1
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Palmieri B, Cilento F, Amendola E, Valente T, Dello Iacono S, Giordano M, Martone A. Influence of Catalyst Content and Epoxy/Carboxylate Ratio on Isothermal Creep of Epoxy Vitrimers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3845. [PMID: 37765699 PMCID: PMC10535981 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present work, a commercial epoxy based on epoxy anhydride and tertiary amine was modified by a metallic catalyst (Zn2+) to induce vitrimeric behavior by promoting the transesterification reaction. The effect of two different epoxy/acid ratios (1 and 0.6) at two different zinc acetate amounts (Zn(Ac)2) on the thermomechanical and viscoelastic performances of the epoxy vitrimers were investigated. Creep experiments showed an increase in molecular mobility above the critical "Vitrimeric" temperature (Tv) of 170 °C proportionally to the amount of Zn(Ac)2. A procedure based on Burger's model was set up to investigate the effect of catalyst content on the vitrimer ability to flow as the effect of the dynamic exchange reaction. The analysis showed that in the case of a balanced epoxy/acid formulation, the amount of catalyst needed for promoting molecular mobility is 5%. This system showed a value of elastic modulus and dynamic viscosity at 170 °C of 9.50 MPa and 2.23 GPas, respectively. The material was easily thermoformed in compression molding, paving the way for the recyclability and weldability of the thermoset system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Palmieri
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Fabrizia Cilento
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Eugenio Amendola
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Teodoro Valente
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy;
| | - Stefania Dello Iacono
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Michele Giordano
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Alfonso Martone
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (F.C.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
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2
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Palmieri B, Cilento F, Amendola E, Valente T, Dello Iacono S, Giordano M, Martone A. An Investigation of the Healing Efficiency of Epoxy Vitrimer Composites Based on Zn 2+ Catalyst. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3611. [PMID: 37688237 PMCID: PMC10489754 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The need to recycle carbon-fibre-reinforced composite polymers (CFRP) has grown significantly to reduce the environmental impact generated by their production. To meet this need, thermoreversible epoxy matrices have been developed in recent years. This study investigates the performance of an epoxy vitrimer made by introducing a metal catalyst (Zn2+) and its carbon fibre composites, focusing on the healing capability of the system. The dynamic crosslinking networks endow vitrimers with interesting rheological behaviour; the capability of the formulated resin (AV-5) has been assessed by creep tests. The analysis showed increased molecular mobility above a topology freezing temperature (Tv). However, the reinforcement phase inhibits the flow capability, reducing the flow. The fracture behaviour of CFRP made with the vitrimeric resin has been investigated by Mode I and Mode II tests and compared with the conventional system. The repairability of the vitrimeric CFRP has been investigated by attempting to recover the delaminated samples, which yielded unsatisfactory results. Moreover, the healing efficiency of the modified epoxy composites has been assessed using the vitrimer as an adhesive layer. The joints were able to recover about 84% of the lap shear strength of the pristine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Palmieri
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Fabrizia Cilento
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Eugenio Amendola
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Teodoro Valente
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
- Agenzia Spaziale Italiana (ASI), Via del Politecnico snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Stefania Dello Iacono
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Michele Giordano
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
| | - Alfonso Martone
- Institute of Polymers, Composite and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council of Italy, 80055 Portici, Italy; (B.P.); (T.V.); (S.D.I.); (M.G.); (A.M.)
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3
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Buketov A, Sapronov O, Klevtsov K, Kim B. Functional Polymer Nanocomposites with Increased Anticorrosion Properties and Wear Resistance for Water Transport. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3449. [PMID: 37631509 PMCID: PMC10458151 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Corrosive destruction and hydroabrasive wear is a serious problem in the operation of machine parts and water transport mechanisms. It is promising to develop new composite materials with improved properties to increase the reliability of transport vehicles. In this regard, the use of new polymer-based materials, which are characterized by improved anticorrosion properties and wear resistance, is promising. In this work, therefore, for the formation of multifunctional protective coatings, epoxy dian oligomer brand ED-20, polyethylene polyamine (PEPA) hardener, a mixture of nanodispersed compounds with a dispersion of 30-90 nm, fillers Agocel S-2000 and Waltrop with a dispersion of 8-12 μm, and particles of iron slag with a dispersion of 60-63 μm are used for the formation of multifunctional protective coatings. Using the method of mathematically planning the experiment, the content of additives of different physico-chemical natures in the epoxy binder is optimized to obtain fireproof coatings with improved operational characteristics. A mathematical model is developed for optimizing the content of components in the formation of protective anticorrosion and wear-resistant coatings for means of transport as a result of the complex effect of a mixture of nanodispersed compounds, iron scale, and Waltrop. Based on the mathematical planning of the experiment, new regularities of increasing the corrosion resistance and resources of the means of transport are established through the formation of four different protective coatings, which are tested for resistance to aggressive environments (technical water-CAS No. 7732-18-5, gasoline-CAS No. 64742-82-1, acetone-CAS No. 67-64-1, I-20A lubricant-CAS No. 64742-62-7, sodium solutions-CAS No. 1310-73-2, and sulfuric acid-CAS No. 7664-93-9) and hydroabrasive wear resistances. A study of the change in the permeability index in aggressive environments is additionally carried out, taking into account the rational ratio of dispersive fillers in the epoxy binder, which made it possible to create an effective barrier to the penetration of aggressive water molecules into the base. A decrease in the permeability of protective coatings by 2.0-3.3 times relative to the epoxy matrix is achieved. In addition, the wear resistance of the developed materials under the action of hydroabrasion is investigated. The relative resistance of the CM to the action of hydroabrasion was found by the method of materials and coatings testing on the gas-abrasive wear with a centrifugal accelerator. This method enables one to model the real process of the wear of mechanism parts under the hydroabrasive action. It is shown that the coefficient of the wear resistance of the developed materials is 1.3 times higher than that of the polymer matrix, which indicates the resistance of the composites to the influence of hydroabrasive environment. As a result, modified epoxy composite protective coatings with improved anticorrosion properties and wear resistance under hydroabrasive conditions are developed. It is established that the protective coating filled with particles of a mixture of nanodispersed compounds (30-90 nm), iron scale (60-63 μm), and Waltrop (8-12 μm) has the lowest permeability indicators. The permeability in natural conditions of such a coating during the time t = 300 days of the study is χ = 0.5%, which is 3.6 times less than the similar indicators of the epoxy matrix. It is substantiated that the protective coating filled with particles of a mixture of nanodispersed compounds (30-90 nm), iron scale (60-63 μm), and Agocel S-2000 (8-12 μm) is characterized by the highest indicators of wear resistance. The coefficient of wear resistance under the action of hydroabrasion of such a coating is K = 1.75, which is 1.3 times higher than the similar indicators of the original epoxy matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andriy Buketov
- Department of Transport Technologies and Mechanical Engineering, Kherson State Maritime Academy, Ushakova Avenue, 20, 73003 Kherson, Ukraine; (A.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Oleksandr Sapronov
- Department of Transport Technologies and Mechanical Engineering, Kherson State Maritime Academy, Ushakova Avenue, 20, 73003 Kherson, Ukraine; (A.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Kostyantyn Klevtsov
- Department of Transport Technologies and Mechanical Engineering, Kherson State Maritime Academy, Ushakova Avenue, 20, 73003 Kherson, Ukraine; (A.B.); (K.K.)
| | - Boksun Kim
- School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK;
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von Vacano B, Mangold H, Vandermeulen GWM, Battagliarin G, Hofmann M, Bean J, Künkel A. Sustainable Design of Structural and Functional Polymers for a Circular Economy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202210823. [PMID: 36197763 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202210823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
To achieve a sustainable circular economy, polymer production must start transitioning to recycled and biobased feedstock and accomplish CO2 emission neutrality. This is not only true for structural polymers, such as in packaging or engineering applications, but also for functional polymers in liquid formulations, such as adhesives, lubricants, thickeners or dispersants. At their end of life, polymers must be either collected and recycled via a technical pathway, or be biodegradable if they are not collectable. Advances in polymer chemistry and applications, aided by computational material science, open the way to addressing these issues comprehensively by designing for recyclability and biodegradability. This Review explores how scientific progress, together with emerging regulatory frameworks, societal expectations and economic boundary conditions, paint pathways for the transformation towards a circular economy of polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hannah Mangold
- Group Research, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Guido W M Vandermeulen
- Functional Polymers R&D, Care Chemicals Division, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | | | | | - Jessica Bean
- Group Research, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Andreas Künkel
- Group Research, BASF SE, 67056, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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5
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Amendola E, Palmieri B, Dello Iacono S, Martone A. Thermally Mendable Self-Healing Epoxy Coating for Corrosion Protection in Marine Environments. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1775. [PMID: 36902890 PMCID: PMC10004549 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric coatings represent a well-established protection system that provides a barrier between a metallic substrate and the environment. The development of a smart organic coating for the protection of metallic structures in marine and offshore applications is a challenge. In the present study, we investigated the use of self-healing epoxy as an organic coating suitable for metallic substrates. The self-healing epoxy was obtained by mixing Diels-Alder (D-A) adducts with a commercial diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A (DGEBA) monomer. The resin recovery feature was assessed through morphological observation, spectroscopic analysis, and mechanical and nanoindentation tests. Barrier properties and anti-corrosion performance were evaluated through electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The film on a metallic substrate was scratched and subsequently repaired using proper thermal treatment. The morphological and structural analysis confirmed that the coating restored its pristine properties. In the EIS analysis, the repaired coating exhibited diffusive properties similar to the pristine material, with a diffusivity coefficient of 1.6 × 10-6 cm2/s (undamaged system 3.1 × 10-6 cm2/s), confirming the restoration of the polymeric structure. These results reveal that a good morphological and mechanical recovery was achieved, suggesting very promising applications in the field of corrosion-resistant protective coatings and adhesives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio Amendola
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council, P.le Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Barbara Palmieri
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council, P.le Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Stefania Dello Iacono
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council, P.le Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems (ISASI), National Research Council, Via P. Castellino 111, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alfonso Martone
- Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB), National Research Council, P.le Enrico Fermi 1, 80055 Portici, Italy
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6
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Marotta A, Salzano de Luna M, D'Avino A, Fornaro M, Filippone G, Ambrogi V. Mechanical properties and reprocessability of
Diels‐Alder
‐based reversible networks from furan‐modified resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Angela Marotta
- Department of Chemical, Materials, and Production Engineering (INSTM Consortium−UdR Naples) University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Martina Salzano de Luna
- Department of Chemical, Materials, and Production Engineering (INSTM Consortium−UdR Naples) University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Amalia D'Avino
- Department of Chemical, Materials, and Production Engineering (INSTM Consortium−UdR Naples) University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Mattia Fornaro
- Department of Chemical, Materials, and Production Engineering (INSTM Consortium−UdR Naples) University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Giovanni Filippone
- Department of Chemical, Materials, and Production Engineering (INSTM Consortium−UdR Naples) University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials, and Production Engineering (INSTM Consortium−UdR Naples) University of Naples Federico II Naples Italy
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8
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Wen N, Song T, Ji Z, Jiang D, Wu Z, Wang Y, Guo Z. Recent advancements in self-healing materials: Mechanicals, performances and features. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2021.105041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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9
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Self-healing epoxy networks based on cyclodextrin–adamantane host–guest interactions. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02790-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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10
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Zhang Y, Ye J, Qu D, Wang H, Chai C, Feng L. Thermo‐adjusted self‐healing epoxy resins based on
Diels–Alder
dynamic chemical reaction. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou China
| | - Jiaofeng Ye
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou China
| | - Dongan Qu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou China
| | - Haitao Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou China
| | - Changsheng Chai
- School of Bailie Mechanical Engineering, Lanzhou City University Lanzhou China
| | - Libang Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou China
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Puyadena M, Calafel I, González de San Román E, Martin L, González A, Irusta L. Recyclable Epoxy Resin via Simultaneous Dual Permanent/Reversible Crosslinking Based on Diels–Alder Chemistry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maddalen Puyadena
- POLYMAT, Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU P.O. Box 1072 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20080 Spain
| | - Itxaso Calafel
- POLYMAT, Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU P.O. Box 1072 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20080 Spain
| | | | - Loli Martin
- Macrobehaviour‐Mesostructure‐Nanotechnology SGIker Service, Faculty of Engineering University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Plaza Europa 1 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20018 Spain
| | - Alba González
- POLYMAT, Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU P.O. Box 1072 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20080 Spain
| | - Lourdes Irusta
- POLYMAT, Department of Polymers and Advanced Materials: Physics, Chemistry and Technology University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU P.O. Box 1072 Donostia‐San Sebastián 20080 Spain
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12
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Dorigato A, Mahmood H, Pegoretti A. Optimization of the thermal mending process in epoxy/cyclic olefin copolymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Dorigato
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento Trento Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) Florence Italy
| | - Haroon Mahmood
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento Trento Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) Florence Italy
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Department of Industrial Engineering University of Trento Trento Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM) Florence Italy
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13
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Wang D, Chen S, Zhao J, Zhang Z, Zhang J. Synthesis and properties of self‐healing cross‐linked nonisocyanate polyurethanes from biobased diglycerol bis(cyclic carbonate). POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ding‐wen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education; College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education; College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jing‐bo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education; College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Zhi‐yuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education; College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
| | - Jun‐ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education; College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing China
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14
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Kotrotsos A. An innovative synergy between solution electrospinning process technique and self‐healing of materials. A critical review. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Kotrotsos
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics University of Patras University Campus Patras Rion Greece
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15
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Pham HQ, Nguyen ADS, Nguyen LT, Truong TT, Doan TCD, Huynh KPH, Nguyen HT, Nguyen LTT. A reversible healable epoxy network containing dynamic weak covalent crosslinks. Polym Degrad Stab 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2020.109384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Konuray O, Fernández-Francos X, De la Flor S, Ramis X, Serra À. The Use of Click-Type Reactions in the Preparation of Thermosets. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1084. [PMID: 32397509 PMCID: PMC7285069 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Click chemistry has emerged as an effective polymerization method to obtain thermosets with enhanced properties for advanced applications. In this article, commonly used click reactions have been reviewed, highlighting their advantages in obtaining homogeneous polymer networks. The basic concepts necessary to understand network formation via click reactions, together with their main characteristics, are explained comprehensively. Some of the advanced applications of thermosets obtained by this methodology are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Konuray
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Xavier Fernández-Francos
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Silvia De la Flor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Xavier Ramis
- Thermodynamics Laboratory, ETSEIB Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (O.K.); (X.F.-F.); (X.R.)
| | - Àngels Serra
- Department of Analytical and Organic Chemistry, University Rovira i Virgili, c/ Marcel·lí Domingo 1, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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17
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Investigations on the replacement of bismaleimide by the bio-based bisitaconimide for recyclable thermoset composites based on thermo-reversible Diels-Alder cross-links. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Self-healing high-performance thermosets utilizing the furan/maleimide Diels-Alder and amine/maleimide Michael reactions. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-019-1986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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19
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Post W, Susa A, Blaauw R, Molenveld K, Knoop RJI. A Review on the Potential and Limitations of Recyclable Thermosets for Structural Applications. POLYM REV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2019.1673406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Post
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arijana Susa
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf Blaauw
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karin Molenveld
- Wageningen Food and Biobased Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaworski C. Capricho
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Bronwyn Fox
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
| | - Nishar Hameed
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC, Australia
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21
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Shabani P, Shokrieh MM, Zibaei I. Effect of the conversion degree and multiple healing on the healing efficiency of a thermally reversible self‐healing polymer. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Shabani
- Composite Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, School of Mechanical EngineeringIran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846‐13114 Iran
| | - Mahmood M. Shokrieh
- Composite Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, School of Mechanical EngineeringIran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846‐13114 Iran
| | - Iman Zibaei
- Composite Research Laboratory, Center of Excellence in Experimental Solid Mechanics and Dynamics, School of Mechanical EngineeringIran University of Science and Technology Tehran 16846‐13114 Iran
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22
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Feng L, Zhao H, He X, Zhao Y, Gou L, Wang Y. Synthesis and self‐healing behavior of thermoreversible epoxy resins modified with nitrile butadiene rubber. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Libang Feng
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringLanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Hanwen Zhao
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringLanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Xia He
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringLanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Yanhua Zhao
- School of Civil EngineeringLanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Liuxiaohui Gou
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringLanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 China
| | - Yanping Wang
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringLanzhou Jiaotong University Lanzhou 730070 China
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23
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Fortunato G, Anghileri L, Griffini G, Turri S. Simultaneous Recovery of Matrix and Fiber in Carbon Reinforced Composites through a Diels-Alder Solvolysis Process. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1007. [PMID: 31174331 PMCID: PMC6631297 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient and comprehensive recycling of fiber-reinforced thermosets is particularly challenging, since the irreversible degradation of the matrix component is necessary in order to separate the fiber component in high purity. In this work, a new approach to fully recyclable thermoset composites is presented, based on the thermal reversibility of an epoxy-based polymer network, crosslinked through Diels-Alder (DA) chemistry. Carbon fiber composites, fabricated by compression molding, were efficiently recycled through a simple solvolysis procedure in common solvents, under mild conditions, with no catalysts. Specifically, the purity of reclaimed fibers, assessed by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy, was very high (>95%) and allowed successful reprocessing into second generation composites. Moreover, the dissolved matrix residues were directly employed to prepare smart, thermally healable coatings. Overall, DA chemistry has been shown to provide a convenient strategy towards circular economy of thermoset composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Fortunato
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luca Anghileri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Gianmarco Griffini
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Stefano Turri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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24
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Mai VD, Shin SR, Lee DS, Kang I. Thermal Healing, Reshaping and Ecofriendly Recycling of Epoxy Resin Crosslinked with Schiff Base of Vanillin and Hexane-1,6-Diamine. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11020293. [PMID: 30960277 PMCID: PMC6419216 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A bio-derived dihydroxylimine hardener, Van2HMDA, for the curing of epoxy resin was prepared from vanillin (Van) and hexamethylene-1,6-diamine (HMDA) by Schiff base formation. The epoxy resin of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A was cured with Van2HMDA in the presence of the catalyst, 2-ethyl-4-methylimidazole (EMI). The crosslinked epoxy resin showed thermal-healing properties at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the crosslinked epoxy resin can be reshaped by heating via imine metathesis of the hardener units. The imine metathesis of Van2HMDA was confirmed experimentally. Stress-relaxation properties of the epoxy resin crosslinked with Van2HMDA were investigated, and the activation energy obtained from Arrhenius plots of the relaxation times was 44 kJ/mol. The imine bonds in the epoxy polymer matrix did not undergo hydrolysis after immersing in water at room temperature for one week. However, in the presence of acid, the crosslinked polymer was easily decomposed due to the hydrolysis of imine bonds. The hydrolysis of imine bonds was used for the ecofriendly recycling of crosslinked polymer. It is inferred that thermal-healing, reshaping, and reprocessing properties can be implemented in the various crosslinked epoxy resins with the bio-derived dihydroxylimine hardener, albeit the recycled epoxy resin is of inevitably lower quality than the original material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Dung Mai
- Division of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Baekjedaero 567, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Chonbuk 54896, Korea.
| | - Se-Ra Shin
- Division of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Baekjedaero 567, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Chonbuk 54896, Korea.
| | - Dai-Soo Lee
- Division of Semiconductor and Chemical Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Baekjedaero 567, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Chonbuk 54896, Korea.
| | - Ilho Kang
- Research Center, NEPES AMC, 99 Seokam-ro, Iksan, Chonbuk 54587, Korea.
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25
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Karami Z, Zohuriaan-Mehr MJ, Rostami A. Biobased Diels-Alder Engineered Network from Furfuryl Alcohol and Epoxy Resin: Preparation and Mechano-Physical Characteristics. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Karami
- Adhesive and Resin Department; Polymer Processing Faculty; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, (IPPI), P.O. Box 14965-115; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Jalal Zohuriaan-Mehr
- Adhesive and Resin Department; Polymer Processing Faculty; Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, (IPPI), P.O. Box 14965-115; Tehran Iran
- Biobased Monomers and Polymers Division (BIOBASED Division); Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute (IPPI), P.O. Box 14965-115; Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Rostami
- UoN Chair of Oman's Medicinal Plants & Marine Natural Products; University of Nizwa; 616, Birkat Al-Mouz Nizwa Sultanate of Oman
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