Integrated morpho-biochemical and transcriptome analyses reveal multidimensional response of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to low temperature stress during seedling establishment

Regulation of Oil Biosynthesis and Genetic Improvement in Plants: Advances and Prospects

Triglycerides are the main storage form of oil in plant seeds. Both fatty acids and triglycerides possess important functions in the process of plant growth and development. To improve the seed oil content and improve its fatty acid composition, this paper analyzed the research progress on the oil regulation and synthesis metabolism process of plant seeds and summarized the strategies for the improvement of plant seed oil: (a) To regulate carbon distribution by inhibiting the expression of genes encoding key enzymes, allocating carbon sources into the protein synthesis pathway, and enhancing the expression of key genes encoding key enzymes, leading carbon sources into the synthesis pathway of fatty acids; (b) To intervene in lipid synthesis by promoting the biosynthesis of fatty acids and improving the expression level of key genes encoding enzymes in the triacylglycerol (TAG) assembly process; (c) To improve seed oil quality by altering the plant fatty acid composition and regulating the gene expression of fatty acid desaturase, as well as introducing an exogenous synthesis pathway of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids; (d) To regulate the expression of transcription factors for lipid synthesis metabolism to increase the seed oil content. In addition, this article reviews the key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plant fatty acids, the synthesis of triacylglycerol, and the regulation process. It also summarizes the regulatory roles of transcription factors such as WRI, LEC, and Dof on the key enzymes during the synthesis process. This review holds significant implications for research on the genetic engineering applications in plant seed lipid metabolism.

Effect of cold stress on photosynthetic physiological characteristics and molecular mechanism analysis in cold-resistant cotton (ZM36) seedlings

Low temperature and cold damage seriously hinder the growth, development, and morphogenesis of cotton seedlings. However, the response mechanism of cotton seedlings under cold stress still lacks research. In this study, transcriptome sequencing, gas exchange parameters, and rapid chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were analyzed in leaves of cold-tolerant upland cotton variety "ZM36" under different temperature stress [25°C (T25, CK), 15°C (T15), 10°C (T10), and 4°C (T4)]. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), PSII potential maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), and performance index (PIabs) of cotton leaves significantly decreased, and the intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci) and Fo/Fm significantly increased under cold stress. The transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that a total of 13,183 DEGs were involved in the response of cotton seedlings at each temperature point (T25, T15, T10, and T4), mainly involving five metabolic pathways-the phosphatidylinositol signaling system, photosynthesis, photosynthesis antenna protein, carbon fixation in photosynthetic organisms, and carotenoid synthesis. The 1,119 transcription factors were discovered among all the DEGs. These transcription factors involve 59 families, of which 15.8% of genes in the NAC family are upregulated. Through network regulatory analysis, the five candidate genes GhUVR8 (GH_A05G3668), GhPLATZ (GH_A09G2161), GhFAD4-1 (GH_A01G0758), GhNFYA1 (GH_A02G1336), and GhFAD4-2 (GH_D01G0766) were identified in response to cold stress. Furthermore, suppressing the expression level of GhPLATZ by virus-induced gene silencing led to the reduction of low temperature resistance, implying GhPLATZ as a positive regulator of low temperature tolerance. The findings of the study revealed a piece of the complex response mechanism of the cold-tolerant variety "ZM36" to different cold stresses and excavated key candidate genes for low temperature response, which provided support for accelerating the selection and breeding of cotton varieties with low temperature tolerance.

Fatty acid unsaturation improves germination of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) under cold stress

Introduction

The level of fatty acid unsaturation in seeds is one of the major determinants of cold germination ability, particularly in oilseeds. The presence of cis double bonds in unsaturated fatty acids creates bends that lowers their melting temperatures compared to saturated fatty acids. Unsaturated fatty acids with low melting points mobilize faster at low temperatures providing seeds with sufficient energy for germination.

Methodology

To investigate the effects of fatty acid unsaturation on the ability of cotton seeds to germinate under cold conditions, four recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of cotton with unique fatty acid profiles were evaluated using a set of developmental and biochemical assays at 12°C (critically low temperature), 15°C (cardinal minimum temperature) and 30°C (optimum temperature). Furthermore, whole seed lipidome profiling using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was done to compare the lipid compositional changes at 12°C and 30°C after imbibing cotton seeds of all the six genotypes for 0 hours, 3 hours and 6 hours.

Results and discussion

The RILs with higher unsaturation/saturation ratios registered robust germination performance, lower solute leakage, and optimum water uptake rates under cold stress. Imbibition at 30°C for 8 hours before cold exposure significantly improved the germination of cold sensitive genotypes, indicating that the first few hours of water uptake are critical for cold stress. Whole seed lipidome profiling of all the genotypes specifically associated cold germination ability with higher unsaturation levels of phospholipids during early imbibition. The presence of cis double bonds in phospholipids creates kinks that maintain the fluidity of cell membranes under low temperature. Membrane flexibility under cold conditions is essential for facilitating key germination events including membrane organization and respiration. The current results highlight the importance of fatty acid composition in cold germination ability of upland cotton.

Genome-wide identification and expression reveal the involvement of the FCS-like zinc finger (FLZ) gene family in Gossypium hirsutum at low temperature

FCS-like zinc finger (FLZ) is a plant-specific gene family that plays an important regulatory role in plant growth and development and its response to stress. However, studies on the characteristics and functions of cotton FLZ family genes are still lacking. This study systematically identified members of the cotton FLZ gene family based on cotton genome data. The cotton FLZ family genes were systematically analyzed by bioinformatics, and their expression patterns in different tissues and under low-temperature stress were analyzed by transcriptome and qRT-PCR. The G. hirsutum genome contains 56 FLZ genes distributed on 20 chromosomes, and most of them are located in the nucleus. According to the number and evolution analysis of FLZ family genes, FLZ family genes can be divided into five subgroups in cotton. The G. hirsutum FLZ gene has a wide range of tissue expression types, among which the expression is generally higher in roots, stems, leaves, receptacles and calyx. Through promoter analysis, it was found that it contained the most cis-acting elements related to methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and abscisic acid (ABA). Combined with the promoter and qRT-PCR results, it was speculated that GhFLZ11, GhFLZ25, GhFLZ44 and GhFLZ55 were involved in the response of cotton to low-temperature stress. Taken together, our findings suggest an important role for the FLZ gene family in the cotton response to cold stress. This study provides an important theoretical basis for further research on the function of the FLZ gene family and the molecular mechanism of the cotton response to low temperature.

Cell Membrane Features as Potential Breeding Targets to Improve Cold Germination Ability of Seeds

Cold stress breeding that focuses on the improvement of chilling tolerance at the germination stage is constrained by the complexities of the trait which involves integrated cellular, biochemical, hormonal and molecular responses. Biological membrane serves as the first line of plant defense under stress. Membranes receive cold stress signals and transduce them into intracellular responses. Low temperature stress, in particular, primarily and effectively affects the structure, composition and properties of cell membranes, which ultimately disturbs cellular homeostasis. Under cold stress, maintenance of membrane integrity through the alteration of membrane lipid composition is of prime importance to cope with the stress. This review describes the critical role of cell membranes in cold stress responses as well as the physiological and biochemical manifestations of cold stress in plants. The potential of cell membrane properties as breeding targets in developing strategies to improve cold germination ability is discussed using cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) as a model.