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He H, Li L, Liu H, Luo B, Li Z, Tian W. The Effects of a Crosslinking Agent on the Microrheological Properties and Cellular Structure of Silicone Rubber Foam Prepared via a Green Process. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:707. [PMID: 38591606 PMCID: PMC10856475 DOI: 10.3390/ma17030707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Chemical foaming technology is widely used in the preparation of silicone rubber foam and is attributable to its one-step molding capability and eco-friendly production processes. The microrheological properties of silicone rubber play a pivotal role during the foaming process. In this study, Rheolaser Lab (Formulaction, Toulouse, France) was used to conduct in situ examinations for the influence of a crosslinking agent on the microrheological properties of silicone rubber foam for the first time. This study monitors the entire reaction process of silicone rubber foam from liquid to solid, as well as the matching of crosslinking and foaming reactions. Various parameters, including solid-liquid balance, elasticity index, and macroscopic viscosity index, are measured to analyze the microrheological properties of silicone rubber foam. The results show that the silicone rubber foam exhibits good microrheological properties, thereby demonstrating excellent performance at a crosslinking agent content of 2%. Through adjusting the experimental conditions, a sustainable and efficient approach was proposed for better cellular structure control in the industrial preparation of silicone rubber foam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu He
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Lulu Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Hong Liu
- Guangdong Homeen Organic Silicon Material Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526072, China; (H.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Bin Luo
- Guangdong Homeen Organic Silicon Material Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing 526072, China; (H.L.); (B.L.)
| | - Zhipeng Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.H.); (L.L.)
| | - Wenhuai Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; (H.H.); (L.L.)
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2
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Rostami-Tapeh-Esmaeil E, Rodrigue D. Morphological, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Rubber Foams: A Review Based on Recent Investigations. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1934. [PMID: 36903049 PMCID: PMC10004622 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
During recent decades, rubber foams have found their way into several areas of the modern world because these materials have interesting properties such as high flexibility, elasticity, deformability (especially at low temperature), resistance to abrasion and energy absorption (damping properties). Therefore, they are widely used in automobiles, aeronautics, packaging, medicine, construction, etc. In general, the mechanical, physical and thermal properties are related to the foam's structural features, including porosity, cell size, cell shape and cell density. To control these morphological properties, several parameters related to the formulation and processing conditions are important, including foaming agents, matrix, nanofillers, temperature and pressure. In this review, the morphological, physical and mechanical properties of rubber foams are discussed and compared based on recent studies to present a basic overview of these materials depending on their final application. Openings for future developments are also presented.
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3
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Sánchez-Calderón I, Bernardo V, Cuadra-Rodríguez D, Martín-de-León J, Rodríguez-Pérez MÁ. Micronization as a solution for enhancing the thermal insulation of nanocellular poly(methyl-methacrylate) (PMMA). POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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4
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Wang M, Chen W, Luo S, Zhou Y, Lei Y, Liu T. Effects of
scCO
2
foaming process and post‐vulcanization method on cellular structure, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of
PMVQ
foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Wenyan Chen
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Shikai Luo
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Yuanlin Zhou
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Yajie Lei
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
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5
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Preparation of Novel Graphene/Silicone Rubber Nanocomposite Dielectric Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163273. [PMID: 36015533 PMCID: PMC9414497 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to obtain high dielectric silicone rubber (SR)-based nanocomposites, graphene (Gr) was added by ultrasonication and mechanical mixing for the preparation of a microporous structure. It was discovered that the Gr content and the expansion rate had a great impact on the cellular structure. Based on the effects of the Gr content and the expansion rate on the dielectric property, hybrid materials were prepared and better properties appeared, as expected. For all samples, the dielectric constant increased with the Gr content until 3 wt% and then decreased. When the Gr content was 3 wt% and the expansion rate was 2, the dielectric constant reached 18.14 (1 kHz), which was 55% higher than that of the non-expansion sample (11.74) and several times that of the pure sample (3~6). Meanwhile, the dielectric loss was less than 0.01. This work proposed a method for producing high dielectric materials with important applications in the field of capacitors, sensors, and micro-resistors.
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6
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Rupasinghe B, Furgal JC. Degradation of silicone‐based materials as a driving force for recyclability. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Buddhima Rupasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH USA
| | - Joseph C Furgal
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Photochemical Sciences Bowling Green State University Bowling Green OH USA
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7
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Effect of Vulcanization and CO 2 Plasticization on Cell Morphology of Silicone Rubber in Temperature Rise Foaming Process. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13193384. [PMID: 34641199 PMCID: PMC8512402 DOI: 10.3390/polym13193384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Both vulcanization reaction and CO2 plasticization play key roles in the temperature rise foaming process of silicone rubber. The chosen methyl-vinyl silicone rubber system with a pre-vulcanization degree of 36% had proper crosslinked networks, which not only could ensure enough polymer matrix strength to avoid bubble rupture but also had enough dissolved CO2 content in silicone rubber for induced bubble nucleation. The CO2 diffusion and further vulcanization reaction occur simultaneously in the CO2 plasticized polymer during bubble nucleation and growth. The dissolved CO2 in the pre-vulcanized silicone rubber caused a temperature delay to start while accelerating further vulcanization reactions, but the lower viscoelasticity caused by either CO2 plasticization or fewer crosslinking networks was still the dominating factor for larger cell formation. There was a sudden increase in elastic modulus and complex viscosity for pre-vulcanized silicone rubbers at higher temperature because of the occurrence of further vulcanization, but CO2 plasticization reduced the scope of change of rheological properties, and the loss factor was close to 1 around 170 °C, which is corresponding to the optimum foaming temperature. The foamed silicone rubber had a higher cell density and smaller cell size at a higher temperature rising rate, which is due to higher CO2 supersaturation and faster vulcanization reaction. These results provide some insight into the coupling mode and effect of CO2 plasticization and vulcanization for regulating cell structure in foaming silicone rubber process.
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9
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Wen H, Wang M, Luo S, Zhou Y, Liu T. Aramid fiber reinforced
EPDM
microcellular foams: Influence of the aramid fiber content on rheological behavior, mechanical properties, thermal properties, and cellular structure. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huayin Wen
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Shikai Luo
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Yuanlin Zhou
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
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10
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Rostami-Tapeh-Esmaeil E, Vahidifar A, Esmizadeh E, Rodrigue D. Chemistry, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Rubber Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1565. [PMID: 34068238 PMCID: PMC8153173 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With the ever-increasing development in science and technology, as well as social awareness, more requirements are imposed on the production and property of all materials, especially polymeric foams. In particular, rubber foams, compared to thermoplastic foams in general, have higher flexibility, resistance to abrasion, energy absorption capabilities, strength-to-weight ratio and tensile strength leading to their widespread use in several applications such as thermal insulation, energy absorption, pressure sensors, absorbents, etc. To control the rubber foams microstructure leading to excellent physical and mechanical properties, two types of parameters play important roles. The first category is related to formulation including the rubber (type and grade), as well as the type and content of accelerators, fillers, and foaming agents. The second category is associated to processing parameters such as the processing method (injection, extrusion, compression, etc.), as well as different conditions related to foaming (temperature, pressure and number of stage) and curing (temperature, time and precuring time). This review presents the different parameters involved and discusses their effect on the morphological, physical, and mechanical properties of rubber foams. Although several studies have been published on rubber foams, very few papers reviewed the subject and compared the results available. In this review, the most recent works on rubber foams have been collected to provide a general overview on different types of rubber foams from their preparation to their final application. Detailed information on formulation, curing and foaming chemistry, production methods, morphology, properties, and applications is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Vahidifar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551761167, Iran;
| | - Elnaz Esmizadeh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551761167, Iran;
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
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11
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Wen H, Jia Y, Xiang B, Zhang W, Luo S, Liu T. A facile preparation of the superhydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane materials and its performances based on the supercritical fluid foaming. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huayin Wen
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Yalan Jia
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Bin Xiang
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Wenhuan Zhang
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
| | - Shikai Luo
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
- Material Science and Engineering College Southwest University of Science and Technology Mianyang China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Chemical Materials China Academy of Engineering Physics Mianyang China
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chul B. Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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13
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Tan Y, Yao J, Zhu H. Preparation of room temperature vulcanized silicone rubber foam/SiO2 nanocomposite and its fatigue buffering performance. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2020.1799713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tan
- School of Packaging Design & Art, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Jin Yao
- School of Packaging Design & Art, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
| | - Heping Zhu
- School of Packaging Design & Art, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
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14
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Jia Y, Xiang B, Zhang W, Liu T, Luo S. Microstructure and properties of microcellular silicone rubber foams with improved surface quality. Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-019-0249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Nobe R, Qiu J, Kudo M, Ito K, Kaneko M. Effects of SCF content, injection speed, and CF content on the morphology and tensile properties of microcellular injection‐molded CF/PP composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Nobe
- Graduate School of Systems Science and TechnologyAkita Prefectural University Yurihonjo, 015‐0055 Japan
- Ecological Material Development SectionAkita Industrial Technology Center Akita, 010‐1623 Japan
| | - Jianhui Qiu
- Faculty of Systems Science and TechnologyAkita Prefectural University Yurihonjo, 015‐0055 Japan
| | - Makoto Kudo
- Ecological Material Development SectionAkita Industrial Technology Center Akita, 010‐1623 Japan
| | - Kazushi Ito
- Faculty of Systems Science and TechnologyAkita Prefectural University Yurihonjo, 015‐0055 Japan
| | - Masaki Kaneko
- Graduate School of Systems Science and TechnologyAkita Prefectural University Yurihonjo, 015‐0055 Japan
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