1
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Zeng F, Liu X, Chen Y, Li H, Mao H, Guo W. The Cellular Structure and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Nano-CaCO 3/Ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer Composites Prepared by an In-Mold-Decoration/Microcellular-Injection-Molding Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3604. [PMID: 37688231 PMCID: PMC10490399 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP)-composite foams were prepared by a combination process of microcellular injection molding (MIM) and in-mold decoration (IMD). The effect of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) on the crystallization properties, rheological properties, microstructure, and mechanical properties of PP-composite foams was studied. The effect of the additives on the strength and toughness of PP-composite foam as determined by the multiscale simulation method is discussed. The results showed that an appropriate amount of EPDM was beneficial to the cell growth and toughening of the PP blends. When the content of EPDM was 15 wt%, the PP-composite foams obtained the minimum cellular size, the maximum cellular density, and the best impact toughness. At the same time, the mesoscopic simulation shows that the stress concentration is the smallest, which indicates that 15 wt% EPDM has the best toughening effect in these composite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fankun Zeng
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (H.M.)
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaorui Liu
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Guangqi Honda Automobile Research & Development Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510700, China;
| | - Yingxian Chen
- Guangqi Honda Automobile Research & Development Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510700, China;
| | - Hao Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (H.M.)
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Huajie Mao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (H.M.)
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Automotive Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.L.); (H.M.)
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Centre for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Institute of Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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2
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Güzel K, Zarges JC, Heim HP. Effect of Cell Morphology on Flexural Behavior of Injection-Molded Microcellular Polycarbonate. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103634. [PMID: 35629661 PMCID: PMC9144126 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative study of the structure and properties relationship in cellular materials is mostly limited to cell diameter, cell density, skin layer thickness, and cell size distribution. In addition, the investigation of the morphology is generally carried out in two dimensions. Therefore, the interrelation between morphological properties and mechanical characteristics of the foam structure has remained in an uncertain state. In this study, during the physical foaming process, a foam morphology is locally created by using a mold equipped with a core-back insert. The variation in morphology is obtained by modifying the mold temperature, injection flow rate, and blowing agent content in the polymer melt. X-ray microtomography (μCT) is used to acquire the 3D visualization of the cells structure. The Cell Distribution Index (CDI) is calculated to represent the polydispersity in cell size distribution. The relationship between the wide range of morphological qualities and relevant flexural properties is made explicit via a statistical model. According to the results, the morphology, particularly cell shape, characterizes the mechanism of the linear elastic deformation of the closed-cell foams. IR-thermography reveals the bending failure of cellular structures in the tensile region despite the differences in cell diameter.
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3
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Wu G, Song R, Ma Y, Xie J, Yang W, Xie P. Polypropylene‐based
in situ
fibrillation‐reinforced
ternary composite foams with improved
filler‐phase
dispersion. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gaojian Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Renda Song
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Yitao Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jinzhao Xie
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Weimin Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Pengcheng Xie
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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4
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Wang C, Shaayegan V, Costa F, Han S, Park CB. The critical requirement for high-pressure foam injection molding with supercritical fluid. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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5
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Kweon MS, Embabi M, Shivokhin ME, Gupta A, Yan X, Pehlert G, Lee PC. Tuning High and Low Temperature Foaming Behavior of Linear and Long-Chain Branched Polypropylene via Partial and Complete Melting. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010044. [PMID: 35012070 PMCID: PMC8747320 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While existing foam studies have identified processing parameters, such as high-pressure drop rate, and engineering measures, such as high melt strength, as key factors for improving foamability, there is a conspicuous absence of studies that directly relate foamability to material properties obtained from fundamental characterization. To bridge this gap, this work presents batch foaming studies on one linear and two long-chain branched polypropylene (PP) resins to investigate how foamability is affected by partial melting (Method 1) and complete melting followed by undercooling (Method 2). At temperatures above the melting point, similar expansion was obtained using both foaming procedures within each resin, while the PP with the highest strain hardening ratio (13) exhibited the highest expansion ratio (45 ± 3). At low temperatures, the foamability of all resins was dramatically improved using Method 2 compared to Method 1, due to access to lower foaming temperatures (<150 °C) near the crystallization onset. Furthermore, Method 2 resulted in a more uniform cellular structure over a wider temperature range (120–170 °C compared to 155–175 °C). Overall, strong extensional hardening and low onset of crystallization were shown to give rise to foamability at high and low temperatures, respectively, suggesting that both characteristics can be appropriately used to tune the foamability of PP in industrial foaming applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Sung Kweon
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (M.S.K.); (M.E.)
| | - Mahmoud Embabi
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (M.S.K.); (M.E.)
| | - Maksim E. Shivokhin
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX 77520, USA; (M.E.S.); (A.G.); (X.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Anvit Gupta
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX 77520, USA; (M.E.S.); (A.G.); (X.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Xuejia Yan
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX 77520, USA; (M.E.S.); (A.G.); (X.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - George Pehlert
- ExxonMobil Chemical Company, 5200 Bayway Drive, Baytown, TX 77520, USA; (M.E.S.); (A.G.); (X.Y.); (G.P.)
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada; (M.S.K.); (M.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(416)-946-5407
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6
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Shaayegan V, Wang C, Ataei M, Costa F, Han S, Bussmann M, Park CB. Supercritical CO2 utilization for development of graded cellular structures in semicrystalline polymers. J CO2 UTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2021.101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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7
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Aghvami-Panah M, Panahi-Sarmad M, Seraji AA, Jamalpour S, Ghaffarian SR, Park CB. LDPE/MWCNT and LDPE/MWCNT/UHMWPE self-reinforced fiber-composite foams prepared via supercritical CO2: A microstructure-engineering property perspective. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Progress in MgCl2 supported Ziegler-Natta catalyzed polyolefin products and applications. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02412-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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9
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Karaagac E, Koch T, Archodoulaki VM. The effect of PP contamination in recycled high-density polyethylene (rPE-HD) from post-consumer bottle waste and their compatibilization with olefin block copolymer (OBC). WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 119:285-294. [PMID: 33125937 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) and Polyethylene (PE) are widely used commodity plastics in packaging industry such as detergent bottles. To produce plastic detergent bottles, very often extrusion blown molded PE-HD as a body and injection molded PP as a screw cap are used. Separation of individual polymer type is difficult due to the similar density. Unfortunately, the melt blending of recycled post-consumer detergent bottle waste leads to deterioration of mechanical properties. Additionally, the percentage of rPP contamination in recycled PE-HD (rPE-HD) from post-consumer bottle waste can be varied depending on local waste composition and different sorting quality. This work investigates the effect of various contamination scenarios with different percentage of rPP from bottle caps in rPE-HD from bottle waste as well as their compatibilization with olefin block copolymer (OBC) on mechanical, thermal, and rheological properties. Moreover, the low temperature tensile properties of blends with OBC are also investigated in this study. The results showed that the increasing rPP contamination leads to deteriorating elongation at break and tensile impact strength. Furthermore, the addition of OBC as a compatibilizer into worse-case contamination scenario (15 wt% rPP in rPE-HD) significantly improved elongation at break and tensile impact strength. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirms the improvement in adhesion between rPP and rPE-HD from recycled bottle waste with the addition of OBC as a compatibilizer. Rheological measurements reveal the interfacial interaction among rPP, rPE-HD and OBC. The low temperature tensile test demonstrated that the addition of OBC as a compatibilizer improved low temperature tensile elongation at break.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdal Karaagac
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria.
| | - Thomas Koch
- Institute of Materials Science and Technology, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, Vienna A-1060, Austria
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10
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Zhang X, Sun B, Yuan G, Zhang S, Ji Y, Liu B, Zhang M, Yang Y, Chen J. Preparation and balanced mechanical properties of solid and foamed isotactic polypropylene/
SEBS
composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Baojia Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
- Mould Workshop Xiamen Jinyue Electroacoustic Co. Ltd. Xiamen China
| | - Guoyuan Yuan
- Product Engineering Department Zhengzhou Yutong Bus Co. Ltd. Zhengzhou China
| | - Shixun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Youxin Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Baochen Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Mingxin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou China
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11
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Guillén-Mallette J, González-Chi PI, Cruz-Estrada RH, Miranda-Flores y RN, Rivero-Ayala MA. Recycling printed polypropylene labels and polyolefins caps as chemical foaming agent to produce foam products. J CELL PLAST 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x20959302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recycling printed polypropylene (PP) labels and printed polyolefins (PO) caps as a chemical foaming agent to produce foam products is studied. An experimental Taguchi L16 design with seven experimental variables involved is used: talc content and screw angular velocity, at four experimental levels; extrusion temperature profile and extruded formulations, at three levels; and, type of label washing process, the use of metal mesh and the type of label drying process, at two levels. As control variables, the morphology of the cells and the density of the foamed products are utilized. The labels/caps mixture was composed of 21% printed PP labels and 79% printed polyolefin caps. Part of the pigments from the ink labels and some polar groups of low-molecular-weight materials present in the molten polymer were partially decomposed at the PP processing temperatures, which contributes to the cell formation and growth of the extruded foams. The labels/caps mixture generated large ellipsoidal and elongated cells (740 µm) oriented in the extrusion direction because of the presence of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and EVA in the recycled PP caps and labels. The experimental factors that influenced the foam density were the screw angular velocity and temperature, and the cell morphology depended on the matrix crystallinity and melt strength.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - PI González-Chi
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C, Yucatán, México
| | - RH Cruz-Estrada
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C, Yucatán, México
| | | | - MA Rivero-Ayala
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C, Yucatán, México
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12
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Highly expanded fine-cell foam of polylactide/polyhydroxyalkanoate/nano-fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene composites blown with mold-opening injection molding. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 155:286-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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A facile methodology to effectively improve the melt strength and microcellular foamability of isotactic polypropylene. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Foams with Enhanced Ductility and Impact Behavior Based on Polypropylene Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040943. [PMID: 32325658 PMCID: PMC7240545 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, formulations based on composites of a linear polypropylene (L-PP), a long-chain branched polypropylene (LCB-PP), a polypropylene-graft-maleic anhydride (PP-MA), a styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer (SEBS), glass fibers (GF), and halloysite nanotubes (HNT-QM) have been foamed by using the improved compression molding route (ICM), obtaining relative densities of about 0.62. The combination of the inclusion of elastomer and rigid phases with the use of the LCB-PP led to foams with a better cellular structure, an improved ductility, and considerable values of the elastic modulus. Consequently, the produced foams presented simultaneously an excellent impact performance and a high stiffness with respect to their corresponding solid counterparts.
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15
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Weingart N, Raps D, Lu M, Endner L, Altstädt V. Comparison of the Foamability of Linear and Long-Chain Branched Polypropylene-The Legend of Strain-Hardening as a Requirement for Good Foamability. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030725. [PMID: 32213998 PMCID: PMC7183088 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polypropylene (PP) is an outstanding material for polymeric foams due to its favorable mechanical and chemical properties. However, its low melt strength and fast crystallization result in unfavorable foaming properties. Long-chain branching of PP is regarded as a game changer in foaming due to the introduction of strain hardening, which stabilizes the foam morphology. In this work, a thorough characterization with respect to rheology and crystallization characteristics of a linear PP, a PP/PE-block co-polymer, and a long-chain branched PP are conducted. Using these results, the processing window in foam-extrusion trials with CO2 and finally the foam properties are explained. Although only LCB-PP exhibits strain hardening, it neither provide the broadest foaming window nor the best foam quality. Therefore, multiwave experiments were conducted to study the gelation due to crystallization and its influence on foaming. Here, linear PP exhibited a gel-like behavior over a broad time frame, whereas the other two froze quickly. Thus, apart from strain hardening, the crystallization behavior/crystallization kinetics is of utmost importance for foaming in terms of a broad processing window, low-density, and good morphology. Therefore, the question arises, whether strain hardening is really essential for low density foams with a good cellular morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick Weingart
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.W.); (D.R.); (L.E.)
| | - Daniel Raps
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.W.); (D.R.); (L.E.)
| | - Mingfu Lu
- SINOPEC Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Industry, Beijing, 100013, China;
| | - Lukas Endner
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.W.); (D.R.); (L.E.)
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany; (N.W.); (D.R.); (L.E.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-921-557471
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16
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Han S, Jiang C, Yu K, Mi J, Chen S, Wang X. Influence of crystallization on microcellular foaming behavior of polyamide 6 in a supercritical CO
2
‐assisted route. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Han
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Can Jiang
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Kesong Yu
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic CompositesBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Shihong Chen
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- School of Materials and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing People's Republic of China
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17
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Zou L, Li H, Wang D, Ma L, Prakashan K, Zhang ZX. Micro/nanocellular polyprolene/trans‐1,4‐polyisomprene (PP/TPI) blend foams by using supercritical nitrogen as blowing agent. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Zou
- Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Huan Li
- Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
- Department of Materials Engineering and Convergence TechnologyGyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju‐daero Jinju 52828 South Korea
| | - Dan Wang
- Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Leyuan Ma
- Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Kundil Prakashan
- Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
| | - Zhen Xiu Zhang
- Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber‐Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 China
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18
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Effect on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Random Copolymer Polypropylene/Microcrystalline Cellulose Composites Using T-ZnOw as an Additive. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/4862124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Four-needle zinc oxide whisker (T-ZnOw) incorporated into microcrystalline cellulose/maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene/random copolymer polypropylene (MCC/PP-g-MA/rPP) composite was prepared by melt blending. 5 wt% PP-g-MA was used as a coupling agent to improve the interfacial compatibility between fillers and rPP. The effect of T-ZnOw on MCC/PP-g-MA/rPP composite was investigated by mechanical testing, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Addition of T-ZnOw enhanced the mechanical properties of composites with tensile and flexural strengths increasing by 10% and 6%, respectively. SEM studies showed an improvement in the compatibility of fracture surfaces, which was evident from the absence of gaps between fillers and rPP. Additionally, initial thermal decomposition temperature and maximum weight loss temperature of T-ZnOw/MCC/PP-g-MA/rPP composite were both higher than those of MCC/PP-g-MA/rPP composite. Thermal degradation kinetics suggested that T-ZnOw has a weak catalytic effect on MCC, resulting in the early degradation of MCC and adhesion to the surface of rPP. Because of the presence of inorganic whiskers, the remaining weight percent was more than that of other composites at the end of the reaction. Crystallization temperature of the T-ZnOw/MCC/PP-g-MA/rPP composite was almost 3~5°C higher than that of MCC/PP-g-MA/rPP composite and close to the crystallization temperature of pure rPP.
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19
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Su B, Zhou YG, Dong BB, Yan C. Effect of Compatibility on the Foaming Behavior of Injection Molded Polypropylene and Polycarbonate Blend Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E300. [PMID: 30960284 PMCID: PMC6419180 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve the foaming behavior of a common linear polypropylene (PP) resin, polycarbonate (PC) was blended with PP, and three different grafted polymers were used as the compatibilizers. The solid and foamed samples of the PP/PC 3:1 blend with different compatibilizers were first fabricated by melt extrusion followed by injection molding (IM) with and without a blowing agent. The mechanical properties, thermal features, morphological structure, and relative rheological characterizations of these samples were studied using a tensile test, dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and torque rheometer. It can be found from the experimental results that the influence of the compatibility between the PP and PC phases on the foaming behavior of PP/PC blends is substantial. The results suggest that PC coupling with an appropriate compatibilizer is a potential method to improve the foamability of PP resin. The comprehensive effect of PC and a suitable compatibilizer on the foamability of PP can be attributed to two possible mechanisms, i.e., the partial compatibility between phases that facilitates cell nucleation and the improved gas-melt viscosity that helps to form a fine foaming structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Su
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
| | - Ying-Guo Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Bin-Bin Dong
- National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Cao Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212003, China.
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Kastner C, Steinbichler G, Kahlen S, Jerabek M. Influence of process parameters on mechanical properties of physically foamed, fiber reinforced polypropylene parts. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Kastner
- Institute of Polymer Injection Molding and Process AutomationJohannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Strasse 69, A‐4040, Linz Austria
| | - Georg Steinbichler
- Institute of Polymer Injection Molding and Process AutomationJohannes Kepler University Linz Altenberger Strasse 69, A‐4040, Linz Austria
| | - Susanne Kahlen
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH St.‐Peter‐Strasse 25, A‐4021, Linz Austria
| | - Michael Jerabek
- Borealis Polyolefine GmbH St.‐Peter‐Strasse 25, A‐4021, Linz Austria
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21
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Uneyama T, Yamazaki T, Igarashi T, Nitta KH. Effect of pore size distribution on compressive behavior of moderately expanded low-density polyethylene foams. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Uneyama
- Institute of Science and Engineering; Kanazawa University; Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Tatsuya Yamazaki
- Institute of Science and Engineering; Kanazawa University; Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Toshio Igarashi
- Institute of Science and Engineering; Kanazawa University; Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
| | - Koh-hei Nitta
- Institute of Science and Engineering; Kanazawa University; Kakuma, Kanazawa 920-1192 Japan
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22
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Modification of iPP microcellular foaming behavior by thermal history control and nucleating agent at compressed CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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24
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Shaayegan V, Wang C, Costa F, Han S, Park CB. Effect of the melt compressibility and the pressure drop rate on the cell-nucleation behavior in foam injection molding with mold opening. Eur Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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25
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Bahreini E, Aghamiri SF, Wilhelm M, Abbasi M. Influence of molecular structure on the foamability of polypropylene: Linear and extensional rheological fingerprint. J CELL PLAST 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x17700097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The foaming structure and rheological properties of four different isotactic homo-polypropylenes with various molecular weights and an isotactic long chain branched polypropylene were investigated to find a suitable rheological fingerprint for PP foams. The molecular weight distribution and thermal properties were measured using GPC-MALLS and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. Small amplitude oscillatory shear data and uniaxial extensional experiments were analyzed using the frameworks of van Gurp-Palmen plot (δ vs. | G*|) and the molecular stress function model, respectively. These analyses were used to find a correlation between the molecular structure, rheological properties and foaming structures of linear and long chain branching polypropylenes. Two linear viscoelastic characteristics, | G*| at δ = 60° and | η*| at ω = 5 rad/s were used as criteria for foamability of these polymers, where decreasing of both parameters by increasing the long chain branching content results in smaller cell size and higher cell density. The molecular stress function model was able to quantify the strain hardening properties of long chain branching blends using small amplitude oscillatory shear data and two nonlinear material parameters, 1 ≤ β ≤ 2.2 and 1 ≤ [Formula: see text] ≤ 600, where the minimum and maximum values of these parameters belong to the linear and long chain branched polypropylene, respectively. Increasing the long chain branched polypropylene content of the PP blends increased strain hardening, and therefore improved the foaming characteristics significantly by suppressing the coalescence of cells. Dilution of linear PP with only 10 wt% of long chain branched polypropylene enhanced the cell density from 5.7 × 106 to 2.7 × 107 cell/cm3 and reduced the average cell diameter from 58 to 26 µm, respectively, while their volume expansion ratio remained in the same range of 2–3. Increasing of long chain branching to 50 and 100 wt% enhanced the V.E.R. to 6.2 and 7.8, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebrahim Bahreini
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Iran
| | - Seyed Foad Aghamiri
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Iran
| | - Manfred Wilhelm
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Mahdi Abbasi
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Iran
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
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26
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Laguna-Gutierrez E, Escudero J, Kumar V, Rodriguez-Perez MA. Microcellular foaming by using subcritical CO2 of crosslinked and non-crosslinked LDPE/clay nanocomposites. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x16681451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The semicrystalline character of low density polyethylene adds severe difficulties to its foamability by a batch process in which the gas is dissolved into the polymer matrix under subcritical conditions. To improve the low density polyethylene foamability, two strategies have been used: the addition of nanoclays and a partial crosslinking of the polymer matrix. On the one hand, the use of nanoparticles is suggested because they act as heterogeneous nucleating sites reducing the cell size and increasing the cell density. On the other hand, crosslinking is also adopted as a solution because both the crystallinity (and hence, the gas solubility and diffusivity) and the extensional rheological properties of the polymer matrix are highly influenced by the crosslinking degree achieved. Results indicate that despite the fact that the presence of nanoclays deteriorates the rheological behaviour of the nanocomposites and, hence, the later foaming behaviour, the use of partially crosslinked polymer matrices allows achieving high expansion ratios (around 7.5) as well as enhanced cellular structures with cell sizes of approximately 15 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Laguna-Gutierrez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Escudero
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Miguel A Rodriguez-Perez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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27
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Laguna-Gutierrez E, Pinto J, Kumar V, Rodriguez-Mendez ML, Rodriguez-Perez MA. Improving the extensional rheological properties and foamability of high-density polyethylene by means of chemical crosslinking. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x16681454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining high-density polyethylene-based microcellular foams is a topic of interest due to the synergistic properties that can be obtained by the fact of achieving a microcellular structure using a polymer with a high number of interesting properties. However, due to the high crystallinity of this polymer, the production of low-density microcellular foams, by a physical foaming process, is not a simple task. In this work, the proposed solution to produce these materials is based on using crosslinked high-density polyethylenes. By crosslinking the polymer matrix, it is possible to increase the amount of gas available for foaming and also to improve the extensional rheological properties. In addition, the foaming time and the foaming temperature have also been modified with the aim of analyzing and understanding the mechanisms taking place during the foaming process to finally obtain cellular materials with low densities and improved cellular structures. The results indicate that cellular materials with relative densities of 0.37 and with cell sizes of approximately 2 µm can be produced from crosslinked high-density polyethylene using the appropriate crosslinking degree and foaming parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Laguna-Gutierrez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Javier Pinto
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Nanophysics-Smart Materials Group, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Genova, Italy
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Maria L Rodriguez-Mendez
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Industrial Engineers School, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Rodriguez-Perez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
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28
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Effect of foam processing parameters on bubble nucleation and growth dynamics in high-pressure foam injection molding. Chem Eng Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2016.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Shahi P, Behravesh AH, Haghtalab A, Rizvi G, Goharpei F. An experimental study on foaming of linear low-density polyethylene/high-density polyethylene blends. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x16639033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this research work, foaming behavior of selected polyethylene blends was studied in a solid-state batch process, using CO2 as the blowing agent. Special emphasis was paid towards finding a relationship between foamability and thermal and rheological properties of blends. Pure high-density polyethylene, linear low-density polyethylene, and their blends with two weight fraction levels of high-density polyethylene (10 and 25%wt.) were examined. The dry blended batches were mixed using an internal mixer in a molten state, and then the disk-shaped specimens, 1.8 mm in thickness, were produced for foaming purposes. The foaming step was conducted over a wide range of temperatures (120–170℃), and the overall expansion and cellular morphology were evaluated via density measurements and captured SEM micrographs, respectively. Three-dimensional structural images were also captured using a high resolution X-ray micro CT for different foamed samples and were compared. Rheological and DSC tests for the virgin and blends were also performed to seek for a possible correlation with the formability. Based on the results, blended polyethylene foams exhibited remarkable expansion and highly enhanced cell structure compared to pure polymers. Bulk density, as low as 0.33 g/cm3, was obtained for blends, while for the virgin high-density polyethylene and linear low-density polyethylene, bulk density lower than 0.5 g/cm3 was not attainable. The lowest density was observed at a foaming temperature of 10–20℃ above the melting (peak) temperature obtained via DSC test. Rheological characteristics, including storage modulus and cross-over frequency value, were also found to be the indicators for the materials foaming behavior. Moreover, blends with 25% wt. of high-density polyethylene exhibited the highest expansion values over a wider range of temperature compared with 90% linear low-density polyethylene/10% high-density polyethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Shahi
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Ali Haghtalab
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghaus Rizvi
- Department of Automotive, Mechanical, and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Ontario Institute of Technology, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatemeh Goharpei
- Faculty of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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30
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Shaayegan V, Mark LH, Park CB, Wang G. Identification of cell-nucleation mechanism in foam injection molding with gas-counter pressure via mold visualization. AIChE J 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.15433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Shaayegan
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Lun Howe Mark
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Guilong Wang
- Institute of Metal Forming and Mould/Die Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University; Jinan Shandong 250061 China
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31
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Spörrer AN, Altstädt V. Controlling Morphology of Injection Molded Structural Foams by Mold Design and Processing Parameters. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x07079043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
By the invention of foam processing techniques using physical blowing agents, the area of foam injection molding has caught the attention of product developers in industry as well as of researchers. Compared to conventional injection molding, the foaming approach delivers a great potential in the manufacturing as well as in the part itself, offering a monetary benefit, being vantages for example automotive and consumer goods producer (Hyde, L.J., Kishbaugh, L.A. and Katterman, J.A. (2002) [1]. How Microcellular Foam Molding Changes the Cost Structure of Injection Molded Automotive Components: A Review of the Process and Automotive Applications, SAE Technical Paper Series). The pros are facing several cons in the part quality, notably an impaired surface finish, an over-pronounced loss in mechanical strength and toughness or some uncertainties in subsequent processing steps like varnishing and plastic welding. Actual researchers are approaching those challenges in different ways (Dassow, J. (2003) [2]. Foamed Parts with Excellent Surface Quality, Kunststoffe-Plast Europe, 93(9): 65). On the one hand, the choice of the appropriate polymeric materials has a big impact on the morphologies and the properties of the obtained foam injection molded parts. The mold as well as the processing parameters have a big effect on the obtainable foam morphologies and thus the final part properties. This study presents some possibilities to control the morphology of structural foams at high-density reductions (>50%) by an intelligent mold and process design. Parameters affecting the morphology of the foamed part like the foaming temperature, the cavity pressure, and the expansion ratio are varied. Structural properties of the foamed part like surface finish, overall density, and skin layer-thickness as well as mechanical properties are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Germany,
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32
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Abstract
A complete three-dimensional morphological analysis is performed to determine the size and deformation of both foam cells and dispersed phase particles in the extrusion foaming of HDPE/PP blends. Each dimension is carefully measured to determine interaction between blending and foaming on the final foam morphology. In this study, blends of 0, 10, 30, 50, 70, 90, and 100% PP in HDPE are foamed using azodicarbonamide (ACA). The effect of using a compatibilizing agent (Kraton D 1102) is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Zepeda Sahagún
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44430, México
| | - R. González-Núñez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44430, México
| | - D. Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering and CERSIM, Université Laval Quebec City, Quebec, GIK 7P4, Canada,
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33
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Tejeda EH, Sahagún CZ, González-Núñez R, Rodrigue D. Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Foamed Polyethylene-Polypropylene Blends. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x05056959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Blends of high-density polyethylene and polypropylene are foamed by means of extrusion using azodicarbonamide as a chemical blowing agent to study the effect of blending on the morphological and mechanical properties. At 0.5 wt% of blowing agent, optimum foam density is found to be around 417 kg/m3 for each blend composition, but the average cell size ranges between 130 and 301 mm depending on the blend composition. It is believed that the dispersed polymer phase acts as nucleating sites producing foams with smaller cell sizes. Owing to the incompatibility between both the polymers, the best tensile and impact properties are obtained for neat polymers. Simple semi-empirical models are proposed to predict the tensile and impact properties of the foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Herrera Tejeda
- Departamento de Ingenieria Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44430, Mexico
| | - Carlos Zepeda Sahagún
- Departamento de Ingenieria Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44430, Mexico
| | - Rubén González-Núñez
- Departamento de Ingenieria Química, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Gral. Marcelino García Barragán # 1451, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44430, Mexico
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada G1K 7P4,
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34
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Kaewmesri W, Lee PC, Park CB, Pumchusak J. Effects of CO2 and Talc Contents on Foaming Behavior of Recyclable High-melt-strength PP. J CELL PLAST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x06066995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article presents an experimental study on the foaming behavior of recyclable high-melt-strength (HMS) branched polypropylene (PP) with CO2 as a blowing agent. The foamability of branched HMS PP has been evaluated using a tandem foaming extruder system. The effects of CO2 and nucleating agent contents on the final foam characteristics have been thoroughly investigated. Low density (i.e., 12-14-fold), fine-celled (i.e., 107-109 cells/cm3) PP foams were successfully produced using a small amount of talc (i.e., 0.8 wt%) and 5 wt% CO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanrudee Kaewmesri
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 50200
| | - Patrick C. Lee
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8,
| | - Jantrawan Pumchusak
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand 50200
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35
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Tensile and impact properties of microcellular isotactic polypropylene (PP) foams obtained by supercritical carbon dioxide. J Supercrit Fluids 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Escudero J, Lopez-Gil A, Laguna-Gutierrez E, Rodriguez-Perez M. Low Density Non-crosslinked Closed/Open Cell Polypropylene Foams with High Mechanical Properties. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931603500301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low density polypropylene based foams with different cellular structures have been produced by the improved compression molding route using a high melt strength polypropylene as polymer matrix. In addition, different types of nanoparticles have been introduced in the formulation (multi-wall carbon nanotubes, organomodified nanoclays and natural nanoclays) to modify the structure and properties. The results have showed a clear correlation between the open cell content of the foams and the mechanical properties in compression. In the unfilled polypropylene high specific mechanical properties are only achievable with low values of open cell content. In comparison, for an equal value of the interconnectivity between cells, the samples containing nanoclays present much higher specific properties. This result is attributed to the reinforcement of these nanoparticles in the solid matrix, due to an improved exfoliation during the foaming process and the presence of a bimodal cellular structure. The produced foams have interesting properties with stiffness similar to those of commercial polymer foams used for the core of sandwich panels.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Escudero
- Cellular Materials Laboratory, (CellMat). Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belhtén 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - A. Lopez-Gil
- CellMat Technologies S.L. CTTA, Paseo de Belén 9A, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - E. Laguna-Gutierrez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory, (CellMat). Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belhtén 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - M.A. Rodriguez-Perez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory, (CellMat). Condensed Matter Physics Department, University of Valladolid, Paseo de Belhtén 7, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
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37
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Fasihi M, Targhi AA, Bayat H. The simultaneous effect of nucleating and blowing agents on the cellular structure of polypropylene foamed via the extrusion process. E-POLYMERS 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2016-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe current work presents the preparation of polypropylene (PP) foams by the extrusion process, focusing on the influence of the foaming agent and nucleating agent on the microstructure of the foams. Sodium bicarbonate alone and also its mixture with citric acid were used as the chemical blowing agents. Expanded graphite nanoparticle and talc were also used as the nucleating agents. Great differences were found in terms of the foam structure depending on the type of nucleating and blowing agents. Using expanded graphite nucleating agent instead of talc resulted in foams with higher cell densities and more uniform cellular structures. Moreover, the foams including the mixed blowing agents exhibited higher cell densities and upper expansion ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Fasihi
- 1School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, 16846-13114, Narmak, Tehran, Iran, Tel.: +98-21-77240286, Fax: +98-21-77240495
| | - Ali Asgari Targhi
- 2School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Hossein Bayat
- 2School of Chemical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
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38
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Mohebbi A, Mighri F, Ajji A, Rodrigue D. Current Issues and Challenges in Polypropylene Foaming: A Review. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/026248931503400602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Thermoplastic foams have several advantages in comparison with unfoamed polymers such as lightweight, high strength to weight ratio, excellent insulation property, high thermal stability, high impact strength and toughness, as well as high fatigue life. These outstanding properties lead cellular plastics to various industrial applications in packaging, automotive parts, absorbents, and sporting equipment. Nowadays, polypropylene (PP), because of its outstanding characteristics such as low material cost, high service temperature, high melting point, high tensile modulus, low density, and excellent chemical resistance, is a major resin in the foaming industry. However, foaming of conventional PP is limited by its low melt strength leading to poor cell morphology, cell rupture/coalescence and limited density reduction. To improve PP melt strength, several strategies including particle addition as nucleating agent, introduction of long chain branching, blending with high melt strength polymers and crosslinking have been proposed. In this review, these issues are discussed and analyzed in terms of mechanical, thermal, and rheological characterizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Mohebbi
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Frej Mighri
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Abdellah Ajji
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, C.P. 6079, Montreal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- CREPEC, Research Center for High Performance Polymer and Composite Systems
- CQMF, Quebec Centre on Functional Materials, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
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39
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Yin S, Tuladhar R, Shi F, Shanks RA, Combe M, Collister T. Mechanical reprocessing of polyolefin waste: A review. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yin
- College of Science, Technology & Engineering; James Cook University; Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Rabin Tuladhar
- College of Science, Technology & Engineering; James Cook University; Queensland 4811 Australia
| | - Feng Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology; Beijing 100000 China
| | - Robert A. Shanks
- School of Applied Sciences; RMIT University; Melbourne Victoria 3001 Australia
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40
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Martín-Alfonso J, Franco JM. Formulation and characterization of oleogels based on high-oleic sunflower oil and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer/polypropylene blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.E. Martín-Alfonso
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Química Física y Química Orgánica, Universidad de Huelva; 21071 Huelva Spain
- Pro2TecS-Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Center; 21071 Huelva Spain
| | - J. M. Franco
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química; Química Física y Química Orgánica, Universidad de Huelva; 21071 Huelva Spain
- Pro2TecS-Chemical Process and Product Technology Research Center; 21071 Huelva Spain
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41
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Sorrentino L, Cafiero L, Iannace S. Control of micro- and nanocellular structures in CO2foamed PES/PEN blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Sorrentino
- Istituto per i Polimeri; Compositi e Biomateriali; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Piazzale E. Fermi 1; 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
- IMAST S.c.a.r.l. Distretto Tecnologico sull'Ingegneria dei Materiali Compositi e Polimerici e Strutture Piazza Bovio 22; 80122 Napoli Italy
| | - Livia Cafiero
- Istituto per i Polimeri; Compositi e Biomateriali; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Piazzale E. Fermi 1; 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
- Università di Napoli, Dipartimenti di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale Piazzale V. Tecchio 80; 80125 Napoli Italy
| | - Salvatore Iannace
- Istituto per i Polimeri; Compositi e Biomateriali; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Piazzale E. Fermi 1; 80055 Portici (NA) Italy
- IMAST S.c.a.r.l. Distretto Tecnologico sull'Ingegneria dei Materiali Compositi e Polimerici e Strutture Piazza Bovio 22; 80122 Napoli Italy
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42
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Liu T, Lei Y, Chen Z, Wang X, Luo S. Effects of processing conditions on foaming behaviors of polyetherimide (PEI) and PEI/polypropylene blends in microcellular injection molding process. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 People's Republic of China
| | - Yajie Lei
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenglun Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 People's Republic of China
| | - Xianzhong Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 People's Republic of China
| | - Shikai Luo
- Institute of Chemical Materials; China Academy of Engineering Physics; Mianyang 621900 People's Republic of China
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43
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Li R, Zeng D, Pan Q, Fang T. Response surface optimization for producing microcellular polymethyl methacrylate foam using supercritical CO2. J CELL PLAST 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x14566206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A regression model constructed by response surface methodology was employed to optimize the relationships between the cell density of microcellular polymethyl methacrylate foam and three independent variables: foaming pressure, temperature, and time. A Box–Behnken Design statistical approach was employed to fit the available response data to a second-order polynomial response surface model. The analysis of variance of the model indicated that the interactions between the foaming pressure and temperature, and that between the foaming temperature and the saturation time, both positively affect the cell density. Experimental verification of the predicted optimum conditions of foaming pressure = 21 MPa, foaming temperature = 313 K, and saturation time = 6.9 h gave an actual maximum cell density of 20.86 × 109 cells/cm3, which is close to the data predicted by the regression model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruosong Li
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dan Zeng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qi Pan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Tao Fang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
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44
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Zhang G, Wang Y, Xing H, Qiu J, Gong J, Yao K, Tan H, Jiang Z, Tang T. Interplay between the composition of LLDPE/PS blends and their compatibilization with polyethylene-graft-polystyrene in the foaming behaviour. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16084c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The influences of PE-g-PS compatibilization on the foaming behaviour of LLDPE/PS blends in batch foaming using scCO2 as physical foaming agent depend strongly on the composition of the blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Yuanliang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Haiping Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Jian Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Jiang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Kun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Haiying Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Zhiwei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
| | - Tao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- China
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46
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Bao JB, Weng GS, Zhao L, Liu ZF, Chen ZR. Tensile and impact behavior of polystyrene microcellular foams with bi-modal cell morphology. J CELL PLAST 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x14525960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bi-modal PS foams with various volume fractions of large cells ( fL), cell sizes and densities were prepared to investigate the effect of cell structures on the tensile and impact behaviors. The tensile results showed that for the similar density, the tensile strength and modulus decreased with the increase of fL, unless the cell size of large ones is smaller than 25 µm. Similarly, the impact experimental results showed that the impact strength decreased with increasing fL, unless the fL is in the range of 25–32%. It indicated that the bi-modal cell structure could lead to the better properties than that of uniform one, when the cell morphology was proper ( fL in the range of 25–32% and the cell size of large ones smaller than 25 µm). The SEM images of impact-fractured surface of bi-modal foams further confirmed that the cell morphology with fL of 32% was more favorable to the absorption of impact energy during the fracture process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Biao Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Geng-Sheng Weng
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Feng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhong-Ren Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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47
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Gong W, Gao JC, Jiang M, Yu J, He L. Modeling and Characterization of the Relationship between Cell Size and Mechanical Behavior of Microcellular PP/Mica Composites. INT POLYM PROC 2013. [DOI: 10.3139/217.2339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The microcellular foamed polypropylene (PP)/mica composites were prepared through chemical microcellular injection to investigate the relationship between the mechanical behavior and the cell size. The mechanical behavior model of the microcellular foams is built based on the elastic stress/strain field. The mechanical behavior of the microcellular composites coincides well with the theoretical model. Under loading the large and non uniform cells are in a state of plane strain, which leads to low tensile and impact strengths, whereas small and uniform cells are in a state of plane stress, which contributes to the transition from brittle to tough fracture behavior in the microcellular PP/mica composite.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Gong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PRC
- National Engineering Research Center for Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang, PRC
- Department of Material and Building Engineering, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, PRC
| | - J. C. Gao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PRC
| | - M. Jiang
- National Engineering Research Center for Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang, PRC
| | - J. Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang, PRC
| | - L. He
- National Engineering Research Center for Modified Polymer Materials, Guiyang, PRC
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48
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Liu W, Liu B, Wang X. Morphology, Rheological Properties, and Crystallization Behavior of Polypropylene/Clay Nanocomposites. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2011.610061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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49
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Bao JB, Liu T, Zhao L, Hu GH, Miao X, Li X. Oriented foaming of polystyrene with supercritical carbon dioxide for toughening. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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50
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Gómez-gómez JF, Arencón D, Sánchez-soto MA, Martínez AB. Influence of the Injection-Molding Parameters on the Cellular Structure and Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Ethylene-Propylene Block Copolymer Foams. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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