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Tomiak F, Zitzmann M, Drummer D. A Multi-Material Flame-Retarding System Based on Expandable Graphite for Glass-Fiber-Reinforced PA6. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4100. [PMID: 37896344 PMCID: PMC10610593 DOI: 10.3390/polym15204100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A synergistic multi-material flame retardant system based on expandable graphite (EG), aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPi), melamine polyphosphate (MPP), and montmorillonite (MMT) has been studied in glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6). Analytical evaluations and fire performances were evaluated using coupled thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as cone calorimetry, UL-94 fire testing, and limiting oxygen index (LOI). A combination of EG/AlPi/MPP/MMT has been shown to provide superior flame-retarding properties when integrated at 20 wt.% into glass-fiber-reinforced PA6 (25 wt.%), achieving UL-94 V0 classification and an oxygen index of 32%. Strong residue formation resulted in low heat development overall, with a peak heat release rate (pHRR) of 103 kW/m2, a maximum of average heat release rate (MAHRE) of 33 kW/m2, and deficient total smoke production (TSP) of 3.8 m2. Particularly remarkable was the structural stability of the char residue. The char residue could easily withstand an areal weight of 35 g/cm2, showing no visible deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürmberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
| | - Melanie Zitzmann
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürmberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürmberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (M.Z.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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2
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Tomiak F, Drummer D. The Impact of β-Radiation Crosslinking on Flammability Properties of PA6 Modified by Commercially Available Flame-Retardant Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153168. [PMID: 35956684 PMCID: PMC9371137 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A comparative study was conducted investigating the influence of β-radiation crosslinking (β-RC) on the fire behavior of flame retardant-modified polyamide 6 (PA6). In order to provide a comprehensive overview, a variety of commercially available flame-retardant additives were investigated, exhibiting different flame retarding actions such as delusion, char formation, intumescence and flame poisoning. This study focused on the identification of differences in the influence of β-RC on fire behavior. Coupled thermal gravimetrical analysis (TGA) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to conduct changes within the decomposition processes. Dynamic thermal analysis (DTA) was used to identify structural stability limits and fire testing was conducted using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), vertical UL-94 and cone calorimeter testing. Crosslinking was found to substantially change the fire behavior observed, whereas the observed phenomena were exclusively physical for the given formulations studied: warpage, char residue destruction and anti-dripping. Despite these phenomena being observed for all β-RC formulations, the impact on fire resistivity properties were found to be very different. However, the overall fire protection properties measured in UL-94 fire tests were found to deteriorate for β-RC formulations. Only β-RC formulations based on PA6/EG were found to achieve a UL-94 V0 classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany;
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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3
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Li Y, Qi L, Liu Y, Qiao J, Wang M, Liu X, Li S. Recent Advances in Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polyolefin Cable Sheath Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142876. [PMID: 35890652 PMCID: PMC9322620 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the continuous advancements of urbanization, the demand for power cables is increasing to replace overhead lines for energy transmission and distribution. Due to undesirable scenarios, e.g., the short circuit or poor contact, the cables can cause fire. The cable sheath has a significant effect on fire expansion. Thus, it is of great significance to carry out research on flame-retardant modification for cable sheath material to prevent fire accidents. With the continuous environmental concern, polyolefin (PO) is expected to gradually replace polyvinyl chloride (PVC) for cable sheath material. Moreover, the halogen-free flame retardants (FRs), which are the focus of this paper, will replace the ones with halogen gradually. The halogen-free FRs used in PO cable sheath material can be divided into inorganic flame retardant, organic flame retardant, and intumescent flame retardant (IFR). However, most FRs will cause severe damage to the mechanical properties of the PO cable sheath material, mainly reflected in the elongation at break and tensile strength. Therefore, the cooperative modification of PO materials for flame retardancy and mechanical properties has become a research hotspot. For this review, about 240 works from the literature related to FRs used in PO materials were investigated. It is shown that the simultaneous improvement for flame retardancy and mechanical properties mainly focuses on surface treatment technology, nanotechnology, and the cooperative effect of multiple FRs. The principle is mainly to improve the compatibility of FRs with PO polymers and/or increase the efficiency of FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Leijie Qi
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yifan Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Junjie Qiao
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Maotao Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xinyue Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China; (L.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Q.); (M.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Shasha Li
- State Grid Hebei Baoding Electric Power Company Limited, Baoding 071051, China;
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Tomiak F, Schneider K, Schoeffel A, Rathberger K, Drummer D. Expandable Graphite as a Multifunctional Flame-Retarding Additive for Highly Filled Thermal Conductive Polymer Formulations. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14081613. [PMID: 35458364 PMCID: PMC9031968 DOI: 10.3390/polym14081613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Expandable graphite (EG) and graphite (G) were assessed as multifunctional additives improving both flame retardancy and thermal conductivity in highly filled, thermal conductive polymeric materials based on polyamide 6 (PA6). Fire testing was conducted using modern UL-94, LOI and cone calorimeter test setups. It is demonstrated that thermal conductivity can significantly influence the time to ignition, although offering little fire resistance once ignited even in highly filled systems. Thus, for PA6 formulations containing solely 70 wt.% G, the peak heat release rate (pHRR) measured in cone calorimeter tests was 193 kW/m², whereas PA6 formulations containing 20 wt.% EG/50 wt.% G did not exhibit a measurable heat development. Particular attention was paid to effect separation between thermal conductivity and residue formation. Good thermal conductivity properties are proven to be particularly effective in test scenarios where the heat impact is comparatively low and the testing environment provides good heat dissipation and convective cooling possibilities. For candle-like ignition scenarios (e.g., LOI), filling levels of >50 wt.% (G or EG/G) are shown to be sufficient to suppress ignition exclusively by thermal conductivity. V0 classifications in UL-94 vertical burning tests were achieved for PA6 formulations containing ≥70 wt.% G, ≥25 wt.% EG and ≥20 wt.% EG/25 wt.% G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tomiak
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Kevin Schneider
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
| | - Angelina Schoeffel
- Georg H. Luh GmbH, Schoene Aussicht 39, 65396 Walluf, Germany; (A.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Klaus Rathberger
- Georg H. Luh GmbH, Schoene Aussicht 39, 65396 Walluf, Germany; (A.S.); (K.R.)
| | - Dietmar Drummer
- Institute of Polymer Technology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Am Weichselgarten 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (K.S.); (D.D.)
- Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Dr. Mack Strasse 77, 90762 Fuerth, Germany
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5
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Expandable Graphite, Aluminum Diethylphospinate and Melamine Polyphosphate as Flame Retarding System in Glass Fiber-Reinforced PA6. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061263. [PMID: 35335591 PMCID: PMC8951083 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A flame retardant system based on expandable graphite (EG), aluminum diethylphosphinate (AlPI) and melamine polyphosphate (MPP) was investigated in glass fiber- (GF) reinforced polyamide 6 (PA6). Burning characteristics were evaluated via cone calorimeter, limiting oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 tests. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and coupled Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to investigate the decomposition process as well as flame retardant modes of actions. Specifically, in the cone calorimeter tests, formulations containing EG showed excellent flame retardant properties for non-reinforced and reinforced PA6. The best performance was achieved for 25 wt.% glass fiber-reinforced PA6 containing solely 20 wt.% EG, corresponding to a measured pHRR of 134 kW/m2 and a total smoke production of 1.2 m2. Higher glass fiber contents of 45 wt.% (30 vol.%) revealed a lower char volume, which was attributed to both the limited space available for expansion and the sheer-induced reduction in particle size during processing. All of the reinforced PA6 formulations only achieved V2 classifications, but this was at low filling degrees (10 wt.%) for both net EG or EG/AlPi/MPP combinations. For GF-reinforced PA6 containing EG/AlPi/MPP mixtures, a synergistic effect was found to improve the oxygen index up to 30.6%.
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Expandable Graphite for Flame Retardant PA6 Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162733. [PMID: 34451272 PMCID: PMC8400737 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A new expandable graphite (EG) type was studied as a flame retardant additive in Polyamide 6 (PA6). The fire behavior was characterized by a cone calorimeter using external heat fluxes of 35, 50 and 65 kW/m2, limiting the oxygen index (LOI) and UL-94 burning tests. Additionally, electric and thermal conductivity as well as rheological properties were characterized to provide a general property overview. Fire tests were conducted using dry and humid conditioned samples. Cone Calorimeter tests showed a minimum filling degree of 15 wt.% (8.6 vol.%) EG was required to achieve a significant fire inhibiting effect in PA6 independent of the sample condition. UL-94 fire tests show a V0 classification at filling degrees greater than 20 wt.% (humid) and 25 wt.% (dry), although the associated LOI values of 39% and 38% demonstrate good flammability inhibition. Correlation analyses were conducted to identify major influences given by the sample condition for most important key figures measured in cone calorimeter tests. Accordingly, humid-conditioned samples containing between 2.5 (PA6 + 25 wt.% EG) and 4.2 wt.% (PA6) water were found to reduce the total heat evolved (THE) on average by 16% and the total smoke production (TSP) on average by 22%.
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7
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A Synergistic Flame Retardant System Based on Expandable Graphite, Aluminum (Diethyl-)Polyphospinate and Melamine Polyphosphate for Polyamide 6. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162712. [PMID: 34451250 PMCID: PMC8400679 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Expandable graphite (EG), aluminum (diethyl)polyphosphinate (AlPi) and melamine polyphophate (MPP) was used as flame retardant multi-material additive in a polyamide 6 (PA6) matrix. Flame inhabitation performances were conducted by cone calorimeter, LOI and UL-94 tests, synergisms identified analyzed by TGA-FTIR and TGA-GC/MS and effects found were comprehensively discussed. SEM images were used for char residue characterization. For PA6 containing 20 wt.% EG and 5 wt.% AlPi/MPP (3:2), a well working synergism in limiting oxygen indices could be identified exhibiting the highest oxygen index (OI) measured: 46%. The study shows that the synergism due to the partial substitution of EG by AlPi/MPP can be attributed to two effects: (1) When PA6/AlPi/MPP mixtures decompose predominantly CO2 evaporates in early decomposition stages. CO2 evaporations was found to be sensitive to the heating rate applied, whereas specifically high heating rates increased the CO2 yield measured. (2) Solid decomposition products of AlPi/MPP act as "glue" between expanded graphite and thus increase the mechanical residue stability.
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8
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Santos LP, da Silva DS, Morari TH, Galembeck F. Environmentally Friendly, High-Performance Fire Retardant Made from Cellulose and Graphite. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2400. [PMID: 34372003 PMCID: PMC8348208 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many materials and additives perform well as fire retardants and suppressants, but there is an ever-growing list of unfulfilled demands requiring new developments. This work explores the outstanding dispersant and adhesive performances of cellulose to create a new effective fire-retardant: exfoliated and reassembled graphite (ERG). This is a new 2D polyfunctional material formed by drying aqueous dispersions of graphite and cellulose on wood, canvas, and other lignocellulosic materials, thus producing adherent layers that reduce the damage caused by a flame to the substrates. Visual observation, thermal images and surface temperature measurements reveal fast heat transfer away from the flamed spots, suppressing flare formation. Pinewood coated with ERG underwent standard flame resistance tests in an accredited laboratory, reaching the highest possible class for combustible substrates. The fire-retardant performance of ERG derives from its thermal stability in air and from its ability to transfer heat to the environment, by conduction and radiation. This new material may thus lead a new class of flame-retardant coatings based on a hitherto unexplored mechanism for fire retardation and showing several technical advantages: the precursor dispersions are water-based, the raw materials used are commodities, and the production process can be performed on commonly used equipment with minimal waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandra P. Santos
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia Ltda., Campinas 13080-661, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (T.H.M.)
| | - Douglas S. da Silva
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
| | - Thais H. Morari
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia Ltda., Campinas 13080-661, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (T.H.M.)
| | - Fernando Galembeck
- Galembetech Consultores e Tecnologia Ltda., Campinas 13080-661, Brazil; (L.P.S.); (T.H.M.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, Campinas 13083-970, Brazil;
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9
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Li R, Wang N, Bai Z, Chen S, Guo J, Chen X. Microstructure design of polypropylene/expandable graphite flame retardant composites toughened by the polyolefin elastomer for enhancing its mechanical properties. RSC Adv 2021; 11:6022-6034. [PMID: 35423165 PMCID: PMC8694853 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09978c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The enhanced toughness of flame-retardant polymer composites is still a big challenge due to the deterioration of their mechanical properties. In this work, polypropylene (PP)/nanohybrid expandable graphite (nEG) flame-retardant composites toughened by octene-ethylene copolymer (POE) were fabricated for obtaining good mechanical properties and flame retardancy. The structure, rheological and crystallization behaviors, morphology, flame retardancy, and mechanical property of PP/nEG/POE composites with different contents of POE were investigated. Results show that the elongation at break and impact strength of PP composites were significantly improved due to the incorporation of POE. The elongation at break and notched impact strength of toughened PP composites with only 20% POE were increased to 521.6% and 22.9 kJ m-2 from 16.1% and 9.3 kJ m-2 for untoughened PP composites, respectively. The scanning electron micrography (SEM) images showed that POE droplets were dispersed finely and uniformly in the PP matrix, exhibiting a typical two-phase structure. Additionally, the interfacial adhesion between the matrix and inorganic particles was enhanced due to the addition of POE. The rheological behaviors of PP composites showed improved elasticity and longer relaxation times, and a stress-yield behavior appeared with the addition of POE. The interfacial interaction in PP composites was enhanced and the formation of an interparticle network was further proved. Additionally, the toughened PP/nEG20 composites with different contents of POE exhibited excellent flame retardancy. Therefore, the toughened flame-retardant PP composites should possess a wider range of application potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilong Li
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China .,Coal Chemical Industry Technology Research Institute, Ningxia Coal Industry Co. Ltd, China Energy Group Yinchuan 750411 China
| | - Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Zhuyu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Shaopeng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Jianbing Guo
- Sichuan Jiahe Copoly Technology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610015 China.,National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University Chengdu 610031 China .,Sichuan Jiahe Copoly Technology Co., Ltd. Chengdu 610015 China
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10
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The Flame Retardancy of Polyethylene Composites: From Fundamental Concepts to Nanocomposites. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25215157. [PMID: 33167598 PMCID: PMC7664228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25215157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) is one the most used plastics worldwide for a wide range of applications due to its good mechanical and chemical resistance, low density, cost efficiency, ease of processability, non-reactivity, low toxicity, good electric insulation, and good functionality. However, its high flammability and rapid flame spread pose dangers for certain applications. Therefore, different flame-retardant (FR) additives are incorporated into PE to increase its flame retardancy. In this review article, research papers from the past 10 years on the flame retardancy of PE systems are comprehensively reviewed and classified based on the additive sources. The FR additives are classified in well-known FR families, including phosphorous, melamine, nitrogen, inorganic hydroxides, boron, and silicon. The mechanism of fire retardance in each family is pinpointed. In addition to the efficiency of each FR in increasing the flame retardancy, its impact on the mechanical properties of the PE system is also discussed. Most of the FRs can decrease the heat release rate (HRR) of the PE products and simultaneously maintains the mechanical properties in appropriate ratios. Based on the literature, inorganic hydroxide seems to be used more in PE systems compared to other families. Finally, the role of nanotechnology for more efficient FR-PE systems is discussed and recommendations are given on implementing strategies that could help incorporate flame retardancy in the circular economy model.
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11
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Li J, Meng W, Wu W, Zhou Z, Zhang W, Song P, Xu J, Qu H. Nickel ammonium phosphate and reduced graphene oxide
two‐dimensional
hybrid material for improving the fire safety and mechanical properties of
poly(vinyl chloride). POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahe Li
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Weihua Meng
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Weihong Wu
- College of Science Hebei Agricultural University Baoding China
| | - Zhaoxi Zhou
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials University of Southern Queensland Toowoomba QLD Australia
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
| | - Hongqiang Qu
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Research Center of Hebei Province, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science Hebei University Baoding China
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12
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Shi M, Yang W, Zhang Y, Tan J, Cheng L, Jiao Z, Zhen X. Mechanical and dielectric properties and crystalline behavior of multilayer graphite‐filled polyethylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meinong Shi
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Youchen Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Tan
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Lisheng Cheng
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangshi Zhen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical EngineeringBeijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 People's Republic of China
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13
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Influence of Organoclay on the Flame Retardancy and Thermal Insulation Property of Expandable Graphite/Polyurethane Foam. J CHEM-NY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/4794106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) filled with organoclay cloisite 20A and expandable graphite (EG) were prepared by the one-step expanding foam method. Flame behavior, mechanical properties, and thermal conductivity of the composites were investigated. The vertical burning test (UL-94V) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) showed that the flame retardancy was increased proportionally with the content of EG in PU composite. However, the presence of EG filler impaired the thermal insulation and the compressive strength of the composite. In this report, we proved that organoclay could improve the compressive strength, thermal insulation, and flame retardancy of EG/polyurethane composites. This work can contribute to the development of environment-friendly flame-retardant products for green growth.
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14
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Huang J, Tang Q, Liao W, Wang G, Wei W, Li C. Green Preparation of Expandable Graphite and Its Application in Flame-Resistance Polymer Elastomer. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b04860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jindu Huang
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Qianqiu Tang
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Weibin Liao
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Gengchao Wang
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Xinghua Rubber Belt Co., Ltd., Haian, Jiangsu 226600, P. R. China
| | - Chunzhong Li
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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15
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Savini G, Oréfice RL. Toughening high density polyethylene submitted to extreme ambient temperatures. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-017-1243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Pang XY, Tian Y, Shi XZ. Synergism between hydrotalcite and silicate-modified expandable graphite on ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer combustion behavior. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Yan Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Tian
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Zhu Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, The Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province, Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province; Hebei University; Baoding 071002 People's Republic of China
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17
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Huang J, Liang M, Feng C, Liu H. Synergistic effects of 4A zeolite on the flame-retardant properties and thermal stability of an efficient halogen-free flame-retardant EVA composite. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Huang
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering; Shunde Polytechnic; Foshan China 528333
| | - Minyi Liang
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering; Shunde Polytechnic; Foshan China 528333
| | - Caimin Feng
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering; Shunde Polytechnic; Foshan China 528333
| | - Hongbo Liu
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering; Shunde Polytechnic; Foshan China 528333
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18
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Tang M, Chen M, Xu Y, Chen X, Sun Z, Zhang Z. Combustion characteristics and synergistic effects of red phosphorus masterbatch with expandable graphite in the flame retardant HDPE/EVA composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Man Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | | | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Zhidan Sun
- School of Life Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
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19
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Tang M, Qi F, Chen M, Sun Z, Xu Y, Chen X, Zhang Z, Shen R. Synergistic effects of ammonium polyphosphate and red phosphorus with expandable graphite on flammability and thermal properties of HDPE/EVA blends. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Fei Qi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Man Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Zhidan Sun
- School of Life Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Yang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Xiaolang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Zhibin Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
| | - Ru Shen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering; Southwest Jiaotong University; Chengdu 610031 China
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20
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Mochane M, Luyt A. The effect of expanded graphite on the thermal stability, latent heat, and flammability properties of EVA/wax phase change blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Mochane
- Department of Chemistry; University of the Free State (Qwaqwa Campus); Phuthaditjhaba South Africa
| | - A.S. Luyt
- Department of Chemistry; University of the Free State (Qwaqwa Campus); Phuthaditjhaba South Africa
- Center for Advanced Materials; Qatar University; Doha Qatar
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21
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Mhike W, Ferreira IVW, Li J, Stoliarov SI, Focke WW. Flame retarding effect of graphite in rotationally molded polyethylene/graphite composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Washington Mhike
- Institute for Applied Materials; Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield Pretoria 0028 South Africa
| | - Ignatius V. W. Ferreira
- Institute for Applied Materials; Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield Pretoria 0028 South Africa
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Fire Protection Engineering; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland 20742
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland 20742
| | - Stanislav I. Stoliarov
- Department of Fire Protection Engineering; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland 20742
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; University of Maryland; College Park Maryland 20742
| | - Walter W. Focke
- Institute for Applied Materials; Department of Chemical Engineering; University of Pretoria; Private Bag X20 Hatfield Pretoria 0028 South Africa
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