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Hazelzet T, Brasseur-Daudruy M, Quarello E. [The left outflow tract: Abnormal features]. GYNECOLOGIE, OBSTETRIQUE, FERTILITE & SENOLOGIE 2020; 48:211-218. [PMID: 31715281 DOI: 10.1016/j.gofs.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The good knowledge of the characteristics of the left outflow tract allows us to detect but also to identify anomalies such as conal VSD and conotruncal anomalies. The analysis of this specific area of the heart must always be performed as part of a global analysis of the outflow tracts, combining the analysis of the right outflow tract with the assessment of the three vessel and trachea view.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hazelzet
- Service de pédiatrie, CHU de Rouen, Rouen, France
| | | | - E Quarello
- Institut méditerranéen d'imagerie médicale appliquée à la gynécologie, la grossesse, et à l'enfant, 6, rue Rocca, 13008, Marseille, France; Unité d'échographie et de diagnostic prénatal, hôpital Saint-Joseph, 26, boulevard de Louvain, 13285 Marseille cedex 08, France.
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2
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Wang X, Sun L, Liu XW, Shang JF, He YH. Prenatal diagnosis of Marfan syndrome by fetal echocardiography: A case report and review of cardiovascular manifestations. Echocardiography 2019; 37:359-362. [PMID: 31879971 DOI: 10.1111/echo.14577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal Marfan syndrome (nMFS), phenotypically and genotypically distinct from the classical syndrome, is rarely diagnosed prenatally, and the cardiovascular prognosis is poor. This case report described one fetus diagnosed with nMFS by fetal echocardiography. The main features were cardiomegaly, and atrioventricular valves prolapse with moderate regurgitation and dilated great vessels. Extracardiac malformations included right diaphragmatic eventration, bilateral pyelectasis, and lengthy femur. Pathological examination confirmed the findings of fetal echo, and all cardiac valves were dysplastic. Sanger sequencing revealed a deletion mutation affecting exon 30 of the fibrillin 1 (FBN1) gene. Echocardiography is essential for prenatal diagnosis, and multivalve dysplasia is common among those patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department 2 of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Fetal Heart Disease Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Important Laboratories, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department 2 of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Fetal Heart Disease Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Important Laboratories, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Liu
- Department 2 of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Fetal Heart Disease Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Important Laboratories, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Feng Shang
- Pathology department of Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Hua He
- Department 2 of Echocardiography, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Fetal Heart Disease Maternal Fetal Medicine Research Important Laboratories, Beijing, China
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Luo E, Liu H, Zhao Q, Shi B, Chen Q. Dental-craniofacial manifestation and treatment of rare diseases. Int J Oral Sci 2019; 11:9. [PMID: 30783081 PMCID: PMC6381182 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0041-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Rare diseases are usually genetic, chronic and incurable disorders with a relatively low incidence. Developments in the diagnosis and management of rare diseases have been relatively slow due to a lack of sufficient profit motivation and market to attract research by companies. However, due to the attention of government and society as well as economic development, rare diseases have been gradually become an increasing concern. As several dental-craniofacial manifestations are associated with rare diseases, we summarize them in this study to help dentists and oral maxillofacial surgeons provide an early diagnosis and subsequent management for patients with these rare diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- En Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanghang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiucheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bing Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Veiga-Fernández A, Joigneau Prieto L, Álvarez T, Ruiz Y, Pérez R, Gámez F, Ortega Abad V, Yllana F, De León-Luis J. Perinatal diagnosis and management of early-onset Marfan syndrome: case report and systematic review. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2019; 33:2493-2504. [PMID: 30652519 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1552935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Early onset Marfan syndrome is the most severe form of Marfan syndrome diagnosed during perinatal period. Early onset Marfan syndrome is associated with high mortality rates, usually within the first 2 years of life. First, we present a case of prenatally diagnosed early onset Marfan syndrome in a dichorionic diamniotic twin pregnancy, where suspicion was raised at 35 weeks of gestation. Ultrasound and fetal magnetic resonance imaging were used to assess prenatal findings in the affected fetus. She presented right diaphragmatic eventration, elongation of humerus and femur and subluxation of the crystalline lens. She died 3 months after birth. Secondly, we present a PubMed-based review of the published articles on early onset Marfan syndrome, with pre- or postnatal suspicion or diagnosis. We found 39 articles published between 1981 and 2017, arising information on 55 cases. Including ours, early onset Marfan syndrome was prenatally diagnosed in 34.54% of the cases. In these cases, the most frequent prenatal findings were cardiomegaly, dilatation of the great vessels and mitral or tricuspid regurgitation. Mortality rate during the first 15 months after birth was 73.68%. In the postnatally diagnosed cases, the most frequent findings were arachnodactyly, dilatation of the great vessels and mitral or tricuspid regurgitation. Mortality rate was 61.11%. Overall genetic confirmation was performed in 67.27% of the cases. Prenatal diagnosis of early onset Marfan syndrome is challenging but of utmost importance, since management should take place in a tertiary care center, by a multidisciplinary team. Differential diagnosis is essential in order to perform an adequate genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Teresa Álvarez
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Ruiz
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pérez
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Gámez
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Fátima Yllana
- Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Genetic aortic syndromes (GAS) include Marfan, Loeys-Dietz, vascular Ehlers-Danlos, and Turner syndrome as well as congenital bicuspid aortic valve. The clinical management of these diseases has certain similarities and differences. We employed medical strategy analysis to test the utility of genetic diagnostics in the management of GAS. We chose the standpoint of the cardiologist for our analysis. In the first step, the medical goals in the management of GAS are specified. In the second step, the accuracy of genetic diagnostics for GAS is examined. Finally, conclusions can be drawn about the utility of genetic diagnostics in managing GAS. We found that genetic diagnostics is necessary to exclude GAS, to diagnose GAS, and to specify disease types. Second, combining phenotype with genotype information maximizes the predictability of the course of disease. Third, with genetic diagnostics it is possible to predict the birth of children with causative mutations for GAS and to initiate drug therapy to prevent the onset of aortic dilatation or to slow down its progression to aortic aneurysm. Finally, genetic diagnostics improves prognostic predictions and thereby contributes to a better timing of elective surgery and to a better choice of procedures. The findings of our medical strategy analysis indicate the high utility of genetic diagnostics for managing GAS.
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DeVore GR, Tabsh K, Polanco B, Satou G, Sklansky M. Fetal Heart Size: A Comparison Between the Point-to-Point Trace and Automated Ellipse Methods Between 20 and 40 Weeks' Gestation. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2016; 35:2543-2562. [PMID: 27738291 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.16.02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether the global area and circumference of the heart varies between two measurement techniques: the point-to-point trace and the electronic ellipse methods. METHODS The epicardial border of the 4-chamber view was measured in 200 fetuses between 20 and 40 weeks' gestation, from which the area and circumference using the point-to-point trace and electronic ellipse were measured. Analysis of variance, correlation, and regression analysis using fractional polynomials and 7 independent variables (head circumference, biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference, femur length, estimated fetal weight, mean ultrasound gestational age, and last menstrual period gestational age) were performed. RESULTS The correlation between the mean ultrasound gestational age and last menstrual period gestational age was 0.9880 (5% confidence limit, 0.9716; 95% confidence limit, 0.9880), with an R2 of 0.9762. The R2 value for the 7 independent variables regressed against the area and circumference using the point-to-point trace and electronic ellipse methods ranged between 0.885 and 0.965. Comparison of Z scores between this study and previous publications demonstrated that there were differences and similarities, depending on whether the area or circumference was measured. CONCLUSIONS This study shows high R2 values when comparing measurements of the area and circumference against 7 independent variables, irrespective of whether the point-to-point trace or the electronic ellipse method was used to obtain the measurements. A calculator to evaluate the area and circumference is provided, using 7 independent variables from which Z scores and percentiles for individual measurements can be computed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greggory R DeVore
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California USA
- Fetal Diagnostic Centers, Pasadena, Tarzana, and Lancaster, California USA
| | - Kareem Tabsh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kern Medical Center, Bakersfield, California USA
| | - Bardo Polanco
- Fetal Diagnostic Centers, Pasadena, Tarzana, and Lancaster, California USA
| | - Gary Satou
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California USA
| | - Mark Sklansky
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California USA
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Zych-Krekora K, Wójtowicz A, Krekora M, Słodki M, Gentillon H, Respondek-Liberska M. Case report. Longitudinal Echo Monitoring in Fetus with Phenotypical Marfan Syndrome, Helpfull for Perinatal Management - Case Presentation and Literature Review. PRENATAL CARDIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pcard-2016-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
It was the second pregnancy of an otherwise healthy married couple. The fetus (male) had detailed echocardiography monitoring in the second half of the pregnancy due to progression of cardiomegaly, and echocardiographic features of congestive heart failure. Marfan syndrome was suspected based on cardiac anomalies. For the first time, the rupture of aneurysm of aortic sinus Valsalva was documented. Despite transplacental treatment with digoxin there was fetal demise at the 34th week of gestation and postmortem newborn phenotype confirmed prenatal diagnosis.
Marfan Syndrome is a rare genetic anomaly which can be diagnosed prenatally by detailed echocardiography, usually with bad prognosis (just opposite to “benign” case diagnosed later on in life span). The most common prenatal cardiac manifestations are cardiomegaly with signs of cardiac insufficiency. We present the case with new echocardiographic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zych-Krekora
- Prenatal Cardiology Department ,Research Institute Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital in Łódź, Poland Poland
- Pediatrics, Immunology and Nephrology Department, Research Institute Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital in Łódź, Poland
| | - Anna Wójtowicz
- Department of Clinical Obstetrics and Perinatology ,University Hospital in Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Krekora
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Research Institute Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital in Łódź, Poland
| | - Maciej Słodki
- Prenatal Cardiology Department ,Research Institute Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital in Łódź, Poland Poland
- Faculty of Health Sciences. The State University of Applied Sciences in Plock, Poland
| | - Hugues Gentillon
- Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, Barlicki University Hospital, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Maria Respondek-Liberska
- Prenatal Cardiology Department ,Research Institute Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital in Łódź, Poland Poland
- Fetal Malformations Department, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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Anuwutnavin S, Lee L, Silverman N, Sklansky M. Fetal cardiac manifestations of Marfan Syndrome. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2014; 33:2211-2216. [PMID: 25425382 DOI: 10.7863/ultra.33.12.2211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanitra Anuwutnavin
- Division of Maternal-Fetal-Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.A.), Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (L.L., N.S.), Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California USA, Center for Fetal Medicine and Women's Ultrasound, Los Angeles, California USA (N.S.)
| | - Lydia Lee
- Division of Maternal-Fetal-Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.A.), Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (L.L., N.S.), Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California USA, Center for Fetal Medicine and Women's Ultrasound, Los Angeles, California USA (N.S.)
| | - Neil Silverman
- Division of Maternal-Fetal-Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.A.), Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (L.L., N.S.), Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California USA, Center for Fetal Medicine and Women's Ultrasound, Los Angeles, California USA (N.S.)
| | - Mark Sklansky
- Division of Maternal-Fetal-Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand (S.A.), Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology (L.L., N.S.), Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics (M.S.), David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California USA, Center for Fetal Medicine and Women's Ultrasound, Los Angeles, California USA (N.S.)
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Coupe des trois vaisseaux et de la trachée en période prénatale : aspects anormaux. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 42:273-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gyobfe.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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10
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Gavilán C, Herraiz I, Granados MA, Moral MT, Gómez-Montes E, Galindo A. Prenatal diagnosis of neonatal Marfan syndrome. Prenat Diagn 2011; 31:610-3. [DOI: 10.1002/pd.2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Stephens EH, Kearney DL, Grande-Allen KJ. Insight into pathologic abnormalities in congenital semilunar valve disease based on advances in understanding normal valve microstructure and extracellular matrix. Cardiovasc Pathol 2011; 21:46-58. [PMID: 21349746 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenitally diseased valves are relatively frequent causes of significant morbidity and mortality. Pathology descriptions of such valves have primarily focused on gross structural features including the number of leaflets or commissures (bicuspid/bicommissural valve) and alterations in the contour, thickness, and consistency of the leaflets (dysplastic valve). Functional correlates of these pathologic alterations are valvar stenosis, insufficiency, or both. Further characterization of the microstructural abnormalities seen in these malformed valves may not only provide insight into the correlation of distinct pathologies with their respective pathogenesis and clinical sequelae but also prove pivotal in uncovering new avenues for therapeutic interventions and prevention regimens. This review summarizes microstructural findings in congenital semilunar valve disease (CSVD) and discusses their relevance in light of recent advances in knowledge of normal valve microstructure, biology, and function. Specifically, the biological and mechanical roles of various matrix components and their interactions are discussed in the context of CSVD. Indeed, recent research in normal valves adds significant insight into CSVD and raises many hypotheses that will need to be addressed by future studies.
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Rollins RC, Acherman RJ, Castillo WJ, Evans WN, Restrepo H. Aorta larger than pulmonary artery in the fetal 3-vessel view. JOURNAL OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE 2009; 28:9-12. [PMID: 19106350 DOI: 10.7863/jum.2009.28.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fetal great artery asymmetry may accompany congenital heart disease. The fetal echocardiographic 3-vessel view (3VV) allows assessment of the superior vena cava, ascending aorta (AA), and main pulmonary artery (MPA). Our aim was to determine the association of congenital heart disease in fetuses with an AA/MPA ratio of greater than 1. METHODS We electronically searched our fetal echocardiographic database for studies performed between March 2002 and January 2008 that showed 3VVs with AA/MPA ratios of greater than 1 and correlated the findings with the presence of congenital heart disease. RESULTS In 2797 fetal echocardiograms, we identified 31 fetuses with normal 4-chamber views showing AA/MPA ratios of greater than 1 in the 3VV. Of 31 fetuses, 25 (81%) had tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) or a ToF variant, and 6 (19%) had an aortic valve abnormality or isolated dilatation of the AA. CONCLUSIONS Screening obstetric fetal sonography showing a 3VV AA/MPA ratio of greater than 1 suggests congenital heart disease and indicates the need for comprehensive fetal echocardiography.
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Abstract
Marfan syndrome (MFS) is the most common inherited disorder of connective tissue that affects multiple organ systems. This autosomal-dominant condition has an incidence of 2-3 per 10,000 individuals. Although genetic testing is available, the diagnosis is still primarily made using the Ghent criteria. Early identification and appropriate management is critical for patients with MFS who are prone to the life-threatening cardiovascular complications of aortic dissection and rupture. Advances in the understanding of the cause of MFS, early recognition of the disorder, and subsequent institution of medical and surgical therapy has resulted in dramatic improvement in the prognosis of this patient population over the past few decades. Beta-blockers have been demonstrated to slow aortic growth and thus delay the time to aortic surgery. Operative intervention has markedly changed the prognosis of patients with MFS and can be safely performed on an elective basis. Identification of presymptomatic patients is critical to reduce the frequency of catastrophic aortic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser M Ammash
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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Sutherell J, Zarate Y, Tinkle BT, Markham LW, Cripe LH, Hyland JC, Witte D, Hopkin RJ, Hinton RB. Novel Fibrillin 1 Mutation in a Case of Neonatal Marfan Syndrome: The Increasing Importance of Early Recognition. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2007; 2:342-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0803.2007.00123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Stadié R, Geipel A, Heep A, Herberg U, Welker B, Gembruch U, Berg C. Prenatal diagnosis of Marfan syndrome. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2007; 30:119-21. [PMID: 17546605 DOI: 10.1002/uog.4011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Maternal-fetal medicine. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 2007; 19:196-201. [PMID: 17353689 DOI: 10.1097/gco.0b013e32812142e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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