1
|
Ivancic RJS, Audus DJ. Predicting compatibilized polymer blend toughness. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk6165. [PMID: 38896612 PMCID: PMC11186489 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk6165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Polymer blends can yield superior materials by merging the unique properties of their components. However, these mixtures often phase separate, leading to brittleness. While compatibilizers can toughen these blends, their vast design space makes optimization difficult. Here, we develop a model to predict the toughness of compatibilized glassy polymer mixtures. This theory reveals that compatibilizers increase blend toughness by creating molecular bridges that stitch the interface together. We validate this theory by directly comparing its predictions to extensive molecular dynamics simulations in which we vary polymer incompatibility, chain stiffness, compatibilizer areal density, and blockiness of copolymer compatibilizers. We then parameterize the model using self-consistent field theory and confirm its ability to make predictions for practical applications through comparison with simulations and experiments. These results suggest that the theory can optimize compatibilizer design for industrial glassy polymer blends in silico while providing microscopic insight, allowing for the development of next-generation mixtures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. S. Ivancic
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Debra J. Audus
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Choi S, Zhao J, Lee PC, Choi D. The Effect of Coupling Agents and Graphene on the Mechanical Properties of Film-Based Post-Consumer Recycled Plastic. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:380. [PMID: 38337269 DOI: 10.3390/polym16030380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to improve the mechanical properties of post-consumer recycled (PCR) plastic composed primarily of polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE), which generally exhibit poor miscibility, by applying coupling agents and graphene. Here, we compare a commercially available coupling agent with a directly synthesized maleic anhydride (MA) coupling agent. When applied to a 5:5 blend of recycled PP and PE, an optimum tensile strength was achieved at a 3 wt% coupling agent concentration, with the MA coupling agent outperforming the commercial one. Characterization through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA) revealed a PP:PE ratio of approximately 3:7 in the PCR plastics, with 4.86% heterogeneous materials present. Applying 3 wt% of the commercial and MA coupling agents to the PCR plastics resulted in a significant 53.9% increase in the tensile strength, reaching 11.25 MPa, and a remarkable 421.54% increase in the melt flow index (MFI), reaching 25.66 g/10 min. Furthermore, incorporating 5 wt% graphene led to a notable 64.84% increase in the tensile strength. In addition, the application of MA coupling agents and graphene improved the thermal stability of the PCR plastics. These findings show significant promise for addressing environmental concerns associated with plastic waste by facilitating the recycling of PCR plastics into new products. The utilization of coupling agents and graphene offers a viable approach to enhance the mechanical properties of PCR plastics, paving the way for sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoong Choi
- Carbon & Light Materials Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea
- Division of Mechanical Design Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianxiang Zhao
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Patrick C Lee
- Multifunctional Composites Manufacturing Laboratory (MCML), Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Duyoung Choi
- Carbon & Light Materials Group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Jeonju 54853, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee J, Jeong S. Approach to an answer to "How dangerous microplastics are to the human body": A systematic review of the quantification of MPs and simultaneously exposed chemicals. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132404. [PMID: 37672992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
This review aims to facilitate future research on microplastics (MPs) in the environment using systematic and analytical protocols, ultimately contributing to assessment of the risk to human health due to continuous daily exposure to MPs. Despite extensive studies on MP abundance in environment, identification, and treatment, their negative effects on human health remain unknown due to the lack of proof from clinical studies and limited technology on the MP identification. To assess the risk of MPs to human health, the first step is to estimate MP intake via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact under standardized exposure conditions in daily life. Furthermore, rather than focusing on the sole MPs, migrating chemicals from plastic products should be quantified and their health risk be assessed concurrently with MP release. The critical factors influencing MP release and simultaneously exposed chemicals (SECs) must be investigated using a standardized identification method. This review summarises release sources, factors, and possible routes of MPs from the environment to the human body, and the quantification methods used in risk assessment. We also discussed the issues encountered in MP release and SEC migration. Consequently, this review provides directions for future MP studies that can answer questions about MP toxicity to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Lee
- Institute for Environment and Energy, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Sanghyun Jeong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Komori Y, Sunagawa M, Shibata H, Goto S, Saito H. Interfacial adhesion of immiscible component polymers of isoprene rubber and α‐olefin copolymer by chemical reaction using peroxide crosslinking agent. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Komori
- Materials Engineering R&D Division DENSO CORPORATION Kariya‐shi Aichi Japan
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Koganei‐shi Tokyo Japan
| | - Masanori Sunagawa
- Materials Engineering R&D Division DENSO CORPORATION Kariya‐shi Aichi Japan
| | - Haruhisa Shibata
- Materials Engineering R&D Division DENSO CORPORATION Kariya‐shi Aichi Japan
| | - Shinya Goto
- Materials Engineering R&D Division DENSO CORPORATION Kariya‐shi Aichi Japan
| | - Hiromu Saito
- Department of Organic and Polymer Materials Chemistry Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Koganei‐shi Tokyo Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Andraju N, Curtzwiler GW, Ji Y, Kozliak E, Ranganathan P. Machine-Learning-Based Predictions of Polymer and Postconsumer Recycled Polymer Properties: A Comprehensive Review. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:42771-42790. [PMID: 36102317 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c08301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There has been a tremendous increase in demand for virgin and postconsumer recycled (PCR) polymers due to their wide range of chemical and physical characteristics. Despite the numerous potential benefits of using a data-driven approach to polymer design, major hurdles exist in the development of polymer informatics due to the complicated hierarchical polymer structures. In this review, a brief introduction on virgin polymer structure, PCR polymers, compatibilization of polymers to be recycled, and their characterization using sensor array technologies as well as factors affecting the polymer properties are provided. Machine-learning (ML) algorithms are gaining attention as cost-effective scalable solutions to exploit the physical and chemical structures of polymers. The basic steps for applying ML in polymer science such as fingerprinting, algorithms, open-source databases, representations, and polymer design are detailed in this review. Further, a state-of-the-art review of the prediction of various polymer material properties using ML is reviewed. Finally, we discuss open-ended research questions on ML application to PCR polymers as well as potential challenges in the prediction of their properties using artificial intelligence for more efficient and targeted PCR polymer discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagababu Andraju
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Greg W Curtzwiler
- Polymer and Food Protection Consortium, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Yun Ji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Evguenii Kozliak
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| | - Prakash Ranganathan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (SEECS), University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Niu X, Wen S, Sun L, Liu Y, He A, Nie H. Interfacial structure and properties of isotactic polybutene-1/polyethylene blends. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Polymer blending is one of the most economical and effective techniques for achieving products with high comprehensive performances. However, the immiscibility between polymers results in a weak interface, which is typically the position where material failure starts when an external force is applied. Therefore, understanding and controlling the interfacial structure are important for controlling the failure behavior of polymer blends and achieving advanced materials. In this study, the related work was performed on a crystal/crystal blend of isotactic polybutene-1 and polyethylene (iPB-1/PE). The results indicated that iPB-1 and PE were partially miscible in a wide temperature window (140–220°C), and the phase separation of iPB-1/PE blends was retarded at 180°C, resulting in an increase in the interfacial thickness and interfacial adhesive strength when iPB-1/PE crystallized at a low temperature. In addition, the iPB-1/high-density PE (HDPE) samples exhibited higher interfacial adhesive strength than the iPB-1/linear low-density PE, which was attributed to the relative streamline chain structure and the wide molecular weight distribution of HDPE and improved the interpenetration, crystallization, and miscibility of iPB-1 and HDPE at the interface. During storage at room temperature, the interfacial adhesive strength of iPB-1/PE decreased because of the spontaneous crystal transition of iPB-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Shuai Wen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Lili Sun
- Editorial Office of Journal of Qingdao University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Yongjia Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Aihua He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| | - Huarong Nie
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Olefin Catalysis and Polymerization, Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics (Ministry of Education), School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology , Qingdao 266042 , China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lafranche E, Macedo S, Ferreira P, Martins CI. Thin wall injection‐overmoulding of polyamide 6/polypropylene multilayer parts: PA6/PP‐g‐ma interfacial adhesion investigations. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lafranche
- Centre Materials and Processes IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines Télécom Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Université de Lille Lille France
| | - Sandra Macedo
- Centre Materials and Processes IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines Télécom Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- Université de Lille Lille France
- Department of Polymer Engineering Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), University of Minho Guimarães Portugal
| | - Pedro Ferreira
- Department of Polymer Engineering Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), University of Minho Guimarães Portugal
| | - Carla I. Martins
- Department of Polymer Engineering Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), University of Minho Guimarães Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Seyni FI, Barrett L, Crossley S, Grady BP. Polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate) interfaces reinforced with diblock carbon nanotubes. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatoumata Ide Seyni
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Institute of Applied Surfactant Research University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA
| | - Lawrence Barrett
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Institute of Applied Surfactant Research University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA
| | - Steven Crossley
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Institute of Applied Surfactant Research University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA
| | - Brian P. Grady
- School of Chemical, Biological and Materials Engineering and Institute of Applied Surfactant Research University of Oklahoma Norman Oklahoma USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Interfacial Phenomena in Multi-Micro-/Nanolayered Polymer Coextrusion: A Review of Fundamental and Engineering Aspects. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13030417. [PMID: 33525487 PMCID: PMC7865391 DOI: 10.3390/polym13030417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The multilayer coextrusion process is known to be a reliable technique for the continuous fabrication of high-performance micro-/nanolayered polymeric products. Using laminar flow conditions to combine polymer pairs, one can produce multilayer films and composites with a large number of interfaces at the polymer-polymer boundary. Interfacial phenomena, including interlayer diffusion, interlayer reaction, interfacial instabilities, and interfacial geometrical confinement, are always present during multilayer coextrusion depending on the processed polymers. They are critical in defining the microstructural development and resulting macroscopic properties of multilayered products. This paper, therefore, presents a comprehensive review of these interfacial phenomena and illustrates systematically how these phenomena develop and influence the resulting physicochemical properties. This review will promote the understanding of interfacial evolution in the micro-/nanolayer coextrusion process while enabling the better control of the microstructure and end use properties.
Collapse
|
10
|
Lu B, Bondon A, Touil I, Zhang H, Alcouffe P, Pruvost S, Liu C, Maazouz A, Lamnawar K. Role of the Macromolecular Architecture of Copolymers at Layer–Layer Interfaces of Multilayered Polymer Films: A Combined Morphological and Rheological Investigation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Arnaud Bondon
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Ibtissam Touil
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Huagui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Key Laboratory of Polymer Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Pierre Alcouffe
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Villeurbanne F-69622, France
| | - Sébastien Pruvost
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| | - Chuntai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Ministry of Education), National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Abderrahim Maazouz
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
- Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology, Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Khalid Lamnawar
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, Villeurbanne F-69621, France
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gholami F, Pakzad L, Behzadfar E. Morphological, interfacial and rheological properties in multilayer polymers: A review. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
12
|
Li F, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Chen Q, Li Y, You J. Graft ratio: Quantitative measurement and direct evidence for its blending sequence dependence during reactive compatibilization in PVDF/PLLA. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
13
|
Kausar A. Nanocomposite of Polyacrylonitrile/Modified Polyethersulfone and Carbon Nano-onion: Effect of Dispersion on Physical Features, Interface and Fracture Behavior. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2018.1505528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Kausar
- School of Natural Sciences, National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), H-12, Islamabad, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Williamson JB, Lewis SE, Johnson RR, Manning IM, Leibfarth FA. C−H Functionalization of Commodity Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8654-8668. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201810970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill B. Williamson
- Department of ChemistryThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Sally E. Lewis
- Department of ChemistryThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Robert R. Johnson
- Department of ChemistryThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Irene M. Manning
- Department of ChemistryThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of ChemistryThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Williamson JB, Lewis SE, Johnson RR, Manning IM, Leibfarth FA. C‐H‐Funktionalisierung von Standardpolymeren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201810970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jill B. Williamson
- Department of ChemistryThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Sally E. Lewis
- Department of ChemistryThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Robert R. Johnson
- Department of ChemistryThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Irene M. Manning
- Department of ChemistryThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Frank A. Leibfarth
- Department of ChemistryThe University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill 125 South Rd Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Iacovidou E, Velenturf APM, Purnell P. Quality of resources: A typology for supporting transitions towards resource efficiency using the single-use plastic bottle as an example. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 647:441-448. [PMID: 30086496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The growing British waste management sector has consistently voiced the need to improve the quality of waste streams and thus the value of secondary resources produced, in order to achieve higher reprocessing rates. Mismanagement of wastes that may lead to contamination and degradation of the recyclate feedstock constitutes one of the main barriers in the pathway to a circular economy. The sector has also repeatedly called upon manufacturers to collaborate in designing materials, components and products (MCPs) with properties that aid recovery, refurbishing, repair and recycling (e.g. separabilty of materials, clear labelling), as waste managers recognise the value of early engagement well before MCPs enter the supply chain (i.e. before MCPs are produced and distributed to the end user). Nonetheless, progress has been slow with regard to improved design for promoting components and products longevity and segregation at source when they reach their end-of-use or end-of-life stage in order to promote circularity. China's ban on imports of low quality recyclates at the end of 2017 marked the beginning of a new era in waste management. It drew attention to UK's dependence on export of low-value secondary resources, placing 'quality' in the spotlight. This article delves into the notion of quality; how quality is understood and assessed at different parts of the MCPs lifecycle, and how it might be systematically measured. A typology to distinguish avoidable and unavoidable designed and created characteristics at all stages of MCPs lifecycle is proposed to provide industry with a tool to design wastes out of the economy. The typology's application is demonstrated using the single-use plastic bottles as an example.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Iacovidou
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | - Phil Purnell
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hahladakis JN, Velis CA, Weber R, Iacovidou E, Purnell P. An overview of chemical additives present in plastics: Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 344:179-199. [PMID: 29035713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1309] [Impact Index Per Article: 218.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 60 years plastics production has increased manifold, owing to their inexpensive, multipurpose, durable and lightweight nature. These characteristics have raised the demand for plastic materials that will continue to grow over the coming years. However, with increased plastic materials production, comes increased plastic material wastage creating a number of challenges, as well as opportunities to the waste management industry. The present overview highlights the waste management and pollution challenges, emphasising on the various chemical substances (known as "additives") contained in all plastic products for enhancing polymer properties and prolonging their life. Despite how useful these additives are in the functionality of polymer products, their potential to contaminate soil, air, water and food is widely documented in literature and described herein. These additives can potentially migrate and undesirably lead to human exposure via e.g. food contact materials, such as packaging. They can, also, be released from plastics during the various recycling and recovery processes and from the products produced from recyclates. Thus, sound recycling has to be performed in such a way as to ensure that emission of substances of high concern and contamination of recycled products is avoided, ensuring environmental and human health protection, at all times.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John N Hahladakis
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Costas A Velis
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Roland Weber
- POPs Environmental Consulting, Lindenfirststr. 23, D.73527, Schwäbisch Gmünd, Germany
| | - Eleni Iacovidou
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Purnell
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, LS2 9JT, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zimmerer C, Ziegler L, Heinrich G, Steiner G. Time resolved characterization of the solid-state reaction between polycarbonate and primary amine. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
19
|
Lu B, Lamnawar K, Maazouz A. Rheological and dynamic insights into an in situ reactive interphase with graft copolymers in multilayered polymer systems. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:2523-2535. [PMID: 28317970 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02658c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We provide rheological and dynamic insights into the role of an in situ reactive interphase with graft copolymers in multilayered polymer systems, using a polyamide-6 (PA6)/maleic anhydride grafted poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF-g-MAH) bilayer as a model. Firstly, the influence of the reactive interphase on macroscopic melt flow behavior was studied. The in situ generated interphase from coupling reactions in bilayers significantly contributed to overall viscoelastic responses in both linear and nonlinear regimes. Specifically, under fast extensional flows, the reactively healed bilayer showed enhanced strain hardening mainly due to the formed graft copolymers in the interphase. Secondly, the evolution of a reactive interphase and its effects on microscopic dynamics and structural properties were further probed using dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). Interestingly, the reactive interphase drastically altered the dielectric responses of the bilayer upon healing, manifesting in the distinct interfacial relaxation/polarization. The relaxation strength of the interfacial polarization increased linearly as a function of reaction time, and was further improved by increasing the number of layers. In agreement with the rheology, DRS also demonstrated the retarded microscopic dynamics of a reactive interphase in healed bilayers. Using the dielectric molecular relaxation spectrum as a probe for the structure, the effects of the reactive interphase on charge dynamics and the resulting structural properties of bilayers were further evaluated. These findings are aimed at providing a better understanding of the effects of the reactive interphase on rheology, dynamics and dielectric properties, towards controlling the interface/interphase in multi micro-/nano-layered polymer structures and for further applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lu
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Khalid Lamnawar
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Abderrahim Maazouz
- Université de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France. and Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology, Rabat, Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bondon A, Lamnawar K, Maazouz A. Experimental investigation of a new type of interfacial instability in a reactive coextrusion process. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bondon
- Université de Lyon; Lyon France
- CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon; Villeurbanne France
| | - Khalid Lamnawar
- Université de Lyon; Lyon France
- CNRS, UMR 5259, INSA-Lyon, LaMCoS, Laboratoire de Mécanique des Contacts et des Structures; Villeurbanne France
| | - Abderrahim Maazouz
- Université de Lyon; Lyon France
- CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, INSA Lyon; Villeurbanne France
- Hassan II Academy of Science and Technology; Rabat Morocco
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang MJ, Yuan GC, Han CC. Influences of hyperbranched polyethylenimine on the reactive compatibilization of polycarbonate/polyamide blends. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-014-1475-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
22
|
Improved Mechanical Properties of Compatibilized Polypropylene/Polyamide-12 Blends. INT J POLYM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/742540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Compatibilized blends of polypropylene (PP) and polyamide-12 (PA12) as a second component were obtained by direct injection molding having first added 20% maleic anhydride-modified copolymer (PP-g-MA) to the PP, which produced partially grafted PP (gPP). A nucleating effect of the PA12 took place on the cooling crystallization of the gPP, and a second crystallization peak of the gPP appeared in the PA12-rich blends, indicating changes in the crystalline morphology. There was a slight drop in the PA12 crystallinity of the compatible blends, whereas the crystallinity of the gPP increased significantly in the PA12-rich blends. The overall reduction in the dispersed phase particle size together with the clear increase in ductility when gPP was used instead of PP proved that compatibilization occurred. Young’s modulus of the blends showed synergistic behavior. This is proposed to be both due to a change in the crystalline morphology of the blends on the one hand and, on the other, in the PA12-rich blends, to the clear increase in the crystallinity of the gPP phase, which may, in turn, have been responsible for the increase in its continuity and its contribution to the modulus.
Collapse
|
23
|
Li H, Zhang XM, Zhu SY, Chen WX, Feng LF. Preparation of polypropylene and polystyrene with NCO and NH2
functional groups and their applications in polypropylene/polystyrene blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology; Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Xian-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology; Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Shi-Yang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology; Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Wen-Xing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology; Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou 310018 China
| | - Lian-Fang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Zhang X, Zhong Y, Zhang X, Li L, Yan Y. Plasma and chromic acid treatments of polycarbonate surface to improve coating-substrate adhesion. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials; Beijing 100095 China
| | - Yanli Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials; Beijing 100095 China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials; Beijing 100095 China
| | - Lei Li
- Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials; Beijing 100095 China
| | - Yue Yan
- Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials; Beijing 100095 China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Berezkin AV, Kudryavtsev YV. Hybrid approach combining dissipative particle dynamics and finite-difference diffusion model: Simulation of reactive polymer coupling and interfacial polymerization. J Chem Phys 2013; 139:154102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4824768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
26
|
Berezkin AV, Kudryavtsev YV. End-Coupling Reactions in Incompatible Polymer Blends: From Droplets to Complex Micelles through Interfacial Instability. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400700n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V. Berezkin
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck Strasse 1,
40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical
Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Leninsky prosp. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
|
28
|
Shin BY, Han DH. Compatibilization of immiscible poly(lactic acid)/poly(ε-caprolactone) blend through electron-beam irradiation with the addition of a compatibilizing agent. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
29
|
Ye S, Cao Y, Feng J, Wu P. Temperature-dependent compatibilizing effect of graphene oxide as a compatibilizer for immiscible polymer blends. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40253c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
30
|
Berezkin AV, Guseva DV, Kudryavtsev YV. Formation of Linear and Graft Block Copolymers at a Polymer/Polymer Interface: How Copolymer Brush and Microdomain Morphology Control Heterogeneous Reactions. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301697n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly V. Berezkin
- Max-Planck Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck Strasse 1,
40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Daria V. Guseva
- Physics Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie gory,
1, build. 2., 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Yaroslav V. Kudryavtsev
- Topchiev Institute of Petrochemical
Synthesis, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Leninsky prosp. 29, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kumpfer JR, Rowan SJ. Directed Self-Assembly of Metallosupramolecular Polymers at the Polymer-Polymer Interface. ACS Macro Lett 2012; 1:882-887. [PMID: 35607137 DOI: 10.1021/mz300224x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Directed self-assembly of a metallosupramolecular polymer is achieved at the interface between two polymer films by simple melt pressing. Blends of a 2,6-bis(N-methylbenzimidazolyl)pyridine (MeBip) side-chain functionalized polystyrene in a polystyrene matrix and Zn(NTf2)2 in a poly(methyl methacrylate) matrix were pressed together above the Tg of the matrix polymers resulting in diffusion of the components and subsequent self-assembly of the metallosupramolecular polymer at the polymer-polymer interface. The formation of the metallosupramolecular polymer was monitored by spectroscopy and microscopy and it was found that the interfacial self-assembly occurs at the processing temperatures (ca. 210 °C) within 5 min. It was further shown that this materials system resulted in robust films that exhibited a new emergent property, namely, phosphorescence, which is not exhibited by any of the individual components nor the metallosupramolecular polymer itself.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Kumpfer
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2100 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Schacher FH, Rupar PA, Manners I. Funktionale Blockcopolymere: nanostrukturierte Materialien mit neuen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201200310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|
33
|
Schacher FH, Rupar PA, Manners I. Functional Block Copolymers: Nanostructured Materials with Emerging Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:7898-921. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201200310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 564] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
34
|
Mo J, Xia L, Pan P, Shentu B, Weng Z. Reactive blend of epoxy-novolac resin and epoxide-terminated low-molecular-weight poly(phenylene oxide). J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
35
|
Gualandi C, Soccio M, Govoni M, Valente S, Lotti N, Munari A, Giordano E, Pasquinelli G, Focarete ML. Poly(butylene/diethylene glycol succinate) multiblock copolyester as a candidate biomaterial for soft tissue engineering: Solid-state properties, degradability, and biocompatibility. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911512440536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A multiblock bioresorbable copolyester, poly(butylene/diethylene glycol succinate), was synthesized by reactive blending, and it was used, together with the corresponding poly(butylene succinate) homopolymer, to form films and to fabricate biomimetic electrospun scaffolds. The poly(butylene/diethylene glycol succinate) scaffold had a more pronounced elastomeric behavior than poly(butylene succinate). It also underwent hydrolytic degradation faster than poly(butylene succinate) since the incorporated diethylene glycol succinate units rendered the copolymer more hydrophilic than poly(butylene succinate). The films degraded faster than electrospun samples due to the autocatalytic effect of carboxylic end-groups. The biodegradable poly(butylene/diethylene glycol succinate) scaffold supported the growth and preserved the cardiac phenotype markers of H9c2 cells, demonstrating its potential utility in soft tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Gualandi
- Department of Chemistry “G Ciamician” and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, RU Bologna), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
- Advanced Applications in Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (CIRI MAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michelina Soccio
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Sabrina Valente
- Anaestesiological and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Nadia Lotti
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Andrea Munari
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Materials Engineering (DICAM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Gianandrea Pasquinelli
- Clinical Department of Radiological and Histocytomorphological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Letizia Focarete
- Department of Chemistry “G Ciamician” and National Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM, RU Bologna), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|