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Pu M, Fang C, Zhou X, Wang D, Lin Y, Lei W, Li L. Recent Advances in Environment-Friendly Polyurethanes from Polyols Recovered from the Recycling and Renewable Resources: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1889. [PMID: 39000744 PMCID: PMC11244063 DOI: 10.3390/polym16131889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) is among the most universal polymers and has been extensively applied in many fields, such as construction, machinery, furniture, clothing, textile, packaging and biomedicine. Traditionally, as the main starting materials for PU, polyols deeply depend on petroleum stock. From the perspective of recycling and environmental friendliness, advanced PU synthesis, using diversified resources as feedstocks, aims to develop versatile products with excellent properties to achieve the transformation from a fossil fuel-driven energy economy to renewable and sustainable ones. This review focuses on the recent development in the synthesis and modification of PU by extracting value-added monomers for polyols from waste polymers and natural bio-based polymers, such as the recycled waste polymers: polyethylene terephthalate (PET), PU and polycarbonate (PC); the biomaterials: vegetable oil, lignin, cashew nut shell liquid and plant straw; and biomacromolecules: polysaccharides and protein. To design these advanced polyurethane formulations, it is essential to understand the structure-property relationships of PU from recycling polyols. In a word, this bottom-up path provides a material recycling approach to PU design for printing and packaging, as well as biomedical, building and wearable electronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyuan Pu
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (M.P.); (D.W.)
- School of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Changqing Fang
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (M.P.); (D.W.)
- School of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Xing Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (M.P.); (D.W.)
- School of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (M.P.); (D.W.)
- School of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Yangyang Lin
- School of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Wanqing Lei
- School of Printing, Packaging Engineering and Digital Media Technology, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an 710048, China; (Y.L.); (W.L.)
| | - Lu Li
- Key Laboratory of Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology for Chemical Industry, Ministry of Education, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China;
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China
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Donadini R, Boaretti C, Scopel L, Lorenzetti A, Modesti M. Deamination of Polyols from the Glycolysis of Polyurethane. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202301919. [PMID: 37844012 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Methylenedianiline (MDA) is a secondary, undesired, product of the glycolysis process of polyurethane (PU) scraps due to hydrolysis and pyrolysis side reactions. As an aromatic and carcinogen amine, MDA poses different problems in handling, transporting, and labelling recycled polyols derived from glycolysis, hindering the closure of PU recycling loop. Aiming to provide a solution to this issue, in this work different deaminating agents (DAs) were investigated with the purpose of analyzing their reactivity with MDA. A first part of the study was devoted to the analysis of MDA formation as a function of reaction time and catalyst concentration (potassium acetate) during glycolysis. It was observed that the amount of MDA increases almost linearly with the extent of PU depolymerization and catalyst content. Among the DAs analyzed 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether (2-EHGE), and acetic anhydride (Ac2 O) showed interesting performance, which allowed MDA content to be diminished below the limit for labelling prescription in 30 minutes. PU rigid foams were, therefore, synthesized from the corresponding recycled products and characterized in terms of thermal and mechanical performance. Ac2 O-deaminated polyols led to structurally unstable foams with poor compressive strength, while 2-EHGE-deaminated products allowed the production of foams with improved mechanical performance and unaltered thermal conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Donadini
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Carlo Boaretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Luca Scopel
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Alessandra Lorenzetti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
| | - Michele Modesti
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Padova, via Marzolo 9, Padova, 35131, Italy
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Grdadolnik M, Zdovc B, Drinčić A, Onder OC, Utroša P, Ramos SG, Ramos ED, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Chemical Recycling of Flexible Polyurethane Foams by Aminolysis to Recover High-Quality Polyols. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2023; 11:10864-10873. [PMID: 37502771 PMCID: PMC10369675 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c02311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Polyurethane foams (PUFs) are widely used commodity materials, but most of them end up in landfills at the end of their life, which is not in line with the circular economy approach. Here, we introduce microwave-assisted aminolysis with amine reagents that contain primary and tertiary amino groups in the structure. These reagents enable complete degradation of the urethane groups in the structure of the flexible PUFs with a much lower amount of degradation reagent than is typically required for solvolysis reactions. The purified, recovered polyols are close equivalents to the corresponding virgin polyols in terms of their structural and molar mass characteristics. Therefore, they can be used for the production of high-quality PUFs without having to adapt the synthesis process. The flexible PUFs made from recovered polyols have comparable mechanical properties to those made from virgin polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grdadolnik
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Zdovc
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ana Drinčić
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ozgun Can Onder
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Petra Utroša
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Susana Garcia Ramos
- Intermediates
Technical Service & Development department, Repsol Quimica S.A., Mendez Álvaro 44, CP28045 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Dominguez Ramos
- Intermediates
Technical Service & Development department, Repsol Quimica S.A., Mendez Álvaro 44, CP28045 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department
of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, National
Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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4
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Donadini R, Boaretti C, Lorenzetti A, Roso M, Penzo D, Dal Lago E, Modesti M. Chemical Recycling of Polyurethane Waste via a Microwave-Assisted Glycolysis Process. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:4655-4666. [PMID: 36777588 PMCID: PMC9909786 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we explored a microwave-assisted glycolysis process to chemically recycle rigid polyurethane (PU) foam waste to obtain a single-phase product with suitable physio-chemical properties as a secondary raw material for the preparation of new rigid PU products. Such an approach was compared to a conventionally heated (ConvH) process, analyzing the performances of different catalysts. The use of microwaves allowed a 94% decrease in the reaction time scale of rigid PU depolymerization, with a concurrent 45% reduction in energy expense. By using a PU/diethylene glycol mass ratio of 1.5, best performances were obtained with a 30 mmol/100gPU potassium acetate concentration, both in terms of the product viscosity and aromatic amine byproduct content. The glycolysis products recovered were employed in substitution to virgin polyol for rigid PU foam preparation, showing improved compressive strength and comparable thermal insulation properties up to a 30% content with respect to the traditional non-recycled counterpart.
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Kanchanapiya P, Intaranon N, Tantisattayakul T. Assessment of the economic recycling potential of a glycolysis treatment of rigid polyurethane foam waste: A case study from Thailand. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 280:111638. [PMID: 33293164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This research assessed the economic feasibility of recovering polyol from rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) waste, collected from dismantled, discarded refrigerators, by a single-phase glycolysis recycling process using domestic crude glycerol (a byproduct of biodiesel production) as a transesterification agent. The study, conducted in Thailand, took into account benefits from the added value of the recovered product, the investment and related operating costs of the process, demand (the need for the recovered product) and supply (the amount of RPUF waste). The results showed that the production of recovered polyol from RPUF waste is economically feasible, with a net present value of 1,113,018 USD, an internal rate of return (IRR) of 22.9%, and a payback period of 4.4 years. Due to the high IRR, project investment should be attractive to both the government and private sector investors. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to assess the economic resilience of the process to uncertainties in key factors, including the prices of the machinery, recovered polyol, crude glycerol and stannous octoate, and the amount of RPUF waste available. The sensitivity analysis showed that the economic feasibility was most sensitive to the price of the recovered polyol, followed by the amount of RPUF waste and the prices of the machinery, crude glycerol and stannous octoate. Based on these results, technological, operational, financial, and regulatory policy recommendations were also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premrudee Kanchanapiya
- National Metal and Materials Technology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Noramon Intaranon
- Technology Management Center / National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathumthani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Thanapol Tantisattayakul
- Department of Sustainable Development Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Thailand.
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Zhang H, Cui X, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Ma H, Chai L, Wang Y, Hou X, Deng T. Degradation of polycarbonate-based polyurethane via selective cleavage of carbamate and urea bonds. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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7
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Modesti M, Costantini F, dal Lago E, Piovesan F, Roso M, Boaretti C, Lorenzetti A. Valuable secondary raw material by chemical recycling of polyisocyanurate foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Ohno A, Hayashi M, Takasu A. Synthesis of sulfone-containing non-ionic polyurethanes for electrophoretic deposition coating. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Simón D, Borreguero AM, de Lucas A, Rodríguez JF. Recycling of polyurethanes from laboratory to industry, a journey towards the sustainability. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2018; 76:147-171. [PMID: 29625876 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2018.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The recycling of any kind of plastic to convert it in valuable products is one of the main challenges of today's society. Besides, if the recycling process is itself green, then it would be a great achievement. This paper reviews the way covered from the first attempts of reusing the polyurethane (PU) scraps as a filler for cushions to the last chemical routes employing green recycling agents. Polyurethane is the 6th most used polymer all over the world with a production of 18 millions tons per year, which means a daily production of PU specialties greater than 1 million of cubic meters, equivalent to the volume of the Empire State Building. The thermostable nature of the majority of the polyurethanes specialties has made that the preferred solution for their recycling are the chemical recycling processes. Among them, glycolysis is the one that receives a greater attention from an industrial point of view, so this review puts the spotlight on it. However, the existing reviews in literature do not paid a special attention on glycolysis and only give a superficial description of the process. Nevertheless, in the present review, the scientific literature relative to glycolysis is completely reviewed, updated and ordered according the type of PU specialty recycled. Additionally, the other main chemical recycling processes are also revisited in a more extended and deeper way than in the previous approaches to this topic. Moreover, it is crucial to take into account that some of these technologies, which were described in the literature as promising technologies at laboratory scale are now commercial processes running at industrial scale. For that reason, it is essential to remark that the present review comprises not only a detailed state of art of the scientific literature on the subject, also includes a detailed revision of the past and running on pilot plants and industrial facilities, including several patents, which has never been covered in the current literature. Moreover, this review also describes the most recent studies employing crude glycerol (biodiesel subproduct) as an economic, sustainable and environmental friendly cleavage agent, which should lead the way to the industrial implantation of split-phase glycolysis in a near future, providing high quality recovered products, susceptible of replacing raw ones in the synthesis of new PU specialties. What is more, this review intends that any reader could know and understand the reactions involved in the polyurethane chemistry and recycling, the main polyurethanes types and the fundamentals of the recycling strategies in order to comprehend what are the advantages and drawbacks of each recycling process as starting point for looking for new advantageous alternatives from an environmental, technical and economic point of view. Broader context. This paper reviews the main advances in the polyurethane (PU) recycling field, from laboratory and academia processes to pilot plant and industrial scale ones, including the most relevant patents in the subject. Opposite to other common used plastics, PUs are not polymerization but condensation polymers, synthesized from polyols and isocyanates. The wide diversity of polyols and isocyanates allows the synthesis of numerous different compounds covering a huge range of applications. As a direct consequence of their commercial success, an increasing quantity of PU waste is being disposed by landfilling in the last decades. Such waste comprises not only post-consumer products but also scrap from slabstock manufacturing, which can reach the 10% of the total foam production. However, the massive enforcement of the environmental laws is pointing out a new route in the polymer waste removal sector based in the polymer recycling, and this fact has placed the research in waste treatment as one of the most prolific topics nowadays. In fact, polymer recycling processes have experienced a growing attention from the research and industrial worlds as a direct result of the enforcement of the environmental legislations. Hence, it is essential to develop new environmental sustainable recycling processes with the aim of conserving the natural resources, reducing the amount of waste disposed in landfills and enhancing the sustainability for forthcoming generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Simón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ITQUIMA, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13004 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A M Borreguero
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ITQUIMA, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13004 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - A de Lucas
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ITQUIMA, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13004 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J F Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ITQUIMA, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13004 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Simón D, de Lucas A, Rodríguez JF, Borreguero AM. Flexible polyurethane foams synthesized employing recovered polyols from glycolysis: Physical and structural properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Simón
- Chemical Engineering Department; University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ITQUIMA; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n Ciudad Real 13004 Spain
| | - A. de Lucas
- Chemical Engineering Department; University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ITQUIMA; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n Ciudad Real 13004 Spain
| | - J. F. Rodríguez
- Chemical Engineering Department; University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ITQUIMA; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n Ciudad Real 13004 Spain
| | - A. M. Borreguero
- Chemical Engineering Department; University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ITQUIMA; Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n Ciudad Real 13004 Spain
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Glycolysis of high resilience flexible polyurethane foams containing polyurethane dispersion polyol. Polym Degrad Stab 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Simón D, Borreguero A, de Lucas A, Rodríguez J. Valorization of crude glycerol as a novel transesterification agent in the glycolysis of polyurethane foam waste. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Yang C, Zhuang ZH, Yang ZG. Pulverized polyurethane foam particles reinforced rigid polyurethane foam and phenolic foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/app.39734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Department of Materials Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Zhe-Hui Zhuang
- Department of Materials Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Zhen-Guo Yang
- Department of Materials Science; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
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Simón D, García M, de Lucas A, Borreguero A, Rodríguez J. Glycolysis of flexible polyurethane wastes using stannous octoate as the catalyst: Study on the influence of reaction parameters. Polym Degrad Stab 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nikje MMA, Garmarudi AB, Idris AB. Polyurethane Waste Reduction and Recycling: From Bench to Pilot Scales. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/138577211x587618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mir Mohammad Alavi Nikje
- a Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, P.O. Box 34149-1-6818, Qazvin, Iran, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Laboratories, Engineering Research Institute, Tehran, Iran, Department of Chemical and Environmental Studies Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;,
| | - Amir Bagheri Garmarudi
- b Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, P.O. Box 34149-1-6818, Qazvin, Iran, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Laboratories, Engineering Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azni B. Idris
- c Department of Chemical and Environmental Studies Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Nikje MA, Farazfar M. Synthesis and Characterization of Polyurethane Nanocomposites Formulated by Incorporation of Polyols from PET Waste. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931203100201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) was depolymerized using trimethylolpropane (TMP) and glycerin as a binary solvent mixture to provide oligomeric polyol for rigid polyurethanes foam formulation. Recyclate containing rigid polyurethane foam nanocomposites were prepared by introducing of different portions (1-5%) of nanoclays namely, NaMMT, 30B, 20A, 15A Cloisites. The parallel effects of recycled polyol and nano clays on mechanical and thermal characteristics of the nanocomposites were investigated. Dispersion of clay nano particles in polymer matrix was characterized by SEM what confirm the exfoliation of nanoparticles. The thermal properties were also studied by TMA and DMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alavi Nikje
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran PO Box 288
| | - Mohaddeseh Farazfar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran PO Box 288
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Czupryński B, Liszkowska J, Paciorek-Sadowska J. Glycolysis of the rigid PUR-PIR foam modified with starch. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.34938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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19
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Matsumiya Y, Murata N, Tanabe E, Kubota K, Kubo M. Isolation and characterization of an ether-type polyurethane-degrading micro-organism and analysis of degradation mechanism by Alternaria sp. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 108:1946-53. [PMID: 19912428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To degrade ether-type polyurethane (ether-PUR), ether-PUR-degrading micro-organism was isolated. Moreover, ether-PUR-degrading mechanisms were analysed using model compounds of ether-PUR. METHODS AND RESULTS A fungus designated as strain PURDK2, capable of changing the configuration of ether-PUR, has been isolated. This isolated fungus was identified as Alternaria sp. Using a scanning electron microscope, the grid structure of ether-PUR was shown to be melted and disrupted by the fungus. The degradation of ether-PUR by the fungus was analysed, and the ether-PUR was degraded by the fungus by about 27.5%. To analyse the urethane-bond degradation by the fungus, a degraded product of ethylphenylcarbamate was analysed using GC/MS. Aniline and ethanol were detected by degradation with the supernatant, indicating that the fungus secreted urethane-bond-degrading enzyme(s). PURDK2 also degraded urea bonds when diphenylmethane-4,4'-dibutylurea was used as a substrate. CONCLUSIONS The enzyme(s) from PURDK2 degraded urethane and urea bonds to convert the high molecular weight structure of ether-PUR to small molecules; and then the fungus seems to use the small molecules as an energy source. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Ether-PUR-degrading fungus, strain PURDK2, was isolated, and the urethane- and urea-bonds-degrading enzymes from strain PURDK2 could contribute to the material recycling of ether-PUR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Matsumiya
- Department of Bioscience and Technology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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20
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Activities of octoate salts as novel catalysts for the transesterification of flexible polyurethane foams with diethylene glycol. Polym Degrad Stab 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2009.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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Molero C, de Lucas A, Rodríguez JF. Recovery of polyols from flexible polyurethane foam by “split-phase” glycolysis: Study on the influence of reaction parameters. Polym Degrad Stab 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Nikje MMA, Nikrah M. Chemical Recycling and Liquefaction of Rigid Polyurethane Foam Wastes through Microwave Assisted Glycolysis Process. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10601320701285003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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23
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Alavi Nikje MM, Nikrah M. Glycerin as a new glycolysing agent for chemical recycling of cold cure polyurethane foam wastes in “split-phase” condition. Polym Bull (Berl) 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-006-0683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Molero C, de Lucas A, Rodríguez JF. Recovery of polyols from flexible polyurethane foam by “split-phase” glycolysis with new catalysts. Polym Degrad Stab 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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