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Masarwa R, Platt RW, Filion KB. Acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the risk of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: A causal association or bias? Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2020; 34:309-317. [PMID: 31916282 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the development of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the offspring may be due to bias. OBJECTIVES The primary objective was to assess the role of potential unmeasured confounding in the estimation of the association between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the risk of ADHD, through bias analysis. The secondary objective was to assess the roles of selection bias and exposure misclassification. DATA SOURCES We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library up to December 2018. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION We included observational studies examining the association between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and the risk of ADHD. SYNTHESIS We meta-analysed data across studies, using random-effects model. We conducted a bias analysis to studies that did not adjust for important confounders, to explore systematic errors related to unmeasured confounding, selection bias, and exposure misclassification. RESULTS The search resulted in seven studies included in our meta-analysis. When adjusted estimates were pooled across all studies, the risk ratio (RR) for ADHD was 1.35 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25, 1.46; I2 = 48%). Sensitivity analysis for unmeasured confounding in this meta-analysis showed that a confounder of 1.69 on the RR scale would reduce to 10% the proportion of studies with a true effect size of RR >1.10. Unmeasured confounding bias analysis decreased the point estimate in five of the seven studies and increased in two studies, suggesting that the observed association could be confounded by parental ADHD. Unadjusted and bias-corrected risk ratios (bcRRs) were: RR = 1.34, bcRR = 1.13; RR = 1.51, bcRR = 1.17; RR = 1.63, bcRR = 1.38; RR = 1.44, bcRR = 1.17; RR = 1.16, bcRR = 1.18; RR = 1.25, bcRR = 1.05; and RR = 0.99, bcRR = 1.18. CONCLUSIONS Bias analysis suggests that the previously reported association between acetaminophen use during pregnancy and an increased risk of ADHD in the offspring may be due to unmeasured confounding. Our ability to conclude a causal association is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Masarwa
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Robert W Platt
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Kristian B Filion
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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Ailes EC, Gilboa SM, Gill SK, Broussard CS, Crider KS, Berry RJ, Carter TC, Hobbs CA, Interrante JD, Reefhuis J. Association between antibiotic use among pregnant women with urinary tract infections in the first trimester and birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study 1997 to 2011. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 106:940-949. [PMID: 27891788 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies noted associations between birth defects and some antibiotics (e.g., nitrofurantoin, sulfonamides) but not others (e.g., penicillins). It is unclear if previous findings were due to antibiotic use, infections, or chance. To control for potential confounding by indication, we examined associations between antibiotic use and birth defects, among women reporting urinary tract infections (UTIs). METHODS The National Birth Defects Prevention Study is a multi-site, population-based case-control study. Case infants/fetuses have any of over 30 major birth defects and controls are live-born infants without major birth defects. We analyzed pregnancies from 1997 to 2011 to estimate the association between maternally reported periconceptional (month before conception through the third month of pregnancy) use of nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, or cephalosporins and specific birth defects, among women with periconceptional UTIs. Women with periconceptional UTIs who reported penicillin use served as the comparator. RESULTS Periconceptional UTIs were reported by 7.8% (2029/26,068) of case and 6.7% (686/10,198) of control mothers. Most (68.2% of case, 66.6% of control mothers) also reported antibiotic use. Among 608 case and 231 control mothers reporting at least one periconceptional UTI and certain antibiotic use, compared with penicillin, nitrofurantoin use was associated with oral clefts in the offspring (adjusted odds ratio, 1.97 [95% confidence interval, 1.10-3.53]), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole use with esophageal atresia (5.31 [1.39-20.24]) and diaphragmatic hernia (5.09 [1.20-21.69]), and cephalosporin use with anorectal atresia/stenosis (5.01 [1.34-18.76]). CONCLUSION Periconceptional exposure to some antibiotics might increase the risk for certain birth defects. However, because individual birth defects are rare, absolute risks should drive treatment decisions.Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:940-949, 2016.© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Ailes
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Suzanne M Gilboa
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Cheryl S Broussard
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Krista S Crider
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Robert J Berry
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Charlotte A Hobbs
- College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas
| | - Julia D Interrante
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
| | - Jennita Reefhuis
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Holdø I, Bramness JG, Handal M, Torgersen L, Reichborn-Kjennerud T, Ystrøm E, Nordeng H, Skurtveit S. Hypnotics use in children 0-18 months: moderate agreement between mother-reported survey data and prescription registry data. J Pharm Policy Pract 2017; 10:28. [PMID: 28904801 PMCID: PMC5591515 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-017-0117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different methods in pharmacoepidemiology can be used to study hypnotic use in children. But neither questionnaire-based data nor prescription records can be considered a "gold standard". This study aimed to investigate the agreement between mother-reported questionnaire-based data and prescription record data for hypnotic drugs in children aged 0-18 months. The agreement was compared to the agreement for a group of antiepileptic drugs. METHODS Prescription record data were collected from the Norwegian prescription database for 47,413 children also surveyed in the Norwegian mother and child cohort between 2005 and 2009. Agreement between in the two data sources was calculated using Cohens Kappa. Multinomial logistic regression was used to calculate the effect of sociodemographic variables on discrepancies in data sources. RESULTS The agreement between mother-reported and dispensed hypnotics was less than 50% for all hypnotics. Sensitivity of reporting increased with number of filled prescriptions. The agreement of antiepileptic drugs was 92.9% in the same population. Of several sociodemographic factors only paternal educational level and maternal work situation was significantly related to agreement between prescription record and survey data. CONCLUSION There was a moderate agreement between reported use and dispensed hypnotic drugs for infants and toddlers. Results indicate that sociodemographic factors play only a minor role in explaining discrepancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingvild Holdø
- Norwegian Centre of Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jørgen G Bramness
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Concurrent Substance Abuse and Mental Health Disorders, Ottestad, Norway
| | - Marte Handal
- Domain of Mental and Physical health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Leila Torgersen
- Domain of Mental and Physical health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ted Reichborn-Kjennerud
- Domain of Mental and Physical health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eivind Ystrøm
- Domain of Mental and Physical health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section of Health, Developmental and Personality Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hedvig Nordeng
- Domain of Mental and Physical health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.,PharmacoEpidemiology and Drug Safety Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Svetlana Skurtveit
- Norwegian Centre of Addiction Research (SERAF), University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Domain of Mental and Physical health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Cheung K, El Marroun H, Elfrink ME, Jaddoe VWV, Visser LE, Stricker BHC. The concordance between self-reported medication use and pharmacy records in pregnant women. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2017; 26:1119-1125. [PMID: 28744981 DOI: 10.1002/pds.4264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several studies have been conducted to assess determinants affecting the performance or accuracy of self-reports. These studies are often not focused on pregnant women, or medical records were used as a data source where it is unclear if medications have been dispensed. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the concordance between self-reported medication data and pharmacy records among pregnant women and its determinants. METHODS We conducted a population-based cohort study within the Generation R study, in 2637 pregnant women. The concordance between self-reported medication data and pharmacy records was calculated for different therapeutic classes using Yule's Y. We evaluated a number of variables as determinant of discordance between both sources through univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS The concordance between self-reports and pharmacy records was moderate to good for medications used for chronic conditions, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or anti-asthmatic medications (0.88 and 0.68, respectively). Medications that are used occasionally, such as antibiotics, had a lower concordance (0.51). Women with a Turkish or other non-Western background were more likely to demonstrate discordance between pharmacy records and self-reported data compared with women with a Dutch background (Turkish: odds ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.16-2.29; other non-Western: odds ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.71). CONCLUSIONS Further research is needed to assess how the cultural or ethnic differences may affect the concordance or discordance between both medication sources. The results of this study showed that the use of multiple sources is needed to have a good estimation of the medication use during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Cheung
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Inspectorate of Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H El Marroun
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M E Elfrink
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Special Dental Care and Orthodontics, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V W V Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L E Visser
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Apotheek Haagse Ziekenhuizen, HAGA, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - B H Ch Stricker
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Inspectorate of Health Care, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Zhao JP, Sheehy O, Gorgui J, Bérard A. Can We Rely on Pharmacy Claims Databases to Ascertain Maternal Use of Medications during Pregnancy? Birth Defects Res 2017; 109:423-431. [PMID: 28398706 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Administrative databases are increasingly used to measure drug exposure in perinatal pharmacoepidemiology. We aimed to estimate the concordance between records of prescriptions filled in pharmacies and self-reported drug use during pregnancy. METHODS Data on self-reported medication use were collected at each trimester of pregnancy among a sub-sample from the Organization of Teratology Information Specialists Antidepressants in Pregnancy Cohort. Women were eligible if they were Quebec resident and provided their pharmacist's contact information. Maternal self-reports were compared with prescriptions filled in pharmacies, which are transferred to pharmaceutical services files of Quebec provincial health plan database (Régie de l'asssurance maladie du Québec). Positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) for medications taken chronically (antidepressants, thyroid hormones), acutely (antibiotics), and as needed (antiemetics, asthma medications) were calculated. RESULTS Among the 93 participants (mean age = 30.2 ± 3.8 years), 41.9% (n = 39) took at least one antidepressant during pregnancy according to self-reports, and 39.8% (n = 37) according to pharmacy records. Other commonly used drugs were antiemetics (self-reported 22.6%, pharmacy record 24.7%), antibiotics (20.4%, 16.1%), asthma medications (15.1%, 15.1%), and thyroid hormones (10.8%, 8.6%). PPVs and NPVs were: (1) chronic medication: antidepressants PPV = 100% (95% confidence interval [CI], 100-100%), NPV = 96% (95% CI, 92-100%); thyroid hormones PPV = 100% (95% CI, 100-100%), NPV = 98% (95% CI, 95-100%); (2) Acute medication: antibiotics PPV = 87% (95% CI, 70-100%), NPV = 92% (95% CI, 86-98%); (3) as needed medications: antiemetics: PPV = 78% (95% CI, 62-95%), NPV = 96% (95% CI, 91-100%); asthma: PPV = 33% (95% CI, 3-64%), NPV = 99% (95% CI, 97-100%). CONCLUSION The high PPV and NPV validate the use of filled prescription data in large databases as a measure of medication exposure. Birth Defects Research 109:423-431, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Ping Zhao
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Odile Sheehy
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jessica Gorgui
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Anick Bérard
- Research Center, CHU Sainte-Justine, Montreal, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
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Sundermann AC, Hartmann KE, Jones SH, Torstenson ES, Velez Edwards DR. Validation of maternal recall of early pregnancy medication exposure using prospective diary data. Ann Epidemiol 2016; 27:135-139.e2. [PMID: 28012836 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2016.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Data about maternal recall accuracy for classifying early pregnancy medication exposure are meager. Nonetheless, studies often rely on recall to evaluate potential impact of pharmaceuticals on the developing fetus. METHODS Right from the Start is a community-based pregnancy cohort that enrolled women from North Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas. A subset of 318 women participated in daily medication diaries initiated before conception (2006-2012). We examined nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as an example of a drug type that is difficult to study due to its intermittent and primarily over-the-counter use as well as its incomplete documentation in medical and pharmaceutical records. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) were assessed as a prescription medication comparator. Maternal recall of NSAID and SSRI use in early pregnancy was examined by comparing diary data (gold standard) to first-trimester interview. RESULTS Sensitivity and specificity for recall of NSAID exposure were 78.6% and 62.3%, respectively (kappa statistic: 0.41), with 72.3% agreement for exposure classification. Sensitivity and specificity for recall of SSRI exposure were 77.8% and 99.0%, respectively (kappa statistic: 0.79), with 97.8% agreement. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest the validity of maternal recall varies with medication type and prospective data collection should be prioritized when studying early pregnancy drug exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Sundermann
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Institute of Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Katherine E Hartmann
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Institute of Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Sarah H Jones
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Institute of Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Eric S Torstenson
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Institute of Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Digna R Velez Edwards
- Vanderbilt Epidemiology Center, Institute of Medicine and Public Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN.
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Pisa FE, Casetta A, Clagnan E, Michelesio E, Vecchi Brumatti L, Barbone F. Medication use during pregnancy, gestational age and date of delivery: agreement between maternal self-reports and health database information in a cohort. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2015; 15:310. [PMID: 26608022 PMCID: PMC4660837 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-015-0745-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Health databases are a promising resource for epidemiological studies on medications safety during pregnancy. The reliability of information on medications exposure and pregnancy timing is a key methodological issue. This study (a) compared maternal self-reports and database information on medication use, gestational age, date of delivery; (b) quantified the degree of agreement between sources; (c) assessed predictors of agreement. Methods Pregnant women recruited in a prenatal clinic in Friuli Venezia Giulia (FVG) region, Italy, from 2007 to 2009, completed a questionnaire inquiring on medication use during pregnancy, gestational age and date of delivery. Redeemed prescriptions and birth certificate records were extracted from regional databases through record linkage. Percent agreement, Kappa coefficient, prevalence and bias-adjusted Kappa (PABAK) were calculated. Odds Ratio (OR), with 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI), of ≥1 agreement was calculated through unconditional logistic regression. Results The cohort included 767 women, 39.8 % reported medication use, and 70.5 % were dispensed at least one medication. Kappa and PABAK indicated almost perfect to substantial agreement for antihypertensive medications (Kappa 0.86, PABAK 0.99), thyroid hormones (0.88, 0.98), antiepileptic medications (1.00, 1.00), antithrombotic agents (0.70, 0.96). PABAK value was greater than Kappa for medications such as insulin (Kappa 0.50, PABAK 0.99), antihistamines for systemic use (0.50, 0.99), progestogens (0.28, 0.79), and antibiotics (0.12, 0.63). Adjusted OR was 0.48 (95 % CI 0.26; 0.90) in ex- vs. never smokers, 0.64 (0.38; 1.08) in < high school vs. university, 1.55 (1.01; 2.37) in women with comorbidities, 2.25 (1.19; 4.26) in those aged 40+ vs. 30–34 years. Gestational age matched exactly in 85.2 % and date of delivery in 99.5 %. Conclusions For selected medications used for chronic conditions, the agreement between self-reports and dispensing data was high. For medications with low to very low prevalence of use, PABAK provides a more reliable measure of agreement. Maternal reports and dispensing data are complementary to each other to increase the reliability of information on the use of medications during pregnancy. Birth certificates provide reliable data on the timing of pregnancy. FVG health databases are a valuable source of data for pregnancy research. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12884-015-0745-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Edith Pisa
- Institute of Hygiene and Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100, Udine, Italy. .,Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
| | - Anica Casetta
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.
| | - Elena Clagnan
- Direzione Centrale Salute, Integrazione Socio Sanitaria e Politiche Sociali, Regione Friuli Venezia Giulia, Udine, Italy.
| | | | - Liza Vecchi Brumatti
- Scientific Direction, Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy.
| | - Fabio Barbone
- Institute of Hygiene and Clinical Epidemiology, University Hospital of Udine, Via Colugna 50, 33100, Udine, Italy. .,Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy. .,Department of Medicine, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy.
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Nast A, Rosumeck S, Erdmann R, Werner RN. Can physician's self-estimates be used as a valid instrument to determine prescription frequencies of anti-psoriatic drugs? Comparison of the results of a cross-sectional study using self-estimates with actual prescription behavior documented in a cohort. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2013; 22:1154-8. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.3453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nast
- Division of Evidence Based Medicine (dEBM), Klinik für Dermatologie; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Stefanie Rosumeck
- Division of Evidence Based Medicine (dEBM), Klinik für Dermatologie; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Ricardo Erdmann
- Division of Evidence Based Medicine (dEBM), Klinik für Dermatologie; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
| | - Ricardo N. Werner
- Division of Evidence Based Medicine (dEBM), Klinik für Dermatologie; Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin; Germany
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