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Anton-Păduraru DT, Azoicăi AN, Trofin F, Mîndru DE, Murgu AM, Bocec AS, Iliescu Halițchi CO, Ciongradi CI, Sȃrbu I, Iliescu ML. Diagnosing Cystic Fibrosis in the 21st Century-A Complex and Challenging Task. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:763. [PMID: 38611676 PMCID: PMC11012009 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14070763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic and potentially life-threatening condition, wherein timely diagnosis assumes paramount significance for the prompt initiation of therapeutic interventions, thereby ameliorating pulmonary function, addressing nutritional deficits, averting complications, mitigating morbidity, and ultimately enhancing the quality of life and extending longevity. This review aims to amalgamate existing knowledge to provide a comprehensive appraisal of contemporary diagnostic modalities pertinent to CF in the 21st century. Deliberations encompass discrete delineations of each diagnostic modality and the elucidation of potential diagnostic quandaries encountered in select instances, as well as the delineation of genotype-phenotype correlations germane to genetic counseling endeavors. The synthesis underscores that, notwithstanding the availability and strides in diagnostic methodologies, including genetic assays, the sweat test (ST) retains its position as the preeminent diagnostic standard for CF, serving as a robust surrogate for CFTR functionality. Prospective clinical investigations in the realm of CF should be orchestrated with the objective of discerning novel diagnostic modalities endowed with heightened specificity and sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana-Teodora Anton-Păduraru
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (A.N.A.); (D.E.M.); (A.M.M.); (A.S.B.); (C.O.I.H.)
- “Sf.Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iaṣi, Romania; (C.I.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Alice Nicoleta Azoicăi
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (A.N.A.); (D.E.M.); (A.M.M.); (A.S.B.); (C.O.I.H.)
- “Sf.Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iaṣi, Romania; (C.I.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Felicia Trofin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Microbiology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania
| | - Dana Elena Mîndru
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (A.N.A.); (D.E.M.); (A.M.M.); (A.S.B.); (C.O.I.H.)
- “Sf.Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iaṣi, Romania; (C.I.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Alina Mariela Murgu
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (A.N.A.); (D.E.M.); (A.M.M.); (A.S.B.); (C.O.I.H.)
- “Sf.Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iaṣi, Romania; (C.I.C.); (I.S.)
| | - Ana Simona Bocec
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (A.N.A.); (D.E.M.); (A.M.M.); (A.S.B.); (C.O.I.H.)
| | - Codruța Olimpiada Iliescu Halițchi
- Department of Mother and Child Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania; (D.-T.A.-P.); (A.N.A.); (D.E.M.); (A.M.M.); (A.S.B.); (C.O.I.H.)
| | - Carmen Iulia Ciongradi
- “Sf.Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iaṣi, Romania; (C.I.C.); (I.S.)
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania
| | - Ioan Sȃrbu
- “Sf.Maria” Children Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iaṣi, Romania; (C.I.C.); (I.S.)
- 2nd Department of Surgery, Pediatric Surgery and Orthopedics, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania
| | - Maria Liliana Iliescu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity—Public Health and Health Management, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iaṣi, Romania;
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Jeppesen LD, Hatt L, Singh R, Schelde P, Ravn K, Toft CL, Laursen MB, Hedegaard J, Christensen IB, Nicolaisen BH, Andreasen L, Pedersen LH, Vogel I, Lildballe DL. Clinical interpretation of cell-based non-invasive prenatal testing for monogenic disorders including repeat expansion disorders: potentials and pitfalls. Front Genet 2023; 14:1188472. [PMID: 37829280 PMCID: PMC10565008 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1188472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Circulating fetal cells isolated from maternal blood can be used for prenatal testing, representing a safe alternative to invasive testing. The present study investigated the potential of cell-based noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for diagnosing monogenic disorders dependent on the mode of inheritance. Methods: Maternal blood samples were collected from women opting for prenatal diagnostics for specific monogenic disorders (N = 7). Fetal trophoblasts were enriched and stained using magnetic activated cell sorting and isolated by fluorescens activated single-cell sorting. Individual cells were subject to whole genome amplification, and cells of fetal origin were identified by DNA-profiling using short tandem repeat markers. The amplified fetal DNA was input for genetic testing for autosomal dominant-, autosomal recessive-, X-linked and repeat expansion disorders by direct variant analysis and haplotyping. The cell-based NIPT results were compared with those of invasive testing. Results: In two cases at risk of skeletal dysplasia, caused by variants in the FGFR3 gene (autosomal dominant disorders), cell-based NIPT correctly stated an affected fetus, but allelic dropout of the normal alleles were observed in both cases. Cell-based NIPT gave an accurate result in two cases at risk of autosomal recessive disorders, where the parents carried either different diastrophic dysplasia causing variants in the SLC26A2 gene or the same cystic fibrosis disease-causing variant in the CFTR gene. Cell-based NIPT accurately identified an affected male fetus in a pregnancy at risk of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD gene, X-linked recessive disorders). In two cases at risk of the myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DMPK gene, repeat expansion disorder), cell-based NIPT correctly detected an affected and an unaffected fetus, respectively. Discussion: Circulating fetal cells can be used to detect both maternally- and paternally inherited monogenic disorders irrespective of the type of variant, however, the risk of allelic dropout must be considered. We conclude that the clinical interpretation of the cell-based NIPT result thus varies depending on the disorders' mode of inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Dahl Jeppesen
- ARCEDI Biotech, Vejle, Denmark
- Center for Fetal Diagnostics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Christian Liebst Toft
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
- Center for Preimplantation Genetic Testing, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | - Lotte Andreasen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lars Henning Pedersen
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ida Vogel
- Center for Fetal Diagnostics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorte Launholt Lildballe
- Center for Fetal Diagnostics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Chang L, Jiao H, Chen J, Wu G, Liu P, Li R, Guo J, Long W, Tang X, Lu B, Xu H, Wu H. Single-cell whole-genome sequencing, haplotype analysis in prenatal diagnosis of monogenic diseases. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201761. [PMID: 36810160 PMCID: PMC9947115 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Monogenic inherited diseases are common causes of congenital disabilities, leading to severe economic and mental burdens on affected families. In our previous study, we demonstrated the validity of cell-based noninvasive prenatal testing (cbNIPT) in prenatal diagnosis by single-cell targeted sequencing. The present research further explored the feasibility of single-cell whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and haplotype analysis of various monogenic diseases with cbNIPT. Four families were recruited: one with inherited deafness, one with hemophilia, one with large vestibular aqueduct syndrome (LVAS), and one with no disease. Circulating trophoblast cells (cTBs) were obtained from maternal blood and analyzed by single-cell 15X WGS. Haplotype analysis showed that CFC178 (deafness family), CFC616 (hemophilia family), and CFC111 (LVAS family) inherited haplotypes from paternal and/or maternal pathogenic loci. Amniotic fluid or fetal villi samples from the deafness and hemophilia families confirmed these results. WGS performed better than targeted sequencing in genome coverage, allele dropout (ADO), and false-positive (FP) ratios. Our findings suggest that cbNIPT by WGS and haplotype analysis have great potential for use in prenatally diagnosing various monogenic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Haining Jiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiucheng Chen
- Unimed Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Guanlin Wu
- Unimed Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Rong Li
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianying Guo
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology (Peking University Third Hospital), Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqing Long
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojian Tang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Rui-Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingjie Lu
- Unimed Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Haibin Xu
- Unimed Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Han Wu
- Unimed Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
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Bowman-Smart H, Gyngell C, Mand C, Amor DJ, Delatycki MB, Savulescu J. Non-Invasive Prenatal Testing for "Non-Medical" Traits: Ensuring Consistency in Ethical Decision-Making. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BIOETHICS : AJOB 2023; 23:3-20. [PMID: 34846986 PMCID: PMC7614328 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2021.1996659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The scope of noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) could expand in the future to include detailed analysis of the fetal genome. This will allow for the testing for virtually any trait with a genetic contribution, including "non-medical" traits. Here we discuss the potential use of NIPT for these traits. We outline a scenario which highlights possible inconsistencies with ethical decision-making. We then discuss the case against permitting these uses. The objections include practical problems; increasing inequities; increasing the burden of choice; negative impacts on the child, family, and society; and issues with implementation. We then outline the case for permitting the use of NIPT for these traits. These include arguments for reproductive liberty and autonomy; questioning the labeling of traits as "non-medical"; and the principle of procreative beneficence. This summary of the case for and against can serve as a basis for the development of a consistent and coherent ethical framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Bowman-Smart
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Corresponding author: Hilary Bowman-Smart Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, 50 Flemington Rd, Parkville Victoria Australia 3052, , (03) 8341 6200
| | - Christopher Gyngell
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - Cara Mand
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
| | - David J. Amor
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Australia
| | - Martin B. Delatycki
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Victorian Clinical Genetics Services, Parkville, Australia
| | - Julian Savulescu
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Parkville, Australia
- Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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5
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Jeppesen LD, Lildballe DL, Hatt L, Hedegaard J, Singh R, Toft CLF, Schelde P, Pedersen AS, Knudsen M, Vogel I. Noninvasive prenatal screening for cystic fibrosis using circulating trophoblasts: Detection of the 50 most common disease-causing variants. Prenat Diagn 2023; 43:3-13. [PMID: 36447355 PMCID: PMC10107343 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the most common severe autosomal recessive disorders. Prenatal or preconception CF screening is offered in some countries. A maternal blood sample in early pregnancy can provide circulating trophoblasts and offers a DNA source for genetic analysis of both the mother and the fetus. This study aimed to develop a cell-based noninvasive prenatal test (NIPT) to screen for the 50 most common CF variants. METHODS Blood samples were collected from 30 pregnancies undergoing invasive diagnostics and circulating trophoblasts were harvested in 27. Cystic fibrosis testing was conducted using two different methods: by fragment length analysis and by our newly developed NGS-based CF analysis. RESULTS In all 27 cases, cell-based NIPT provided a result using both methods in agreement with the invasive test result. CONCLUSION This study shows that cell-based NIPT for CF screening provides a reliable result without the need for partner- and proband samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Dahl Jeppesen
- ARCEDI, Vejle, Denmark.,Center for Fetal Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dorte Launholt Lildballe
- Center for Fetal Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Christian Liebst Frisk Toft
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Center for Preimplantation Genetic Testing, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Sune Pedersen
- ARCEDI, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Knudsen
- ARCEDI, Vejle, Denmark.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ida Vogel
- Center for Fetal Diagnostics, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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Toft CLF, Diemer T, Ingerslev HJ, Pedersen IS, Adrian SW, Kesmodel US. Patients' choices and opinions on chorionic villous sampling and non-invasive alternatives for prenatal testing following preimplantation genetic testing for hereditary disorders: A cross-sectional questionnaire study. Prenat Diagn 2022; 42:212-225. [PMID: 34997771 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate choices of and reasoning behind chorionic villous sampling and opinions on non-invasive prenatal testing among women and men achieving pregnancy following preimplantation genetic testing (PGT) for hereditary disorders. METHODS A questionnaire was electronically submitted to patients who had achieved a clinical pregnancy following PGT at the Center for Preimplantation Genetic Testing, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark, between 2017 and 2020. RESULTS Chorionic villous sampling was declined by approximately half of the patients. The primary reason for declining was the perceived risk of miscarriage due to the procedure. Nine out of 10 patients responded that they would have opted for a non-invasive prenatal test if it had been offered. Some patients were not aware that the nuchal translucency scan offered to all pregnant women in the early second trimester only rarely provides information on the hereditary disorder for which PGT was performed. CONCLUSION Improved counseling on the array of prenatal tests and screenings available might be required to assist patients in making better informed decisions regarding prenatal testing. Non-invasive prenatal testing is welcomed by the patients and will likely increase the number of patients opting for confirmatory prenatal testing following PGT for hereditary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian L F Toft
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Center for Preimplantation Genetic Testing, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Tue Diemer
- Center for Preimplantation Genetic Testing, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Hans J Ingerslev
- Center for Preimplantation Genetic Testing, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Fertility Unit, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Inge S Pedersen
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Center for Preimplantation Genetic Testing, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Stine W Adrian
- Department of Culture and Learning, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ulrik S Kesmodel
- Center for Preimplantation Genetic Testing, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Fertility Unit, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Sonek J, Muller R, Muller-Cohn J, Dickerson J, Garcia Lopez B, Barber-Singh J, Dufek D, Hiett AK, Buchanan P. Identification of fetal aneuploidy with dual-probe fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis in circulating trophoblasts after enrichment using a high-sensitivity microfluidic platform. Prenat Diagn 2021; 41:1701-1708. [PMID: 34582049 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate a microfluidics-based positive selection technology for isolating circulating trophoblasts (CTs) from peripheral blood of women whose pregnancies are affected by aneuploidy and to evaluate fetal karyotype using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). METHOD Ten 18-ml samples of peripheral blood were collected consecutively from pregnant women whose fetus was affected by aneuploidy. A preservation buffer was added, and the specimens were shipped overnight to the testing laboratory at ambient temperature. The specimen was infused into the fully automated microfluidics-based LiquidScan® instrument without pre-processing. This instrument contains microfluidic chips, which are coated with antibodies (anti-huEpCAM and a proprietary antibody mixture) specific to CT surface epitopes. FISH analysis was performed on the enriched cells. RESULTS Fetal aneuploidy evaluated included trisomy 21 (n = 3), trisomy 18 (n = 1), trisomy 13 (n = 1), monosomy X (n = 3), and triploidy (n = 1). CTs for analysis by FISH were identified in all samples. The average number of mononucleate cells per 1 ml of whole blood was 2.11 (range 0.38-4.63) overall and was 2.67 (range 1.13-4.63) using the proprietary combination of antibodies. FISH results were concordant with the aneuploidy based on other testing in all cases. Multinucleate cells were searched for and identified in the last seven samples (average number: 0.84/1 ml). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that the LiquidScan® , a high-sensitivity microfluidic platform, can enrich circulating trophoblasts (mononucleate and multinucleate). FISH can then be used to detect fetal aneuploidy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Sonek
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Rolf Muller
- BioFluidica, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Dylan Dufek
- BioFluidica, Inc., San Diego, California, USA
| | - Adam Kinney Hiett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Philip Buchanan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Rosner M, Kolbe T, Hengstschläger M. Fetomaternal microchimerism and genetic diagnosis: On the origins of fetal cells and cell-free fetal DNA in the pregnant woman. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 788:108399. [PMID: 34893150 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During pregnancy several types of fetal cells and fetal stem cells, including pregnancy-associated progenitor cells (PAPCs), traffic into the maternal circulation. Whereas they also migrate to various maternal organs and adopt the phenotype of the target tissues to contribute to regenerative processes, fetal cells also play a role in the pathogenesis of maternal diseases. In addition, cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) is detectable in the plasma of pregnant women. Together they constitute the well-known phenomenon of fetomaternal microchimerism, which inspired the concept of non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using maternal blood. An in-depth knowledge concerning the origins of these fetal cells and cffDNA allows a more comprehensive understanding of the biological relevance of fetomaternal microchimerism and has implications for the ongoing expansion of resultant clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margit Rosner
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Kolbe
- Biomodels Austria, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department IFA Tulln, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Tulln, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Center for Pathobiochemistry and Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Vossaert L, Chakchouk I, Zemet R, Van den Veyver IB. Overview and recent developments in cell-based noninvasive prenatal testing. Prenat Diagn 2021; 41:1202-1214. [PMID: 33974713 DOI: 10.1002/pd.5957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigators have long been interested in the natural phenomenon of fetal and placental cell trafficking into the maternal circulation. The scarcity of these circulating cells makes their detection and isolation technically challenging. However, as a DNA source of fetal origin not mixed with maternal DNA, they have the potential of considerable benefit over circulating cell-free DNA-based noninvasive prenatal genetic testing (NIPT). Endocervical trophoblasts, which are less rare but more challenging to recover are also being investigated as an approach for cell-based NIPT. We review published studies from around the world describing both forms of cell-based NIPT and highlight the different approaches' advantages and drawbacks. We also offer guidance for developing a sound cell-based NIPT protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Vossaert
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Imen Chakchouk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roni Zemet
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ignatia B Van den Veyver
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Pavillion for Women, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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10
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Bedei I, Wolter A, Weber A, Signore F, Axt-Fliedner R. Chances and Challenges of New Genetic Screening Technologies (NIPT) in Prenatal Medicine from a Clinical Perspective: A Narrative Review. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:501. [PMID: 33805390 PMCID: PMC8065512 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In 1959, 63 years after the death of John Langdon Down, Jérôme Lejeune discovered trisomy 21 as the genetic reason for Down syndrome. Screening for Down syndrome has been applied since the 1960s by using maternal age as the risk parameter. Since then, several advances have been made. First trimester screening, combining maternal age, maternal serum parameters and ultrasound findings, emerged in the 1990s with a detection rate (DR) of around 90-95% and a false positive rate (FPR) of around 5%, also looking for trisomy 13 and 18. With the development of high-resolution ultrasound, around 50% of fetal anomalies are now detected in the first trimester. Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) for trisomy 21, 13 and 18 is a highly efficient screening method and has been applied as a first-line or a contingent screening approach all over the world since 2012, in some countries without a systematic screening program. Concomitant with the rise in technology, the possibility of screening for other genetic conditions by analysis of cfDNA, such as sex chromosome anomalies (SCAs), rare autosomal anomalies (RATs) and microdeletions and duplications, is offered by different providers to an often not preselected population of pregnant women. Most of the research in the field is done by commercial providers, and some of the tests are on the market without validated data on test performance. This raises difficulties in the counseling process and makes it nearly impossible to obtain informed consent. In parallel with the advent of new screening technologies, an expansion of diagnostic methods has begun to be applied after invasive procedures. The karyotype has been the gold standard for decades. Chromosomal microarrays (CMAs) able to detect deletions and duplications on a submicroscopic level have replaced the conventional karyotyping in many countries. Sequencing methods such as whole exome sequencing (WES) and whole genome sequencing (WGS) tremendously amplify the diagnostic yield in fetuses with ultrasound anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Bedei
- Department of Prenatal Medicine and Fetal Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.W.); (R.A.-F.)
| | - Aline Wolter
- Department of Prenatal Medicine and Fetal Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.W.); (R.A.-F.)
| | - Axel Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Fabrizio Signore
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Opedale S. Eugenio, 00144 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roland Axt-Fliedner
- Department of Prenatal Medicine and Fetal Therapy, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; (A.W.); (R.A.-F.)
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