1
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Unger C, Schmalz H, Lipp J, Kretschmer WP, Kempe R. A Closed-Loop Recyclable Low-Density Polyethylene. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2024; 11:e2307229. [PMID: 38258386 PMCID: PMC10987147 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is one of the most important plastics, which is produced unfortunately under extreme conditions. In addition, it consists of robust aliphatic C─C bonds which are challenging to cleave for plastic recycling. A low-pressure and -temperature (pethylene = 2 bara, T = 70 °C) macromonomer-based synthesis of long chain branched polyethylene is reported. The introduction of recycle points permits the polymerization (grafting to) of the macromonomers to form the long chain branched polyethylene and its depolymerization (branch cleavage). Coordinative chain transfer polymerization employing ethylene and co-monomers is used for the synthesis of the macromonomers, permitting a high flexibility of their precise structure and efficient synthesis. The long chain branched polyethylene material matches key properties of low-density polyethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Unger
- Anorganische Chemie II – KatalysatordesignSustainable Chemistry CentreUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 30 NW ID‐95440BayreuthGermany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI)Universität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 30 NW ID‐95440BayreuthGermany
| | - Jannis Lipp
- Anorganische Chemie II – KatalysatordesignSustainable Chemistry CentreUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 30 NW ID‐95440BayreuthGermany
| | - Winfried P. Kretschmer
- Anorganische Chemie II – KatalysatordesignSustainable Chemistry CentreUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 30 NW ID‐95440BayreuthGermany
| | - Rhett Kempe
- Anorganische Chemie II – KatalysatordesignSustainable Chemistry CentreUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstraße 30 NW ID‐95440BayreuthGermany
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2
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Stephan J, Olmedo-Martínez JL, Fornacon-Wood C, Stühler MR, Dimde M, Braatz D, Langer R, Müller AJ, Schmalz H, Plajer AJ. Easy Synthetic Access to High-Melting Sulfurated Copolymers and their Self-Assembling Diblock Copolymers from Phenylisothiocyanate and Oxetane. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024:e202405047. [PMID: 38520388 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202405047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Although sulfurated polymers promise unique properties, their controlled synthesis, particularly when it comes to complex and functional architectures, remains challenging. Here, we show that the copolymerization of oxetane and phenyl isothiocyanate selectively yields polythioimidocarbonates as a new class of sulfur containing polymers, with narrow molecular weight distributions (Mn=5-80 kg/mol with Đ≤1.2; Mn,max=124 kg/mol) and high melting points of up to 181 °C. The method tolerates different substituent patterns on both the oxetane and the isothiocyanate. Self-nucleation experiments reveal that π-stacking of phenyl substituents, the presence of unsubstituted polymer backbones, and the kinetically controlled linkage selectivity are key factors in maximising melting points. The increased tolerance to macro-chain transfer agents and the controlled propagation allows the synthesis of double crystalline and amphiphilic diblock copolymers, which can be assembled into micellar- and worm-like structures with amorphous cores in water. In contrast, crystallization driven self-assembly in ethanol gives cylindrical micelles or platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Stephan
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge L Olmedo-Martínez
- Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials, Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Christoph Fornacon-Wood
- Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Merlin R Stühler
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Dimde
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Braatz
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Fabeckstraße 34/36, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Langer
- Institute for Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Straße 2, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Alejandro J Müller
- Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials, Physics, Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alex J Plajer
- Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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3
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Schaller R, Hils C, Karg M, Schmalz H. Surface-Compartmentalized Micelles by Stereocomplex-Driven Self-Assembly. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200682. [PMID: 36285394 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The unique corona structure of surface-compartmentalized micelles (Janus micelles, patchy micelles) opens highly relevant applications, e.g. as efficient particulate surfactants for emulsion stabilization or compatibilization of polymer blends. Here, stereocomplex-driven self-assembly (SCDSA) as a facile route to micelles with a semicrystalline stereocomplex (SC) core and a patch-like microphase separated corona, employing diblock copolymers with enantiomeric poly(L-lactide)/poly(D-lactide) blocks and highly incompatible corona-forming blocks (polystyrene (PS), poly(tert-butyl methacrylate)) is introduced. The spherical patchy SC micelles feature a narrow size distribution and show a compartmentalized, shamrock-like corona structure. Compared to SC micelles with a homogeneous PS corona the patchy micelles have a significantly higher interfacial activity attributable to the synergistic combination of an amphiphilic corona with the Pickering effect of nanoparticles. The patchy micelles are successfully employed in the stabilization of emulsions, underlining their application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Schaller
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Physical Chemistry I / Colloids and Nanooptics, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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4
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Ellis CE, Hils C, Oliver AM, Greiner A, Schmalz H, Manners I. Electrospinning of 1D Fiber‐Like Block Copolymer Micelles with a Crystalline Core. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte E. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
| | - Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry II University of Bayreuth 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Alex M. Oliver
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
- School of Chemistry University of Bristol Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry II University of Bayreuth 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Bayreuth 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II University of Bayreuth 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Bayreuth 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry University of Victoria Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technology (CAMTEC) University of Victoria 3800 Finnerty Rd Victoria BC V8P 5C2 Canada
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5
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Kurz H, Hils C, Timm J, Hörner G, Greiner A, Marschall R, Schmalz H, Weber B. Self‐Assembled Fluorescent Block Copolymer Micelles with Responsive Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117570. [PMID: 35129881 PMCID: PMC9310857 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kurz
- Department of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry IV University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Jana Timm
- Department of Chemistry Physical Chemistry III University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Gerald Hörner
- Department of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry IV University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Roland Marschall
- Department of Chemistry Physical Chemistry III University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Birgit Weber
- Department of Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry IV University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
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6
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Kurz H, Hils C, Timm J, Hörner G, Greiner A, Marschall R, Schmalz H, Weber B. Frontispiz: Selbstassemblierte fluoreszierende Blockcopolymer‐Mizellen mit responsiver Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202281561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kurz
- Institut für Chemie Anorganische Chemie IV Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Jana Timm
- Institut für Chemie Physikalische Chemie III Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Gerald Hörner
- Institut für Chemie Anorganische Chemie IV Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Roland Marschall
- Institut für Chemie Physikalische Chemie III Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Birgit Weber
- Institut für Chemie Anorganische Chemie IV Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
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7
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Frank A, Weber M, Hils C, Mansfeld U, Kreger K, Schmalz H, Schmidt HW. Functional Mesostructured Electrospun Polymer Nonwovens with Supramolecular Nanofibers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 43:e2200052. [PMID: 35320608 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Functional, hierarchically mesostructured nonwovens are of fundamental importance because complex fiber morphologies increase the active surface area and functionality allowing for the effective immobilization of metal nanoparticles. Such complex functional fiber morphologies clearly widen the property profile and enable the preparation of more efficient and selective filter media. Here, we demonstrate the realization of hierarchically mesostructured nonwovens with barbed wire-like morphology by combining electrospun polystyrene fibers, decorated with patchy worm-like micelles, with solution-processed supramolecular short fibers composed of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxamides with peripheral N,N-diisopropylaminoethyl substituents. The worm-like micelles with a patchy microphase-separated corona were prepared by crystallization-driven self-assembly of a polyethylene based triblock terpolymer and deposited on top of the polystyrene fibers by coaxial electrospinning. The micelles were designed in a way that their patches promote the directed self-assembly of the 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxamide and the fixation of the supramolecular nanofibers on the supporting polystyrene fibers. Functionality of the mesostructured nonwoven is provided by the peripheral N,N-diisopropylaminoethyl substituents of the 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxamide and proven by the effective immobilization of individual palladium nanoparticles on the supramolecular nanofibers. The preparation of hierarchically mesostructured nonwovens and their shown functionality demonstrate that such systems are attractive candidates to be used for example in filtration, selective separation and heterogenous catalysis. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frank
- Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Melina Weber
- Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Ulrich Mansfeld
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
| | - Hans-Werner Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry I and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, Bayreuth, 95447, Germany
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8
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Kurz H, Hils C, Timm J, Hörner G, Greiner A, Marschall R, Schmalz H, Weber B. Selbstassemblierte fluoreszierende Blockcopolymer‐Mizellen mit responsiver Emission. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kurz
- Institut für Chemie Anorganische Chemie IV Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Jana Timm
- Institut für Chemie Physikalische Chemie III Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Gerald Hörner
- Institut für Chemie Anorganische Chemie IV Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Roland Marschall
- Institut für Chemie Physikalische Chemie III Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute University of Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Birgit Weber
- Institut für Chemie Anorganische Chemie IV Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
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9
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Göbel C, Marquardt K, Baabe D, Drechsler M, Loch P, Breu J, Greiner A, Schmalz H, Weber B. Realizing shape and size control for the synthesis of coordination polymer nanoparticles templated by diblock copolymer micelles. Nanoscale 2022; 14:3131-3147. [PMID: 35142327 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07743k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The combination of polymers with nanoparticles offers the possibility to obtain customizable composite materials with additional properties such as sensing or bistability provided by a switchable spin crossover (SCO) core. For all applications, a precise control over size and shape of the nanomaterial is highly important as it will significantly influence its final properties. By confined synthesis of iron(II) SCO coordination polymers within the P4VP cores of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) micelles in THF we are able to control the size and also the shape of the resulting SCO nanocomposite particles by the composition of the PS-b-P4VP diblock copolymers (dBCPs) and the amount of complex employed. For the nanocomposite samples with the highest P4VP content, a morphological transition from spherical nanoparticles to worm-like structures was observed with increasing coordination polymer content, which can be explained with the impact of complex coordination on the self-assembly of the dBCP. Furthermore, the SCO nanocomposites showed transition temperatures of T1/2 = 217 K, up to 27 K wide hysteresis loops and a decrease of the residual high-spin fraction down to γHS = 14% in the worm-like structures, as determined by magnetic susceptibility measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy. Thus, SCO properties close or even better (hysteresis) to those of the bulk material can be obtained and furthermore tuned through size and shape control realized by tailoring the block length ratio of the PS-b-P4VP dBCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Göbel
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry IV, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Katharina Marquardt
- Bavarian Research Institute of Experimental Geochemistry and Geophysics (BGI), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dirk Baabe
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hagenring 30, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Patrick Loch
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Birgit Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry IV, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstr. 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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10
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Schmalz H, Abetz V. Block Copolymers with Crystallizable Blocks: Synthesis, Self-Assembly and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14040696. [PMID: 35215610 PMCID: PMC8875877 DOI: 10.3390/polym14040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Block copolymers with crystallizable blocks are a highly interesting class of materials owing to their unique self-assembly behaviour both in bulk and solution. This Special Issue brings together new developments in the synthesis and self-assembly of semicrystalline block copolymers and also addresses potential applications of these exciting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (V.A.)
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (V.A.)
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11
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Janoszka N, Azhdari S, Hils C, Coban D, Schmalz H, Gröschel AH. Morphology and Degradation of Multicompartment Microparticles Based on Semi-Crystalline Polystyrene- block-Polybutadiene- block-Poly( L-lactide) Triblock Terpolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13244358. [PMID: 34960909 PMCID: PMC8706259 DOI: 10.3390/polym13244358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The confinement assembly of block copolymers shows great potential regarding the formation of functional microparticles with compartmentalized structure. Although a large variety of block chemistries have already been used, less is known about microdomain degradation, which could lead to mesoporous microparticles with particularly complex morphologies for ABC triblock terpolymers. Here, we report on the formation of triblock terpolymer-based, multicompartment microparticles (MMs) and the selective degradation of domains into mesoporous microparticles. A series of polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-poly(L-lactide) (PS-b-PB-b-PLLA, SBL) triblock terpolymers was synthesized by a combination of anionic vinyl and ring-opening polymerization, which were transformed into microparticles through evaporation-induced confinement assembly. Despite different block compositions and the presence of a crystallizable PLLA block, we mainly identified hexagonally packed cylinders with a PLLA core and PB shell embedded in a PS matrix. Emulsions were prepared with Shirasu Porous Glass (SPG) membranes leading to a narrow size distribution of the microparticles and control of the average particle diameter, d ≈ 0.4 µm–1.8 µm. The core–shell cylinders lie parallel to the surface for particle diameters d < 0.5 µm and progressively more perpendicular for larger particles d > 0.8 µm as verified with scanning and transmission electron microscopy and particle cross-sections. Finally, the selective degradation of the PLLA cylinders under basic conditions resulted in mesoporous microparticles with a pronounced surface roughness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Janoszka
- Physical Chemistry, Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany; (N.J.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
| | - Suna Azhdari
- Physical Chemistry, Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany; (N.J.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
| | - Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Deniz Coban
- Physical Chemistry, Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany; (N.J.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (A.H.G.)
| | - André H. Gröschel
- Physical Chemistry, Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28-30, 48149 Münster, Germany; (N.J.); (S.A.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (A.H.G.)
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12
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Hils C, Schmelz J, Drechsler M, Schmalz H. Janus Micelles by Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly of an Amphiphilic, Double-Crystalline Triblock Terpolymer. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15582-15586. [PMID: 34529422 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surface-compartmentalized micellar nanostructures (Janus and patchy micelles) have gained increasing interest due to their unique properties opening highly relevant applications, e.g., as efficient particulate surfactants, compatibilizers in polymer blends, or templates for catalytically active nanoparticles. We present a facile method for the production of worm-like Janus micelles based on crystallization-driven self-assembly of a double-crystalline triblock terpolymer with a crystallizable polyethylene middle block and two highly incompatible corona blocks, polystyrene and poly(ethylene oxide). This approach enables the production of amphiphilic Janus micelles with excellent interfacial activity by a comparably simple heating and cooling protocol directly in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Joachim Schmelz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Keylab Electron and Optical Microscopy, Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.,Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization, Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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Frank A, Hils C, Weber M, Kreger K, Schmalz H, Schmidt H. Inside Back Cover: Hierarchical Superstructures by Combining Crystallization‐Driven and Molecular Self‐Assembly (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40/2021). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frank
- Macromolecular Chemistry I University of Bayreuth and Bavarian Polymer Institute Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry II University of Bayreuth and Bavarian Polymer Institute Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Melina Weber
- Macromolecular Chemistry I University of Bayreuth and Bavarian Polymer Institute Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Macromolecular Chemistry I University of Bayreuth and Bavarian Polymer Institute Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II University of Bayreuth and Bavarian Polymer Institute Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Hans‐Werner Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry I University of Bayreuth and Bavarian Polymer Institute Universitätsstrasse 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
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Frank A, Hils C, Weber M, Kreger K, Schmalz H, Schmidt H. Innenrücktitelbild: Hierarchische Überstrukturen durch Kombination von kristallisationsinduzierter und molekularer Selbstassemblierung (Angew. Chem. 40/2021). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frank
- Makromolekulare Chemie I Universität Bayreuth und Bayerisches Polymerinstitut Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Christian Hils
- Makromolekulare Chemie II Universität Bayreuth und Bayerisches Polymerinstitut Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Melina Weber
- Makromolekulare Chemie I Universität Bayreuth und Bayerisches Polymerinstitut Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Makromolekulare Chemie I Universität Bayreuth und Bayerisches Polymerinstitut Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare Chemie II Universität Bayreuth und Bayerisches Polymerinstitut Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Werner Schmidt
- Makromolekulare Chemie I Universität Bayreuth und Bayerisches Polymerinstitut Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
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15
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Frank A, Hils C, Weber M, Kreger K, Schmalz H, Schmidt H. Hierarchical Superstructures by Combining Crystallization-Driven and Molecular Self-Assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21767-21771. [PMID: 34038613 PMCID: PMC8518951 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Combining the unique corona structure of worm-like patchy micelles immobilized on a polymer fiber with the molecular self-assembly of 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxamides (BTAs) leads to hierarchical superstructures with a fir-tree-like morphology. For this purpose, worm-like patchy micelles bearing pendant, functional tertiary amino groups in one of the corona patches were prepared by crystallization-driven self-assembly and immobilized on a supporting polystyrene fiber by coaxial electrospinning. The obtained patchy fibers were then immersed in an aqueous solution of a tertiary amino-functionalized BTA to induce patch-mediated molecular self-assembly to well-defined fir-tree-like superstructures upon solvent evaporation. Interestingly, defined superstructures are obtained only if the pendant functional groups in the surface patches match with the peripheral substituents of the BTA, which is attributed to a local increase in BTA concentration at the polymer fibers' surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frank
- Macromolecular Chemistry IUniversity of Bayreuth and Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversitätsstrasse 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry IIUniversity of Bayreuth and Bavarian Polymer InstituteKeylab Synthesis and Molecular CharacterizationUniversitätsstrasse 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Melina Weber
- Macromolecular Chemistry IUniversity of Bayreuth and Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversitätsstrasse 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Macromolecular Chemistry IUniversity of Bayreuth and Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversitätsstrasse 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry IIUniversity of Bayreuth and Bavarian Polymer InstituteKeylab Synthesis and Molecular CharacterizationUniversitätsstrasse 3095447BayreuthGermany
| | - Hans‐Werner Schmidt
- Macromolecular Chemistry IUniversity of Bayreuth and Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversitätsstrasse 3095447BayreuthGermany
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16
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Frank A, Hils C, Weber M, Kreger K, Schmalz H, Schmidt H. Hierarchische Überstrukturen durch Kombination von kristallisationsinduzierter und molekularer Selbstassemblierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Frank
- Makromolekulare Chemie I Universität Bayreuth und Bayerisches Polymerinstitut Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Christian Hils
- Makromolekulare Chemie II Universität Bayreuth und Bayerisches Polymerinstitut Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Melina Weber
- Makromolekulare Chemie I Universität Bayreuth und Bayerisches Polymerinstitut Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Klaus Kreger
- Makromolekulare Chemie I Universität Bayreuth und Bayerisches Polymerinstitut Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare Chemie II Universität Bayreuth und Bayerisches Polymerinstitut Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Werner Schmidt
- Makromolekulare Chemie I Universität Bayreuth und Bayerisches Polymerinstitut Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Deutschland
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17
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Novoa-Carballal R, Nosov S, Pfaff S, Schmalz H, Müller AHE. Hyperbranched and Hyperstar Polybutadienes via Anionic Self-Condensing Vinyl Copolymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sergey Nosov
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sandrine Pfaff
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization, Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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18
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Hils C, Manners I, Schöbel J, Schmalz H. Patchy Micelles with a Crystalline Core: Self-Assembly Concepts, Properties, and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1481. [PMID: 34064413 PMCID: PMC8125556 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crystallization-driven self-assembly (CDSA) of block copolymers bearing one crystallizable block has emerged to be a powerful and highly relevant method for the production of one- and two-dimensional micellar assemblies with controlled length, shape, and corona chemistries. This gives access to a multitude of potential applications, from hierarchical self-assembly to complex superstructures, catalysis, sensing, nanomedicine, nanoelectronics, and surface functionalization. Related to these applications, patchy crystalline-core micelles, with their unique, nanometer-sized, alternating corona segmentation, are highly interesting, as this feature provides striking advantages concerning interfacial activity, functionalization, and confinement effects. Hence, this review aims to provide an overview of the current state of the art with respect to self-assembly concepts, properties, and applications of patchy micelles with crystalline cores formed by CDSA. We have also included a more general discussion on the CDSA process and highlight block-type co-micelles as a special type of patchy micelle, due to similarities of the corona structure if the size of the blocks is well below 100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
| | - Ian Manners
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada;
| | - Judith Schöbel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Polymer Research IAP, Geiselbergstraße 69, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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19
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Wagner DR, Ament K, Mayr L, Martin T, Bloesser A, Schmalz H, Marschall R, Wagner FE, Breu J. Terrestrial solar radiation driven photodecomposition of ciprofloxacin in clinical wastewater applying mesostructured iron(III) oxide. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2021; 28:6222-6231. [PMID: 32996090 PMCID: PMC7838145 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10899-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cationic cylindrical polymer brushes based on polybutadiene-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) were applied as structure-directing agent for mesostructuring Fe2O3 nanoparticles into nanotubes. After temperature-controlled template removal, the obtained non-woven catalysts were tested for the photodegradation of ciprofloxacin under terrestrial solar radiation. At a slightly basic pH value, as typically encountered in clinical wastewaters, the mesostructured Fe2O3 shows a 4.5 times faster degradation of ciprofloxacin than commercial Aeroxide® TiO2 P25. Even wide-bandgap ZnO, mesostructured in the same way, is 1.6 times slower. Moreover, the non-woven-like structure of the catalyst allows for easy recovery of the catalyst and operation in a continuous flow reactor. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Wagner
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Kevin Ament
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Lina Mayr
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Martin
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - André Bloesser
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Roland Marschall
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Friedrich E Wagner
- Physics-Department E15, Technical University of Munich, James-Franck-Straße, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) and Department of Chemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.
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20
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Dai X, Qiang X, Hils C, Schmalz H, Gröschel AH. Frustrated Microparticle Morphologies of a Semicrystalline Triblock Terpolymer in 3D Soft Confinement. ACS Nano 2021; 15:1111-1120. [PMID: 33332958 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c08087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of block copolymers (BCPs) in three-dimensional (3D) confinement of emulsion droplets has emerged as a versatile route for the formation of functional micro- and nanoparticles. While the self-assembly of amorphous coil-coil BCPs is fairly well documented, less is known about the behavior of crystalline-coil BCPs. Here, we demonstrate that confining a linear ABC triblock terpolymer with a crystallizable middle block in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions results in a range of microparticles with frustrated inner structure originating from the conflict between crystallization and curved interfaces. Polystyrene-block-polyethylene-block-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-b-PE-b-PMMA, S32E36M3293) in toluene droplets was subjected to different preparation protocols. If evaporation was performed well above the bulk crystallization temperature of the PE block (Tevap > Tc), S32E36M3293 first microphase-separated into microparticles with lamella morphology followed by crystallization into a variety of frustrated morphologies (e.g., bud-like, double staircase, spherocone). By evaporating at significantly lower temperatures that allow the PE block to crystallize from solution (Tevap < Tc), S32E36M3293 underwent crystallization-driven self-assembly into patchy crystalline-core micelles, followed by confinement assembly into lenticular microparticles with compartmentalized hexagonal cylinder lattices. The frequency of these frustrated morphologies depends on polymer concentration and the evaporation protocol. These results provide a preliminary understanding of the morphological behavior of semicrystalline block copolymers in 3D soft confinement and may provide alternative routes to structure multicompartment microparticles from a broader range of polymer properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Dai
- Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Xiaolian Qiang
- Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - André H Gröschel
- Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
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21
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Ramsperger AFRM, Narayana VKB, Gross W, Mohanraj J, Thelakkat M, Greiner A, Schmalz H, Kress H, Laforsch C. Environmental exposure enhances the internalization of microplastic particles into cells. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/50/eabd1211. [PMID: 33298447 PMCID: PMC7725476 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic particles ubiquitously found in the environment are ingested by a huge variety of organisms. Subsequently, microplastic particles can translocate from the gastrointestinal tract into the tissues likely by cellular internalization. The reason for cellular internalization is unknown, since this has only been shown for specifically surface-functionalized particles. We show that environmentally exposed microplastic particles were internalized significantly more often than pristine microplastic particles into macrophages. We identified biomolecules forming an eco-corona on the surface of microplastic particles, suggesting that environmental exposure promotes the cellular internalization of microplastics. Our findings further indicate that cellular internalization is a key route by which microplastic particles translocate into tissues, where they may cause toxicological effects that have implications for the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F R M Ramsperger
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - V K B Narayana
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - W Gross
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - J Mohanraj
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, Applied Functional Polymers and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - M Thelakkat
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, Applied Functional Polymers and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - A Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - H Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bavarian Polymer Institute, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - H Kress
- Biological Physics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - C Laforsch
- Animal Ecology I and BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
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22
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Göbel C, Hörner G, Greiner A, Schmalz H, Weber B. Synthesis of Zn-based 1D and 2D coordination polymer nanoparticles in block copolymer micelles. Nanoscale Adv 2020; 2:4557-4565. [PMID: 36132912 PMCID: PMC9418959 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00334d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles of the 1D and 2D coordination polymers [Zn(OAc)2(bipy)] n and [Zn(TFA)2(bppa)2] n were prepared, employing polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymers with different weight fractions of the 4-vinylpyridine (4VP) block and comparable overall molecular weights of M n ≈ 155 kg mol-1 as template (SV-15 and SV-42 with 15 and 42 wt% 4VP, respectively). [Zn(OAc)2(bipy)] n nanoparticles were successfully synthesised within the 4VP core of SV-42 micelles, showing a core size of D core = 47 ± 5 nm and a hydrodynamic diameter of D h = 157 ± 46 nm, determined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The crystallinity of the composite is quite low, showing only low intensity reflexes in the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) pattern with the highest particle load. No indications for larger microcrystals were detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), proving the successful integration of the coordination polymer nanoparticles within the micellar cores. Nanocomposites of the 2D coordination network [Zn(TFA)2(bppa)2] n were synthesised using both diblock copolymers. The particle core sizes (from TEM) and hydrodynamic diameters (from DLS) correlate with the 4VP fraction of the micelles, resulting in D core = 46 ± 6 nm for SV-42 and 15 ± 2 nm for SV-15 and D h = 340 ± 153 nm and 177 ± 57 nm, respectively. The successful synthesis was proven by PXRD and SEM images, confirming the absence of larger crystallites. Hence, it is possible to synthesise nanocomposites of Zn-based 1D and 2D coordination polymers by a direct approach utilizing diblock copolymer micelles as template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Göbel
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry IV, Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Gerald Hörner
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry IV, Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry II, Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization, Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry II, Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization, Bavarian Polymer Institute, Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Birgit Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry IV, Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95447 Bayreuth Germany
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Verkoyen P, Dreier P, Bros M, Hils C, Schmalz H, Seiffert S, Frey H. “Dumb” pH-Independent and Biocompatible Hydrogels Formed by Copolymers of Long-Chain Alkyl Glycidyl Ethers and Ethylene Oxide. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:3152-3162. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Verkoyen
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip Dreier
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Hils
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sebastian Seiffert
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Holger Frey
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Hils C, Fuchs E, Eger F, Schöbel J, Schmalz H. Converting Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) into a Triple-Responsive Polymer. Chemistry 2020; 26:5611-5614. [PMID: 32065458 PMCID: PMC7317794 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiresponsive polymers that can respond to several external stimuli are promising materials for a manifold of applications. Herein, a facile method for the synthesis of triple-responsive (pH, temperature, CO2 ) poly(N,N-diethylaminoethyl methacrylamide) by a post-polymerization amidation of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is presented. Combined with trivalent counterions ([Fe(CN)6 ]3- ) both an upper and lower critical solution temperature (UCST/LCST)-type phase behavior can be realized at pH 8 and 9. PMMA and PMMA-based block copolymers are readily accessible by living anionic and controlled radical polymerization techniques, which opens access to various responsive polymer architectures based on the developed functionalization method. This method can also be applied on melt-processed bulk PMMA samples to introduce functional, responsive moieties at the PMMA surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry IIUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Emma Fuchs
- Macromolecular Chemistry IIUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Franziska Eger
- Macromolecular Chemistry IIUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Judith Schöbel
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric MaterialsZernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenGermany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry IIUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095440BayreuthGermany
- Keylab Synthesis and Molecular CharacterizationBavarian Polymer InstituteUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095440BayreuthGermany
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25
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Göbel C, Hils C, Drechsler M, Baabe D, Greiner A, Schmalz H, Weber B. Confined Crystallization of Spin-Crossover Nanoparticles in Block-Copolymer Micelles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:5765-5770. [PMID: 31891660 PMCID: PMC7155125 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles of the spin-crossover coordination polymer [FeL(bipy)]n were synthesized by confined crystallization within the core of polystyrene-block-poly(4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) diblock copolymer micelles. The 4VP units in the micellar core act as coordination sites for the Fe complex. In the bulk material, the spin-crossover nanoparticles in the core are well isolated from each other allowing thermal treatment without disintegration of their structure. During annealing above the glass transition temperature of the PS block, the transition temperature is shifted gradually to higher temperatures from the as-synthesized product (T1/2 ↓=163 K and T1/2 ↑=170 K) to the annealed product (T1/2 ↓=203 K and T1/2 ↑=217 K) along with an increase in hysteresis width from 6 K to 14 K. Thus, the spin-crossover properties can be shifted towards the properties of the related bulk material. The stability of the nanocomposite allows further processing, such as electrospinning from solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Göbel
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry IV, Unversität BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Christian Hils
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry IIUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstr. 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Keylab Electron and Optical Microscopy, Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Dirk Baabe
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische ChemieTechnische Universität BraunschweigHagenring 3038106BraunschweigGermany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry II and Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization, Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry II and Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization, Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversität BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095440BayreuthGermany
| | - Birgit Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry IV, Unversität BayreuthUniversitätsstrasse 3095440BayreuthGermany
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Göbel C, Hils C, Drechsler M, Baabe D, Greiner A, Schmalz H, Weber B. Confined Crystallization of Spin‐Crossover Nanoparticles in Block‐Copolymer Micelles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Göbel
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry IV, Unversität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Christian Hils
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry II Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstr. 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Keylab Electron and Optical Microscopy, Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Dirk Baabe
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Technische Universität Braunschweig Hagenring 30 38106 Braunschweig Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry II and Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization, Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Department of Chemistry, Macromolecular Chemistry II and Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization, Bavarian Polymer Institute Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Birgit Weber
- Department of Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry IV, Unversität Bayreuth Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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27
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Hils C, Dulle M, Sitaru G, Gekle S, Schöbel J, Frank A, Drechsler M, Greiner A, Schmalz H. Influence of patch size and chemistry on the catalytic activity of patchy hybrid nonwovens. Nanoscale Adv 2020; 2:438-452. [PMID: 36133996 PMCID: PMC9419548 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00607a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we provide a detailed study on the influence of patch size and chemistry on the catalytic activity of patchy hybrid nonwovens in the gold nanoparticle (Au NP) catalysed alcoholysis of dimethylphenylsilane in n-butanol. The nonwovens were produced by coaxial electrospinning, employing a polystyrene solution as the core and a dispersion of spherical or worm-like patchy micelles with functional, amino group-bearing patches (dimethyl and diisopropyl amino groups as anchor groups for Au NP) as the shell. Subsequent loading by dipping into a dispersion of preformed Au NPs yields the patchy hybrid nonwovens. In terms of NP stabilization, i.e., preventing agglomeration, worm-like micelles with poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylamide) (PDMA) patches are most efficient. Kinetic studies employing an extended 1st order kinetics model, which includes the observed induction periods, revealed a strong dependence on the accessibility of the Au NPs' surface to the reactants. The accessibility is controlled by the swellability of the functional patches in n-butanol, which depends on both patch chemistry and size. As a result, significantly longer induction (t ind) and reaction (t R) times were observed for the 1st catalysis cycles in comparison to the 10th cycles and nonwovens with more polar PDMA patches show a significantly lower t R in the 1st catalysis cycle. Thus, the unique patchy surface structure allows tailoring the properties of this "tea-bag"-like catalyst system in terms of NP stabilization and catalytic performance, which resulted in a significant reduction of t R to about 4 h for an optimized system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hils
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Martin Dulle
- JCNS-1/ICS-1, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße 52428 Jülich Germany
| | - Gabriel Sitaru
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik VI, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Stephan Gekle
- Biofluid Simulation and Modeling, Theoretische Physik VI, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Judith Schöbel
- Macromolecular Chemistry & New Polymeric Materials, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Frank
- Macromolecular Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Keylab Optical and Electron Microscopy, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Keylab Synthesis and Molecular Characterization, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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28
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Reich S, Kaiser P, Mafi M, Schmalz H, Rhinow D, Freitag R, Greiner A. High‐Temperature Spray‐Dried Polymer/Bacteria Microparticles for Electrospinning of Composite Nonwovens. Macromol Biosci 2019; 19:e1800356. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201800356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Reich
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversity of Bayreuth D‐95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Patrick Kaiser
- Chair for Process BiotechnologyUniversity of Bayreuth 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Mahsa Mafi
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversity of Bayreuth D‐95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversity of Bayreuth D‐95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Daniel Rhinow
- Department of Structural BiologyMax Planck Institute of Biophysics D‐60438 Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Chair for Process BiotechnologyUniversity of Bayreuth 95447 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer InstituteUniversity of Bayreuth D‐95440 Bayreuth Germany
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29
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Bojer C, Ament K, Schmalz H, Breu J, Lunkenbein T. Electrostatic attraction of nanoobjects – a versatile strategy towards mesostructured transition metal compounds. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00228f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This highlight summarizes current challenges of mesostructuring and focuses on the scope and the potential of the ELAN – (electrostatic attraction of nanoobjects) strategy in mesostructuring of transition metal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Bojer
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute
- University of Bayreuth
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
| | - Kevin Ament
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute
- University of Bayreuth
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute
- University of Bayreuth
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Department of Chemistry and Bavarian Polymer Institute
- University of Bayreuth
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry
- 14195 Berlin
- Germany
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30
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Schöbel J, Hils C, Weckwerth A, Schlenk M, Bojer C, Stuart MCA, Breu J, Förster S, Greiner A, Karg M, Schmalz H. Strategies for the selective loading of patchy worm-like micelles with functional nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2018; 10:18257-18268. [PMID: 30238948 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr05935g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer self-assembly in solution paves the way for the construction of well-defined compartmentalized nanostructures. These are excellent templates for the incorporation and stabilisation of nanoparticles (NPs), giving rise to highly relevant applications in the field of catalysis or sensing. However, the regio-selective incorporation of NPs in specific compartments is still an issue, especially concerning the loading with different NP types. Using crystallisation-driven self-assembly (CDSA), functional worm-like crystalline-core micelles (wCCMs) with a tailor-made, nanometre-sized patchy corona were prepared as versatile templates for the incorporation and stabilisation of metal and metal oxide NPs. Different strategies, like ligand exchange or co-precipitation of polymer stabilised NPs with one surface patch, were developed that allow the incorporation of NPs in specific regions of the patchy wCCM corona. Independent of the NP type and the incorporation method, the NPs showed no tendency for agglomeration and were fixed within the corona patches of the wCCMs. The binary loading of patchy micelles with metal and metal oxide NPs was realised by combining different loading strategies, yielding hybrids with homogeneously dispersed NPs guided by the patchy structure of the template.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schöbel
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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31
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Pretscher M, Pineda-Contreras BA, Kaiser P, Reich S, Schöbel J, Kuttner C, Freitag R, Fery A, Schmalz H, Agarwal S. pH-Responsive Biohybrid Carrier Material for Phenol Decontamination in Wastewater. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3224-3232. [PMID: 29940118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Smart polymers are a valuable platform to protect and control the activity of biological agents over a wide range of conditions, such as low pH, by proper encapsulation. Such conditions are present in olive oil mill wastewater with phenol as one of the most problematic constituents. We show that elastic and pH-responsive diblock copolymer fibers are a suitable carrier for Corynebacterium glutamicum, i.e., bacteria which are known for their ability to degrade phenol. Free C. glutamicum does not survive low pH conditions and fails to degrade phenol at low pH conditions. Our tea-bag like biohybrid system, where the pH-responsive diblock copolymer acts as a protecting outer shell for the embedded bacteria, allows phenol degradation even at low pH. Utilizing a two-step encapsulation process, planktonic cells were first encapsulated in poly(vinyl alcohol) to protect the bacteria against the organic solvents used in the second step employing coaxial electrospinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pretscher
- Macromolecular Chemistry II , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 , Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Beatriz A Pineda-Contreras
- Macromolecular Chemistry II , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 , Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Patrick Kaiser
- Process Biotechnology , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Steffen Reich
- Macromolecular Chemistry II , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 , Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Judith Schöbel
- Macromolecular Chemistry II , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 , Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Christian Kuttner
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Straße 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany.,BioNanoPlasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE , Paseo de Miramoń 182 , 20014 Donostia-San Sebastiań , Spain
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Process Biotechnology , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden , Institute of Physical Chemistry and Polymer Physics , Hohe Straße 6 , 01069 Dresden , Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 , Bayreuth , Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 , Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Macromolecular Chemistry II , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 , Bayreuth , Germany.,Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces , University of Bayreuth , Universitätsstraße 30 , 95440 , Bayreuth , Germany
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32
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Liu L, Bakhshi H, Jiang S, Schmalz H, Agarwal S. Composite Polymeric Membranes with Directionally Embedded Fibers for Controlled Dual Actuation. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800082. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Hadi Bakhshi
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Shaohua Jiang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute; University of Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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33
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Schieder M, Bojer C, Vom Stein J, Koch S, Martin T, Schmalz H, Breu J, Lunkenbein T. Template Removal via Boudouard Equilibrium Allows for Synthesis of Mesostructured Molybdenum Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13968-13972. [PMID: 28052472 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative thermal removal of the polymeric templates is not trivial for molybdenum oxides and hampers mesostructuring of this material. At ambient oxygen fugacity, MoVI is the thermodynamically stable oxidation state and sublimation of MoO3 leads to a quick loss of the mesostructure through Oswald ripening. Taking advantage of the Boudouard equilibrium allows to fix the oxygen fugacity at a level where non-volatile MoO2-x is stable while carbonaceous material may be oxidized by CO2 . Mesostructured MoO2-x can be chemically converted into MoO3 or MoN under retention of the mesostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schieder
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Carina Bojer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Julia Vom Stein
- Abteilung für Heterogene Katalyse, Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim a.d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Sebastian Koch
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Martin
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie, Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195, Berlin, Germany
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34
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Bojer C, Schöbel J, Martin T, Lunkenbein T, Wagner DR, Greiner A, Breu J, Schmalz H. Mesostructured ZnO/Au nanoparticle composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Rudnick A, Wetzel C, Tscheuschner S, Schmalz H, Vogt A, Greiner A, Bässler H, Mena-Osteritz E, Bäuerle P, Köhler A. Spectroscopic Study of Thiophene-Pyrrole-Containing S,N-Heteroheptacenes Compared to Acenes and Phenacenes. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7492-7501. [PMID: 28712293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b02935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report a detailed spectroscopic study concerning the energy levels and vibrational structure of thiophene-pyrrole-containing S,N-heteroacenes. The aim of the study is first, to understand the differences in the photoluminescence (PL) efficiencies in this structurally similar series and second, to compare the electronic structure of S,N-heteroacenes to that of linear acenes and phenacenes, with a view to derive guidelines for the design of singlet fission materials. For S,N-heteroacenes comprising seven fused heterocyclic rings, we observe a higher PL quantum yield for derivatives with terminal thienothiophene units than for thienopyrrole-capped ones. This is assigned to a stronger tendency of the thienopyrrole-capped derivatives to form nonemissive associates in dilute solution, producing emissive excimers at higher concentration. By conducting time-resolved PL studies at 77 K, we further determine the lowest singlet and triplet energies for the S,N-heteroacenes with three, five, and seven fused rings. We show that their energies evolve with oligomer length analogously to those of phenacenes, yet in a fundamentally different way from that of linear acenes. This difference in evolution is attributed to the increasingly biradical character in acenes with increasing chain length in contrast to the S,N-heteroacenes and phenacenes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christoph Wetzel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Astrid Vogt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | | | - Elena Mena-Osteritz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, University of Ulm , Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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36
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Ivashkov OV, Sybachin AV, Efimova AA, Orlov VN, Pergushov DV, Schmalz H, Yaroslavov AA. Composition and properties of complexes between anionic liposomes and diblock copolymers with cationic and poly(ethylene oxide) blocks. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oleg V Ivashkov
- Department of Chemistry; MV Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Andrey V Sybachin
- Department of Chemistry; MV Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Anna A Efimova
- Department of Chemistry; MV Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Viktor N Orlov
- Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology; MV Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Dmitry V Pergushov
- Department of Chemistry; MV Lomonosov Moscow State University; Moscow Russia
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare Chemie II; Universität Bayreuth; Bayreuth Germany
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37
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Schieder M, Bojer C, vom Stein J, Koch S, Martin T, Schmalz H, Breu J, Lunkenbein T. Template Removal via Boudouard Equilibrium Allows for Synthesis of Mesostructured Molybdenum Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schieder
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Carina Bojer
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Julia vom Stein
- Abteilung für Heterogene Katalyse; Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim a.d. Ruhr Germany
| | - Sebastian Koch
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Thomas Martin
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Chemie II; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Josef Breu
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie I; Universität Bayreuth; Universitätsstrasse 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Thomas Lunkenbein
- Abteilung für Anorganische Chemie; Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft; Faradayweg 4-6 14195 Berlin Germany
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38
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Schöbel J, Burgard M, Hils C, Dersch R, Dulle M, Volk K, Karg M, Greiner A, Schmalz H. Bottom-Up Meets Top-Down: Patchy Hybrid Nonwovens as an Efficient Catalysis Platform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:405-408. [PMID: 27921346 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous catalysis with supported nanoparticles (NPs) is a highly active field of research. However, the efficient stabilization of NPs without deteriorating their catalytic activity is challenging. By combining top-down (coaxial electrospinning) and bottom-up (crystallization-driven self-assembly) approaches, we prepared patchy nonwovens with functional, nanometer-sized patches on the surface. These patches can selectively bind and efficiently stabilize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The use of these AuNP-loaded patchy nonwovens in the alcoholysis of dimethylphenylsilane led to full conversion under comparably mild conditions and in short reaction times. The absence of gold leaching or a slowing down of the reaction even after ten subsequent cycles manifests the excellent reusability of this catalyst system. The flexibility of the presented approach allows for easy transfer to other nonwoven supports and catalytically active NPs, which promises broad applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schöbel
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Burgard
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Hils
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Roland Dersch
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin Dulle
- Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Kirsten Volk
- Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany.,Physikalische Chemie I, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, 40204, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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39
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Schöbel J, Burgard M, Hils C, Dersch R, Dulle M, Volk K, Karg M, Greiner A, Schmalz H. Bottom‐up trifft auf Top‐down: Patch‐artig strukturierte Hybridfasermatten als effiziente Katalyseplattform. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schöbel
- Makromolekulare Chemie II Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Matthias Burgard
- Makromolekulare Chemie II Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Christian Hils
- Makromolekulare Chemie II Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Roland Dersch
- Makromolekulare Chemie II Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Martin Dulle
- Physikalische Chemie I Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Kirsten Volk
- Physikalische Chemie I Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Matthias Karg
- Physikalische Chemie I Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Deutschland
- Physikalische Chemie I Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf 40204 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Makromolekulare Chemie II Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Deutschland
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare Chemie II Universität Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Deutschland
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40
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Schöbel J, Karg M, Rosenbach D, Krauss G, Greiner A, Schmalz H. Patchy Wormlike Micelles with Tailored Functionality by Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly: A Versatile Platform for Mesostructured Hybrid Materials. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schöbel
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II and ‡Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Matthias Karg
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II and ‡Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Dominic Rosenbach
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II and ‡Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Gert Krauss
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II and ‡Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II and ‡Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare Chemie
II and ‡Physikalische Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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41
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Abstract
Surface-modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have become well-established filler materials for polymer nanocomposites. However, in immiscible polymer blends, the CNT-coating is selective toward the more compatible phase, which suppresses their homogeneous distribution and limits harnessing the full potential of the filler. In this study, we show that multiwalled CNTs with a patchy polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS/PMMA) corona disperse equally well in both phases of an incompatible PS/PMMA polymer blend. Unlike polymer-grafted CNTs with a uniform corona, the patchy CNTs are able to adjust their corona structure to the blend phases by selective swelling/collapse of respective miscible/immiscible surface patches. Importantly, the high interfacial activity of patchy CNTs further causes a significant decrease in PMMA droplet size with increasing filler content. The combined effect of compatibilization and homogeneous distribution makes patchy CNTs interesting materials for polymer blend nanocomposites, where next to the compatibilization, a homogeneous filler distribution is important to gain the desired materials property (e.g., reinforcement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gegenhuber
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marina Krekhova
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Judith Schöbel
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - André H. Gröschel
- Department
of Applied Physics, Aalto University School of Science, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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42
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Pineda-Contreras BA, Schmalz H, Agarwal S. pH dependent thermoresponsive behavior of acrylamide–acrylonitrile UCST-type copolymers in aqueous media. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00162a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
pH-dependent UCST-transitions and influence of sacrificial additives on the thermoresponsivity of acrylamide- acrylonitrile copolymers is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz A. Pineda-Contreras
- University of Bayreuth
- Faculty of Biology
- Chemistry and Earth Sciences
- Macromolecular Chemistry II
- Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces
| | - Holger Schmalz
- University of Bayreuth
- Faculty of Biology
- Chemistry and Earth Sciences
- Macromolecular Chemistry II
- Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces
| | - Seema Agarwal
- University of Bayreuth
- Faculty of Biology
- Chemistry and Earth Sciences
- Macromolecular Chemistry II
- Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces
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43
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Köhn Serrano MS, König TAF, Haataja JS, Löbling TI, Schmalz H, Agarwal S, Fery A, Greiner A. Self-Organization of Gold Nanoparticle Assemblies with 3D Spatial Order and Their External Stimuli Responsiveness. Macromol Rapid Commun 2015; 37:215-20. [PMID: 26637124 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) with pyridyl end-capped polystyrenes (PS-4VP) as "quasi-monodentate" ligands self-assemble into ordered PS-4VP/AuNP nanostructures with 3D hexagonal spatial order in the dried solid state. The key for the formation of these ordered structures is the modulation of the ratio AuNP versus ligands, which proves the importance of ligand design and quantity for the preparation of novel ordered polymer/metal nanoparticle conjugates. Although the assemblies of PS-4VP/AuNP in dispersion lack in high dimensional order, strong plasmonic interactions are observed due to close contact of AuNP. Applying temperature as an external stimulus allows the reversible distortion of plasmonic interactions within the AuNP nanocomposite structures, which can be observed directly by naked eye. The modulation of the macroscopic optical properties accompanied by this structural distortion of plasmonic interaction opens up very interesting sensoric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa S Köhn Serrano
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tobias A F König
- Physical Chemistry II and Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth
| | - Johannes S Haataja
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, FIN-0215, Espoo, Finland
| | - Tina I Löbling
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, FIN-0215, Espoo, Finland
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Fery
- Physical Chemistry II and Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces, Universität Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
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44
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Bahrami R, Löbling TI, Schmalz H, Müller AH, Altstädt V. Micromechanics of “raspberry” morphology in PPE/SAN polymer blends compatibilized with linear ABC triblock terpolymers. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Fan Z, Chen X, Köhn Serrano M, Schmalz H, Rosenfeldt S, Förster S, Agarwal S, Greiner A. Polymerkäfige als universelles Hilfsmittel für die präzise Bottom-up-Synthese metallischer Nanopartikel. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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46
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Fan Z, Chen X, Köhn Serrano M, Schmalz H, Rosenfeldt S, Förster S, Agarwal S, Greiner A. Polymer Cages as Universal Tools for the Precise Bottom-Up Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:14539-44. [PMID: 26439774 PMCID: PMC4678510 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A template synthesis allows the preparation of monodisperse nanoparticles with high reproducibility and independent from self-assembly requirements. Tailor-made polymer cages were used for the preparation of nanoparticles, which were made of cross-linked macromolecules with pendant thiol groups. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared in the polymer cages in situ, by using different amounts of cages versus gold. The polymer cages exhibited a certain capacity, below which the AuNPs could be grown with excellent control over the size and shape. Control experiments with a linear diblock copolymer showed a continuous increase in the AuNP size as the gold feed increased. This completely different behavior regarding the AuNP size evolution was attributed to the flexibility of the polymer chain depending on cross-linking. Moreover, the polymer cages were suitable for the encapsulation of AgNPs, PdNPs, and PtNPs by the in situ method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyin Fan
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Centre for Colloids and Interfaces, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth (Germany) http://www.mcii.uni-bayreuth.de/en/ag-greiner/index.html
| | - Xuelian Chen
- Chair of Physical Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth (Germany)
| | - Melissa Köhn Serrano
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Centre for Colloids and Interfaces, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth (Germany) http://www.mcii.uni-bayreuth.de/en/ag-greiner/index.html
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Centre for Colloids and Interfaces, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth (Germany) http://www.mcii.uni-bayreuth.de/en/ag-greiner/index.html
| | | | - Stephan Förster
- Chair of Physical Chemistry I, University of Bayreuth (Germany)
| | - Seema Agarwal
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Centre for Colloids and Interfaces, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth (Germany) http://www.mcii.uni-bayreuth.de/en/ag-greiner/index.html
| | - Andreas Greiner
- Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry II and Bayreuth Centre for Colloids and Interfaces, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth (Germany) http://www.mcii.uni-bayreuth.de/en/ag-greiner/index.html.
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47
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Ivashkov OV, Sybachin AV, Efimova AA, Pergushov DV, Orlov VN, Schmalz H, Yaroslavov AA. The Influence of the Chain Length of Polycations on their Complexation with Anionic Liposomes. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:2849-2853. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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48
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Löbling TI, Hiekkataipale P, Hanisch A, Bennet F, Schmalz H, Ikkala O, Gröschel AH, Müller AH. Bulk morphologies of polystyrene-block-polybutadiene-block-poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) triblock terpolymers. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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49
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Schieder M, Lunkenbein T, Bojer C, Dulle M, vom Stein J, Auffermann G, Löbling T, Schöbel J, Schmalz H, Breu J. Selective Template Removal by Thermal Depolymerization to Obtain Mesostructured Molybdenum Oxycarbide. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201500219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Gegenhuber T, Gröschel AH, Löbling TI, Drechsler M, Ehlert S, Förster S, Schmalz H. Noncovalent Grafting of Carbon Nanotubes with Triblock Terpolymers: Toward Patchy 1D Hybrids. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5023378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gegenhuber
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - André H. Gröschel
- Molecular
Materials, Department of Applied Physics, School of Science Aalto University, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Tina I. Löbling
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Physikalische
Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Sascha Ehlert
- Physikalische
Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Stephan Förster
- Physikalische
Chemie I, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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