through the use of intelligent materials, which are able to change their structure, macroscopic properties, and shape under the influence of external signals. The use of such intelligent materials allows a substantial reduction of a device's size, which enables a number of applications that cannot be realized by externally powered systems. This review aims to provide an overview of the properties of intelligent synthetic and living/natural materials used for the fabrication of soft robotic devices. We discuss basic physical/chemical properties of the main kinds of materials (elastomers, gels, shape memory polymers and gels, liquid crystalline elastomers, semicrystalline ferroelectric polymers, gels and hydrogels, other swelling polymers, materials with volume change during melting/crystallization, materials with tunable mechanical properties, and living and naturally derived materials), how they are related to actuation and soft robotic application, and effects of micro/macro structures on shape transformation, fabrication methods, and we highlight selected applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra Apsite
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sahar Salehi
- Department of Biomaterials, Center of Energy Technology und Materials Science, University of Bayreuth, Prof.-Rüdiger-Bormann-Straße 1, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Leonid Ionov
- Faculty of Engineering Science, Department of Biofabrication, University of Bayreuth, Ludwig Thoma Str. 36A, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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9
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Xu W, Zheng Y, Pan P. Crystallization‐driven self‐assembly of semicrystalline block copolymers and end‐functionalized polymers: A minireview. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Ying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Zhejiang University—Quzhou Quzhou China
| | - Pengju Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
- Institute of Zhejiang University—Quzhou Quzhou China
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Matxinandiarena E, Múgica A, Zubitur M, Ladelta V, Zapsas G, Cavallo D, Hadjichristidis N, Müller AJ. Crystallization and Morphology of Triple Crystalline Polyethylene- b-poly(ethylene oxide)- b-poly(ε-caprolactone) PE- b-PEO- b-PCL Triblock Terpolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13183133. [PMID: 34578032 PMCID: PMC8473441 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphology and crystallization behavior of two triblock terpolymers of polymethylene, equivalent to polyethylene (PE), poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), and poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL) are studied: PE227.1-b-PEO4615.1-b-PCL3210.4 (T1) and PE379.5-b-PEO348.8-b-PCL297.6 (T2) (superscripts give number average molecular weights in kg/mol and subscripts composition in wt %). The three blocks are potentially crystallizable, and the triple crystalline nature of the samples is investigated. Polyhomologation (C1 polymerization), ring-opening polymerization, and catalyst-switch strategies were combined to synthesize the triblock terpolymers. In addition, the corresponding PE-b-PEO diblock copolymers and PE homopolymers were also analyzed. The crystallization sequence of the blocks was determined via three independent but complementary techniques: differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), in situ SAXS/WAXS (small angle X-ray scattering/wide angle X-ray scattering), and polarized light optical microscopy (PLOM). The two terpolymers (T1 and T2) are weakly phase segregated in the melt according to SAXS. DSC and WAXS results demonstrate that in both triblock terpolymers the crystallization process starts with the PE block, continues with the PCL block, and ends with the PEO block. Hence triple crystalline materials are obtained. The crystallization of the PCL and the PEO block is coincident (i.e., it overlaps); however, WAXS and PLOM experiments can identify both transitions. In addition, PLOM shows a spherulitic morphology for the PE homopolymer and the T1 precursor diblock copolymer, while the other systems appear as non-spherulitic or microspherulitic at the last stage of the crystallization process. The complicated crystallization of tricrystalline triblock terpolymers can only be fully grasped when DSC, WAXS, and PLOM experiments are combined. This knowledge is fundamental to tailor the properties of these complex but fascinating materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eider Matxinandiarena
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Agurtzane Múgica
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (E.M.); (A.M.)
| | - Manuela Zubitur
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Plaza Europa 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain;
| | - Viko Ladelta
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (V.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - George Zapsas
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (V.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, via Dodecaneso 31, 16146 Genova, Italy;
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (V.L.); (G.Z.)
- Correspondence: (N.H.); (A.J.M.)
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain; (E.M.); (A.M.)
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- Correspondence: (N.H.); (A.J.M.)
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Bendrea AD, Cianga L, Ailiesei GL, Ursu EL, Göen Colak D, Cianga I. 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) End-Group Functionalized Poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL): Self-Assembly in Organic Solvents and Its Coincidentally Observed Peculiar Behavior in Thin Film and Protonated Media. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2720. [PMID: 34451259 PMCID: PMC8400159 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
End-group functionalization of homopolymers is a valuable way to produce high-fidelity nanostructured and functional soft materials when the structures obtained have the capacity for self-assembly (SA) encoded in their structural details. Herein, an end-functionalized PCL with a π-conjugated EDOT moiety, (EDOT-PCL), designed exclusively from hydrophobic domains, as a functional "hydrophobic amphiphile", was synthesized in the bulk ROP of ε-caprolactone. The experimental results obtained by spectroscopic methods, including NMR, UV-vis, and fluorescence, using DLS and by AFM, confirm that in solvents with extremely different polarities (chloroform and acetonitrile), EDOT-PCL presents an interaction- and structure-based bias, which is strong and selective enough to exert control over supramolecular packing, both in dispersions and in the film state. This leads to the diversity of SA structures, including spheroidal, straight, and helical rods, as well as orthorhombic single crystals, with solvent-dependent shapes and sizes, confirming that EDOT-PCL behaves as a "block-molecule". According to the results from AFM imaging, an unexpected transformation of micelle-type nanostructures into single 2D lamellar crystals, through breakout crystallization, took place by simple acetonitrile evaporation during the formation of the film on the mica support at room temperature. Moreover, EDOT-PCL's propensity for spontaneous oxidant-free oligomerization in acidic media was proposed as a presumptive answer for the unexpected appearance of blue color during its dissolution in CDCl3 at a high concentration. FT-IR, UV-vis, and fluorescence techniques were used to support this claim. Besides being intriguing and unforeseen, the experimental findings concerning EDOT-PCL have raised new and interesting questions that deserve to be addressed in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca-Dana Bendrea
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore-Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.B.); (E.-L.U.)
| | - Luminita Cianga
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore-Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.B.); (E.-L.U.)
| | - Gabriela-Liliana Ailiesei
- NMR Spectroscopy Department, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore-Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Elena-Laura Ursu
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore-Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.B.); (E.-L.U.)
| | - Demet Göen Colak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey;
| | - Ioan Cianga
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A, Grigore-Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (A.-D.B.); (E.-L.U.)
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12
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Schönfeld D, Chalissery D, Wenz F, Specht M, Eberl C, Pretsch T. Actuating Shape Memory Polymer for Thermoresponsive Soft Robotic Gripper and Programmable Materials. Molecules 2021; 26:522. [PMID: 33498348 PMCID: PMC7864034 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26030522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For soft robotics and programmable metamaterials, novel approaches are required enabling the design of highly integrated thermoresponsive actuating systems. In the concept presented here, the necessary functional component was obtained by polymer syntheses. First, poly(1,10-decylene adipate) diol (PDA) with a number average molecular weight M n of 3290 g·mol-1 was synthesized from 1,10-decanediol and adipic acid. Afterward, the PDA was brought to reaction with 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. The resulting polyester urethane (PEU) was processed to the filament, and samples were additively manufactured by fused-filament fabrication. After thermomechanical treatment, the PEU reliably actuated under stress-free conditions by expanding on cooling and shrinking on heating with a maximum thermoreversible strain of 16.1%. Actuation stabilized at 12.2%, as verified in a measurement comprising 100 heating-cooling cycles. By adding an actuator element to a gripper system, a hen's egg could be picked up, safely transported and deposited. Finally, one actuator element each was built into two types of unit cells for programmable materials, thus enabling the design of temperature-dependent behavior. The approaches are expected to open up new opportunities, e.g., in the fields of soft robotics and shape morphing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Schönfeld
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (D.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Dilip Chalissery
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (D.S.); (D.C.)
| | - Franziska Wenz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM, Wöhlerstr. 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (F.W.); (M.S.); (C.E.)
- Department of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 078, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marius Specht
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM, Wöhlerstr. 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (F.W.); (M.S.); (C.E.)
- Department of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 078, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chris Eberl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Mechanics of Materials IWM, Wöhlerstr. 11, 79108 Freiburg, Germany; (F.W.); (M.S.); (C.E.)
- Department of Microsystems Engineering IMTEK, University of Freiburg, Georges-Koehler-Allee 078, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Pretsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstr. 69, 14476 Potsdam, Germany; (D.S.); (D.C.)
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Dau H, Keyes A, Basbug Alhan HE, Ordonez E, Tsogtgerel E, Gies AP, Auyeung E, Zhou Z, Maity A, Das A, Powers DC, Beezer DB, Harth E. Dual Polymerization Pathway for Polyolefin-Polar Block Copolymer Synthesis via MILRad: Mechanism and Scope. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21469-21483. [PMID: 33290059 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This work explores the mechanism whereby a cationic diimine Pd(II) complex combines coordination insertion and radical polymerization to form polyolefin-polar block copolymers. The initial requirement involves the insertion of a single acrylate monomer into the Pd(II)-polyolefin intermediates, which generate a stable polymeric chelate through a chain-walking mechanism. This thermodynamically stable chelate was also found to be photochemically inactive, and a unique mechanism was discovered which allows for radical polymerization. Rate-determining opening of the chelate by an ancillary ligand followed by additional chain walking allows the metal to migrate to the α-carbon of the acrylate moiety. Ultimately, the molecular parameters necessary for blue-light-triggered Pd-C bond homolysis from this α-carbon to form a carbon-centered macroradical species were established. This intermediate is understood to initiate free radical polymerization of acrylic monomers, thereby facilitating block copolymer synthesis from a single Pd(II) complex. Key intermediates were isolated and comprehensively characterized through exhaustive analytical methods which detail the mechanism while confirming the structural integrity of the polyolefin-polar blocks. Chain walking combined with blue-light irradiation functions as the mechanistic switch from coordination insertion to radical polymerization. On the basis of these discoveries, robust di- and triblock copolymer syntheses have been demonstrated with olefins (ethylene and 1-hexene) which produce amorphous or crystalline blocks and acrylics (methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, and methyl methacrylate) in broad molecular weight ranges and compositions, yielding AB diblocks and BAB triblocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huong Dau
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Anthony Keyes
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Hatice E Basbug Alhan
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Estela Ordonez
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Enkhjargal Tsogtgerel
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Anthony P Gies
- The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Evelyn Auyeung
- The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Zhe Zhou
- The Dow Chemical Company, Lake Jackson, Texas 77566, United States
| | - Asim Maity
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Anuvab Das
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - David C Powers
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Dain B Beezer
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
| | - Eva Harth
- Department of Chemistry, Center of Excellence in Polymer Chemistry (CEPC), University of Houston, 3585 Cullen Boulevard, Houston, Texas 77004, United States
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14
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Lamers BG, van der Tol JJB, Vonk KM, de Waal BFM, Palmans ARA, Meijer EW, Vantomme G. Consequences of Molecular Architecture on the Supramolecular Assembly of Discrete Block Co-oligomers. Macromolecules 2020; 53:10289-10298. [PMID: 33250525 PMCID: PMC7690048 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular block copolymers composed of discrete blocks have promising properties for nanotechnology resulting from their ability to combine well-defined morphologies with good bulk material properties. Here, we present the impact of a well-defined siloxane block in either the main-chain or present as pendant grafts on the properties of supramolecular block copolymers that form ordered nanostructures with sub-5 nm domains. For this, two types of supramolecular block copolymers were synthesized based on the ureidopyrimidinone-urethane (UPy-UT) motif. In the first, oligodimethylsiloxanes (oDMS) of discrete length were end-capped with the UPy-UT motif, affording main-chain UPy-UT-Si n . In the second, the UPy-UT motif was grafted with discrete oDMS affording grafted UPy-UT- g -Si 7 . For the two systems, the compositions are similar; only the molecular architecture differs. In both cases, crystallization of the UPy-UT block is in synergy with phase segregation of the oDMS, resulting in the formation of lamellar morphologies. The grafted UPy-UT- g -Si 7 can form long-range ordered lamellae, resulting in the formation of micrometer-sized 2D sheets of supramolecular polymers which show brittle properties. In contrast, UPy-UT-Si n forms a ductile material. As the compositions of both BCOs are similar, the differences in morphology and mechanical properties are a direct consequence of the molecular architecture. These results showcase how molecular design of the building block capable of forming block copolymers translates into controlled nanostructures and material properties as a result of the supramolecular nature of the interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kasper M. Vonk
- Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bas F. M. de Waal
- Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Anja R. A. Palmans
- Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ghislaine Vantomme
- Institute for Complex Molecular
Systems and Laboratory of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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15
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Trant C, Hwang S, Bae C, Lee S. Synthesis and Characterization of Anion-Exchange Membranes Using Semicrystalline Triblock Copolymers in Ordered and Disordered States. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Trant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sooyeon Hwang
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
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16
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Tower CW, Allen K, Carandang A, Van Horn RM. Solubility considerations in relative block crystallization and morphology of PEO‐
b
‐PCL films. POLYMER CRYSTALLIZATION 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pcr2.10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cole W. Tower
- Department of Chemistry Allegheny College Meadville Pennsylvania
| | - Kristi Allen
- Department of Chemistry Allegheny College Meadville Pennsylvania
| | | | - Ryan M. Van Horn
- Department of Chemistry Allegheny College Meadville Pennsylvania
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Lafayette College Easton Pennsylvania
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Sangroniz
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Dario Cavallo
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Genova, via Dodecaneso, 31, 16146 Genova, Italy
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizábal, 3, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE - Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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18
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Brogly M, Bistac S, Delaite C, Alzina C. Influence of semi‐crystalline poly(
ε
‐caprolactone) and non‐crystalline polylactide blocks on the thermal properties of polydimethylsiloxane‐based block copolymers. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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19
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Han W, Li S, Liao X, He B, Yang Q, Li G. Confined crystallization morphology of poly( ϵ‐caprolactone) block within poly( ϵ‐caprolactone)–poly( l‐lactide) copolymers. POLYM INT 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqiang Han
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Shaojie Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Xia Liao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced ManufacturingSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou China
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for BiomaterialsSichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials EngineeringSichuan University Chengdu Sichuan China
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20
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Palacios JK, Liu G, Wang D, Hadjichristidis N, Müller AJ. Generating Triple Crystalline Superstructures in Melt Miscible PEO‐
b
‐PCL‐
b
‐PLLA Triblock Terpolymers by Controlling Thermal History and Sequential Crystallization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordana K. Palacios
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology DepartmentFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3 20018 Donostia‐San Sebastián Spain
| | - Guoming Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Dujin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular SciencesCAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular SciencesCAS Key Laboratory of Engineering PlasticsInstitute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyPhysical Sciences and Engineering DivisionKAUST Catalysis Center Thuwal 23955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Alejandro J. Müller
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology DepartmentFaculty of ChemistryUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3 20018 Donostia‐San Sebastián Spain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for Science Bilbao 48013 Spain
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