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Dermol Š, Borin B, Gregor-Svetec D, Slemenik Perše L, Lavrič G. The Development of a Bacterial Nanocellulose/Cationic Starch Hydrogel for the Production of Sustainable 3D-Printed Packaging Foils. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1527. [PMID: 38891473 PMCID: PMC11174455 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymers have become an important part of everyday life, but most of the polymers currently used are petroleum-based. This poses an environmental problem, especially with respect to products that are quickly discarded. For this reason, current packaging development focuses on sustainable materials as an alternative to synthetic ones. Nanocellulose, a relatively new material derived from cellulose, has unique properties such as high strength, low density, high surface area, and good barrier properties, making it popular in various applications. Additionally, 3D printing technologies have become an important part of industrial and commercial processes, enabling the realization of innovative ideas and functionalities. The main aim of this research was to develop a hydrogel of bacterial nanocellulose with suitable rheological properties for the 3D printing of polymer foils. Three variations of bacterial nanocellulose hydrogel differing in ratios of bacterial nanocellulose to cationic starch were produced. The rheological studies confirmed the suitability of the hydrogels for 3D printing. Foils were successfully 3D-printed using a modified 3D printer. The physical-mechanical, surface, and optical properties of the foils were determined. All foils were homogeneous with adequate mechanical properties. The 3D-printed foils with the highest amount of cationic starch were the most homogeneous and transparent and, despite their rigidity, very strong. All foils were semi-transparent, had a non-glossy surface, and retained poor water wettability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Špela Dermol
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Pulp and Paper Institute, Bogišićeva ulica 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Bojan Borin
- Pulp and Paper Institute, Bogišićeva ulica 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Diana Gregor-Svetec
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 12, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Lidija Slemenik Perše
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva cesta 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Gregor Lavrič
- Pulp and Paper Institute, Bogišićeva ulica 8, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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2
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Khorsandi D, Jenson S, Zarepour A, Khosravi A, Rabiee N, Iravani S, Zarrabi A. Catalytic and biomedical applications of nanocelluloses: A review of recent developments. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131829. [PMID: 38677670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Nanocelluloses exhibit immense potential in catalytic and biomedical applications. Their unique properties, biocompatibility, and versatility make them valuable in various industries, contributing to advancements in environmental sustainability, catalysis, energy conversion, drug delivery, tissue engineering, biosensing/imaging, and wound healing/dressings. Nanocellulose-based catalysts can efficiently remove pollutants from contaminated environments, contributing to sustainable and cleaner ecosystems. These materials can also be utilized as drug carriers, enabling targeted and controlled drug release. Their high surface area allows for efficient loading of therapeutic agents, while their biodegradability ensures safer and gradual release within the body. These targeted drug delivery systems enhance the efficacy of treatments and minimizes side effects. Moreover, nanocelluloses can serve as scaffolds in tissue engineering due to their structural integrity and biocompatibility. They provide a three-dimensional framework for cell growth and tissue regeneration, promoting the development of functional and biologically relevant tissues. Nanocellulose-based dressings have shown great promise in wound healing and dressings. Their ability to absorb exudates, maintain a moist environment, and promote cell proliferation and migration accelerates the wound healing process. Herein, the recent advancements pertaining to the catalytic and biomedical applications of nanocelluloses and their composites are deliberated, focusing on important challenges, advantages, limitations, and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Khorsandi
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, CA 90064, USA
| | - Serena Jenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93407, USA
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Research Analytics, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600 077, India
| | - Arezoo Khosravi
- Department of Genetics and Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul 34959, Türkiye
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, SIMATS, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India; Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia.
| | - Siavash Iravani
- Independent Researcher, W Nazar ST, Boostan Ave, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Türkiye; Graduate School of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320315, Taiwan.
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3
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Anwajler B, Witek-Krowiak A. Three-Dimensional Printing of Multifunctional Composites: Fabrication, Applications, and Biodegradability Assessment. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7531. [PMID: 38138674 PMCID: PMC10744785 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Additive manufacturing, with its wide range of printable materials, and ability to minimize material usage, reduce labor costs, and minimize waste, has sparked a growing enthusiasm among researchers for the production of advanced multifunctional composites. This review evaluates recent reports on polymer composites used in 3D printing, and their printing techniques, with special emphasis on composites containing different types of additives (inorganic and biomass-derived) that support the structure of the prints. Possible applications for additive 3D printing have also been identified. The biodegradation potential of polymeric biocomposites was analyzed and possible pathways for testing in different environments (aqueous, soil, and compost) were identified, including different methods for evaluating the degree of degradation of samples. Guidelines for future research to ensure environmental safety were also identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Anwajler
- Department of Energy Conversion Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego Street, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Witek-Krowiak
- Department of Advanced Material Technologies, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego Street, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
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4
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de Carvalho Benini KCC, Marotti BDS, Arantes V. Hydrophobic enzymatic cellulose nanocrystals via a novel, one-pot green method. Carbohydr Res 2023; 534:108970. [PMID: 37864853 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2023.108970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a rapidly growing bionanomaterial with remarkable properties that have been harnessed in various applications, including mechanical reinforcement, biomedical materials, and coatings. However, for non-water-based applications, hydrophobization of CNCs while preserving their integrity is crucial. In this study, we propose a new eco-friendly, one-pot surface esterification method for hydrophobizing enzymatic CNCs in aqueous suspension without solvent exchange. By establishing an appropriate set of reaction conditions, it was possible to create a miscibility gradient that enabled a low-cost, and renewable fatty acid to be utilized as an acyl donor and solvent, allowing direct hydrophobic modification of the as-produced aqueous suspension of enzymatic CNC. FT-IR and AFM-IR analyses confirmed the formation of ester groups, while 13C NMR confirmed the emergence of carboxyl groups. XPS revealed a high degree of surface substitution (0.39) in the modified CNC, while a substantial increase in contact angle (from 40 to approximately 90°) quantitatively confirmed the high efficiency of the enzymatic CNC's hydrophobic modification. Additionally, important properties such as morphology remained practically unchanged, except for a slight increase in thermal stability and crystallinity of the CNCs. Therefore, hydrophobic enzymatic CNCs were successfully produced via a simple, scalable, and environmentally friendly approach without compromising their properties. These hydrophobic CNCs have the potential to enhance nanocomposite compatibility, improve packaging performance for electronics and foods, optimize adhesion in coatings, and offer advancements in cosmetics and drug delivery. However, comprehensive studies are needed to confirm their applicability across these sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Cristina Coelho de Carvalho Benini
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 12602-810, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Braz de Souza Marotti
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 12602-810, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valdeir Arantes
- Laboratory of Applied Bionanotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, 12602-810, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil.
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5
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Pita-Vilar M, Concheiro A, Alvarez-Lorenzo C, Diaz-Gomez L. Recent advances in 3D printed cellulose-based wound dressings: A review on in vitro and in vivo achievements. Carbohydr Polym 2023; 321:121298. [PMID: 37739531 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Chronic wounds, especially diabetic ulcers, pose a significant challenge in regenerative medicine. Cellulose derivatives offer remarkable wound management properties, such as effective absorption and retention of wound exudates, maintaining an optimal moisture environment crucial for successful chronic wound regeneration. However, conventional dressings have limited efficacy in managing and healing these types of skin lesions, driving scientists to explore innovative approaches. The emergence of 3D printing has enabled personalized dressings that meet individual patient needs, improving the healing process and patient comfort. Cellulose derivatives meet the demanding requirements for biocompatibility, printability, and biofabrication necessary for 3D printing of biologically active scaffolds. However, the potential applications of nanocellulose and cellulose derivative-based inks for wound regeneration remain largely unexplored. Thus, this review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in cellulose-based inks for 3D printing of personalized wound dressings. The composition and biofabrication approaches of cellulose-based wound dressings are thoroughly discussed, including the functionalization with bioactive molecules and antibiotics for improved wound regeneration. Similarly, the in vitro and in vivo performance of these dressings is extensively examined. In summary, this review aims to highlight the exceptional advantages and diverse applications of 3D printed cellulose-based dressings in personalized wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pita-Vilar
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Angel Concheiro
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carmen Alvarez-Lorenzo
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Luis Diaz-Gomez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, I+D Farma Group (GI-1645), Facultad de Farmacia, Instituto de Materiales (iMATUS), Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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6
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Barkane A, Jurinovs M, Briede S, Platnieks O, Onufrijevs P, Zelca Z, Gaidukovs S. Biobased Resin for Sustainable Stereolithography: 3D Printed Vegetable Oil Acrylate Reinforced with Ultra-Low Content of Nanocellulose for Fossil Resin Substitution. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2023; 10:1272-1286. [PMID: 38116215 PMCID: PMC10726172 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of biobased materials in additive manufacturing is a promising long-term strategy for advancing the polymer industry toward a circular economy and reducing the environmental impact. In commercial 3D printing formulations, there is still a scarcity of efficient biobased polymer resins. This research proposes vegetable oils as biobased components to formulate the stereolithography (SLA) resin. Application of nanocellulose filler, prepared from agricultural waste, remarkably improves the printed material's performance properties. The strong bonding of nanofibrillated celluloses' (NFCs') matrix helps develop a strong interface and produce a polymer nanocomposite with enhanced thermal properties and dynamical mechanical characteristics. The ultra-low NFC content of 0.1-1.0 wt% (0.07-0.71 vol%) was examined in printed samples, with the lowest concentration yielding some of the most promising results. The developed SLA resins showed good printability, and the printing accuracy was not decreased by adding NFC. At the same time, an increase in the resin viscosity with higher filler loading was observed. Resins maintained high transparency in the 500-700 nm spectral region. The glass transition temperature for the 0.71 vol% composition increased by 28°C when compared to the nonreinforced composition. The nanocomposite's stiffness has increased fivefold for the 0.71 vol% composition. The thermal stability of printed compositions was retained after cellulose incorporation, and thermal conductivity was increased by 11%. Strong interfacial interactions were observed between the cellulose and the polymer in the form of hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl and ester groups, which were confirmed by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. This research demonstrates a great potential to use acrylated vegetable oils and nanocellulose fillers as a feedstock to produce high-performance resins for sustainable SLA 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anda Barkane
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Maksims Jurinovs
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sabine Briede
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Oskars Platnieks
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Pavels Onufrijevs
- Institute of Technical Physics, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Zane Zelca
- Institute of Design Technologies, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
| | - Sergejs Gaidukovs
- Institute of Polymer Materials, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Riga, Latvia
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7
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Benini KCCDC, de Bomfim ASC, Voorwald HJC. Cellulose-Reinforced Polylactic Acid Composites for Three-Dimensional Printing Using Polyethylene Glycol as an Additive: A Comprehensive Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3960. [PMID: 37836009 PMCID: PMC10574915 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Growing concerns about environmental issues and global warming have garnered increased attention in recent decades. Consequently, the use of materials sourced from renewable and biodegradable origins, produced sustainably, has piqued the interest of scientific researchers. Biodegradable and naturally derived polymers, such as cellulose and polylactic acid (PLA), have consistently been the focus of scientific investigation. The objective is to develop novel materials that could potentially replace conventional petroleum-based polymers, offering specific properties tailored for diverse applications while upholding principles of sustainability and technology as well as economic viability. Against this backdrop, the aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in research concerning the use of polylactic acid (PLA) and the incorporation of cellulose as a reinforcing agent within this polymeric matrix, alongside the application of 3D printing technology. Additionally, a pivotal additive in the combination of PLA and cellulose, polyethylene glycol (PEG), is explored. A systematic review of the existing literature related to the combination of these materials (PLA, cellulose, and PEG) and 3D printing was conducted using the Web of Science and Scopus databases. The outcomes of this search are presented through a comparative analysis of diverse studies, encompassing aspects such as the scale and cellulose amount added into the PLA matrix, modifications applied to cellulose surfaces, the incorporation of additives or compatibilizing agents, variations in molecular weight and in the quantity of PEG introduced into the PLA/cellulose (nano)composites, and the resulting impact of these variables on the properties of these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Cristina Coelho de Carvalho Benini
- Fatigue and Aeronautical Materials Research Group, Department of Materials and Technology, UNESP-São Paulo State University, Guaratinguetá, São Paulo 12516-410, Brazil; (A.S.C.d.B.); (H.J.C.V.)
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8
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Zhang Z, Cao B, Jiang N. The Mechanical Properties and Degradation Behavior of 3D-Printed Cellulose Nanofiber/Polylactic Acid Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6197. [PMID: 37763474 PMCID: PMC10532780 DOI: 10.3390/ma16186197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) has been widely used in many fields because of its good biodegradability, biocompatibility, and renewability. This work studied the degradation behavior and mechanical properties of cellulose nanofiber (CNF)/PLA composites. In vitro degradation experiments of 3D-printed samples were conducted at elevated temperatures, and the degradation characteristics were evaluated by mechanical tests, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetric (DSC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the addition of CNF (0.5 wt%) accelerated the degradation rate of PLA. The decreases in number average molecular weight (Mn) and weight average molecular weight (Mw) of composites were 7.96% and 4.91% higher than that of neat PLA, respectively. Furthermore, the tensile modulus of composites was 18.4% higher than that of neat PLA, while the strength was 7.4% lower due to poor interfacial bonding between CNF and PLA. A mapping relationship between accelerated and normal degradation showed that the degradation experienced during 60 days at 37 °C was equivalent to that undergone during 14 days at 50 °C; this was achieved by examining the alteration in Mn. Moreover, the degradation process caused a notable deformation in the samples due to residual stress generated during the 3D printing process. This study provided valuable insights for investigating the in vitro degradation behavior of 3D-printed products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongsen Zhang
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bingyan Cao
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- School of Transportation and Vehicle Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
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9
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Anwajler B, Zdybel E, Tomaszewska-Ciosk E. Innovative Polymer Composites with Natural Fillers Produced by Additive Manufacturing (3D Printing)-A Literature Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3534. [PMID: 37688160 PMCID: PMC10489793 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, plastics recycling has become one of the leading environmental and waste management issues. Along with the main advantage of plastics, which is undoubtedly their long life, the problem of managing their waste has arisen. Recycling is recognised as the preferred option for waste management, with the aim of reusing them to create new products using 3D printing. Additive manufacturing (AM) is an emerging and evolving rapid tooling technology. With 3D printing, it is possible to achieve lightweight structures with high dimensional accuracy and reduce manufacturing costs for non-standard geometries. Currently, 3D printing research is moving towards the production of materials not only of pure polymers but also their composites. Bioplastics, especially those that are biodegradable and compostable, have emerged as an alternative for human development. This article provides a brief overview of the possibilities of using thermoplastic waste materials through the application of 3D printing, creating innovative materials from recycled and naturally derived materials, i.e., biomass (natural reinforcing fibres) in 3D printing. The materials produced from them are ecological, widely available and cost-effective. Research activities related to the production of bio-based materials have gradually increased over the last two decades, with the aim of reducing environmental problems. This article summarises the efforts made by researchers to discover new innovative materials for 3D printing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Anwajler
- Faculty of Mechanical and Power Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, 27 Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego Street, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Zdybel
- Department of Food Storage and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 Norwida Street, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.Z.); (E.T.-C.)
| | - Ewa Tomaszewska-Ciosk
- Department of Food Storage and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 25 Norwida Street, 50-375 Wroclaw, Poland; (E.Z.); (E.T.-C.)
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Li Y, Ren X, Zhu L, Li C. Biomass 3D Printing: Principles, Materials, Post-Processing and Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2692. [PMID: 37376338 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Under the background of green and low-carbon era, efficiently utilization of renewable biomass materials is one of the important choices to promote ecologically sustainable development. Accordingly, 3D printing is an advanced manufacturing technology with low energy consumption, high efficiency, and easy customization. Biomass 3D printing technology has attracted more and more attentions recently in materials area. This paper mainly reviewed six common 3D printing technologies for biomass additive manufacturing, including Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), Direct Ink Writing (DIW), Stereo Lithography Appearance (SLA), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) and Liquid Deposition Molding (LDM). A systematic summary and detailed discussion were conducted on the printing principles, common materials, technical progress, post-processing and related applications of typical biomass 3D printing technologies. Expanding the availability of biomass resources, enriching the printing technology and promoting its application was proposed to be the main developing directions of biomass 3D printing in the future. It is believed that the combination of abundant biomass feedstocks and advanced 3D printing technology will provide a green, low-carbon and efficient way for the sustainable development of materials manufacturing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxia Li
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xueyong Ren
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chunmiao Li
- National Forestry and Grassland Engineering Technology Center for Wood Resources Recycling, College of Materials Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Vidakis N, Mangelis P, Petousis M, Mountakis N, Papadakis V, Moutsopoulou A, Tsikritzis D. Mechanical Reinforcement of ABS with Optimized Nano Titanium Nitride Content for Material Extrusion 3D Printing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:669. [PMID: 36839037 PMCID: PMC9963375 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) nanocomposites were developed using Material Extrusion (MEX) Additive Manufacturing (AM) and Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) methods. A range of mechanical tests was conducted on the produced 3D-printed structures to investigate the effect of Titanium Nitride (TiN) nanoparticles on the mechanical response of thermoplastic polymers. Detailed morphological characterization of the produced filaments and 3D-printed specimens was carried out using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). High-magnification images revealed a direct impact of the TiN concentration on the surface characteristics of the nanocomposites, indicating a strong correlation with their mechanical performance. The chemical compositions of the raw and nanocomposite materials were thoroughly investigated by conducting Raman and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) measurements. Most of the mechanical properties were improved with the inclusion of TiN nanoparticles with a content of 6 wt. % to reach the optimum mechanical response overall. ABS/TiN 6 wt. % exhibits remarkable increases in flexural modulus of elasticity (42.3%) and toughness (54.0%) in comparison with pure ABS. The development of ABS/TiN nanocomposites with reinforced mechanical properties is a successful example that validates the feasibility and powerful abilities of MEX 3D printing in AM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Mangelis
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 73133 Chania, Greece
| | - Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitris Tsikritzis
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
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Cao S, Wang Y, Qiu S, Zhang H, Guo J, Zhong GJ, Wang S, Li ZM. Tuning structure in 3D-printed scaffolds of polylactide by extensional stress and its influence on properties. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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13
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Abdur Rahman M, Haque S, Athikesavan MM, Kamaludeen MB. A review of environmental friendly green composites: production methods, current progresses, and challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:16905-16929. [PMID: 36607568 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24879-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The growing concern about environmental damage and the inability to meet the demand for more versatile, environmentally friendly materials has sparked increasing interest in polymer composites derived from renewable and biodegradable plant-based materials, mainly from forests. These composites are mostly referred to as "green" and they can be widely employed in many industrial applications. Green composites are less harmful to the environment and could be potential substitutes for petroleum-based polymeric materials. It is helpful to limit usage of fossil oil assets by developing biopolymer matrices such as cellulose-reinforced biocomposites using renewable assets such as plant oils, carbohydrates, and proteins. This paper focuses on green composites processing utilizing a variety of naturally available resources, sustainable materials which are not detrimental to the environment, new scientific signs of progress in achieving green sustainable development, as well as nanotechnology and its environmental consequences. Additionally, the environmental impacts of different composite materials are examined in this paper, along with their production from eco-friendly materials. Moreover, the manufacturing aspects of green composites and some concerns related to their production are also discussed. The merits of green composite materials and valid reasons why they are a valuable substitute for the traditionally used composite materials are also covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Abdur Rahman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-600048, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Serajul Haque
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-600048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Muthu Manokar Athikesavan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-600048, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohamed Bak Kamaludeen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, B.S. Abdur Rahman Crescent Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai-600048, Tamil Nadu, India
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14
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Mangelis P, Maravelakis E, Mountakis N, Papadakis V, Neonaki M, Thomadaki G. Thermomechanical Response of Polycarbonate/Aluminum Nitride Nanocomposites in Material Extrusion Additive Manufacturing. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8806. [PMID: 36556610 PMCID: PMC9782598 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Polycarbonate-based nanocomposites were developed herein through a material extrusion (MEX) additive manufacturing (AM) process. The fabrication of the final nanocomposite specimens was achieved by implementing the fused filament fabrication (FFF) 3D printing process. The impact of aluminum nitride (AlN) nanoparticles on the thermal and mechanical behavior of the polycarbonate (PC) matrix was investigated thoroughly for the fabricated nanocomposites, carrying out a range of thermomechanical tests. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) provided information about the morphological and surface characteristics of the produced specimens. Using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), the elemental composition of the nanocomposite materials was validated. Raman spectroscopy revealed no chemical interactions between the two material phases. The results showed the reinforcement of most mechanical properties with the addition of the AlN nanoparticles. The nanocomposite with 2 wt.% filler concentration exhibited the best mechanical performance overall, with the highest improvements observed for the tensile strength and toughness of the fabricated specimens, with a percentage of 32.8% and 51.6%, respectively, compared with the pure polymer. The successful AM of PC/AlN nanocomposites with the MEX process is a new paradigm, which expands 3D printing technology and opens a new route for the development of nanocomposite materials with multifunctional properties for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Markos Petousis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Mangelis
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University (HMU), 73133 Chania, Greece
| | - Emmanuel Maravelakis
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University (HMU), 73133 Chania, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Maria Neonaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Georgia Thomadaki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
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15
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Wu Y, Wang Y, Wang F, Huang Y, He J. Preparation of 3D Printed Polylactic Acid/Bacterial Cellulose Composite Scaffold for Tissue Engineering Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4756. [PMID: 36365749 PMCID: PMC9657219 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose (BC) has become a universal biomaterial owing to its intrinsic properties. BC fibers are composed of microfibers with a diameter of 3-4 nm into fiber bundles with a thickness of 40-60 nm, and interweave with each other to form a well-developed ultra-fine network structure. Polylactic acid (PLA) has good mechanical properties and excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Therefore, PLA has been widely applied in tissue engineering. Addressed herein is a novel type of PLA/BC (PLA/BC) composite scaffold prepared by 3D printing (3D), 3D modeling of the required porous membrane material support established in the computer, and decomposition of the model into 5 layer 20 μM sheets. The range of PLA loadings assessed in this work was 1.0 wt.%, 1.5 wt.%, and 2.0 wt.%, and its physicochemical properties and biological properties were characterized and evaluated. Tensile strength of PLA/BC composite scaffolds increased to 66.49 MPa compared to that of a pure BC film (25.61 MPa). Hydrophilicity was tunable with the amount of added PLA. In this paper, the effects of 3D round hole and stripe surface topology on cell growth behavior were characterized. Schwann cells (SCs) adhered to the surface of the 3D composite membrane successfully, and their proliferation rate on the surface of the regular circular pore and stripe structure was better than that of the smooth surface. Erythrocyte fixation and platelet adhesion experiments showed that the 3D composite scaffold had excellent blood compatibility. Further degradation studies showed that loose structures appeared after 1 week, and structural defects began after 3 weeks. The in vitro degradation results showed that the degradation rate of the BC membrane in simulated body fluid after 6 weeks was 14.38%, while the degradation rate of the PLA/BC composite scaffold was 18.75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Wu
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yunfeng Wang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Laboratory for Space Environment and Physical Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yudong Huang
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Jinmei He
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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16
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Ramezani Dana H, Ebrahimi F. Synthesis, properties, and applications of polylactic
acid‐based
polymers. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ramezani Dana
- Mechanics, Surfaces and Materials Processing (MSMP) – EA 7350 Arts et Metiers Institute of Technology Aix‐en‐Provence France
- Texas A&M Engineering Experiment Station (TEES) Texas A&M University College Station Texas USA
| | - Farnoosh Ebrahimi
- PRISM Polymer, Recycling, Industrial, Sustainability and Manufacturing Technological University of the Shannon (TUS) Athlone Ireland
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17
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Zambaldi E, Magalhães RR, Dias MC, Mendes LM, Tonoli GHD. Numerical simulation of poly(lactic acid) polymeric composites reinforced with nanofibrillated cellulose for industrial applications. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edimilson Zambaldi
- DSc Biomaterials Engineering, Department of Forest Science Federal University of Lavras Lavras Brazil
| | | | - Matheus C. Dias
- Department of Forest Science Federal University of Lavras Lavras Brazil
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18
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Gauss C, Pickering KL, Tshuma J, McDonald-Wharry J. Production and Assessment of Poly(Lactic Acid) Matrix Composites Reinforced with Regenerated Cellulose Fibres for Fused Deposition Modelling. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:3991. [PMID: 36235936 PMCID: PMC9571083 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Additive manufacturing can be a valuable tool to process polymeric composites reinforced with bio-based fibres, extending their use and opening new opportunities for more environmentally friendly materials. In this work, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composites reinforced with regenerated cellulose fibres (lyocell) were processed into novel filaments and used for 3D printing. The Young's modulus of the filaments increased with the addition of fibres, but substantial porosity was observed in formulations with 20 and 30 wt% of fibre content. Nonetheless, the composites were easily printed, and the formulation with 10 wt% of fibres presented the best tensile properties of 3D printed samples with average tensile strength, Young's modulus, and strain at break of 64.2 MPa, 4.56 GPa, and 4.93%, respectively. It has been shown in this study that the printing process contributes to fibre alignment with small variations depending on the printing speed. Printed composite samples also had superior thermo-mechanical stability with a storage modulus up to 72 times higher than for neat PLA at 80 °C after the composite samples were heat-treated. In general, this work supports the potential use of regenerated cellulose fibres to reinforce PLA for 3D printing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gauss
- Division of Health, Engineering, Computing & Science, School of Engineering, The University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
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19
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He X, Guo F, Ge T, Tang K, Shi S, Geng M. Preparation and properties of carboxylated cellulose nanofibers/monomer casting nylon composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng He
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
| | - Fuqiang Guo
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
| | - Tiejun Ge
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
| | - Kaihong Tang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
| | - Shengnan Shi
- Shenyang Institute of Industrial Technology Co, Ltd for Advanced Coating Materials Shenyang China
| | - Maofu Geng
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
- Liaoning Polymer Materials Engineering and Technology Research Center Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang China
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20
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Feng X, Yang Z, Wang S, Wu Z. The reinforcing effect of lignin‐containing cellulose nanofibrils in the methacrylate composites produced by stereolithography. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Feng
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Jiangsu Co‐Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- Center for Renewable Carbon University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Zhaozhe Yang
- Institute of Chemistry and Industry of Forest Products Chinese Academy of Forestry Nanjing China
| | - Siqun Wang
- Center for Renewable Carbon University of Tennessee Knoxville Tennessee USA
| | - Zhihui Wu
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
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21
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Mountakis N, Korlos A, Papadakis V, Moutsopoulou A. Trilateral Multi-Functional Polyamide 12 Nanocomposites with Binary Inclusions for Medical Grade Material Extrusion 3D Printing: The Effect of Titanium Nitride in Mechanical Reinforcement and Copper/Cuprous Oxide as Antibacterial Agents. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:115. [PMID: 35997453 PMCID: PMC9397053 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, for the first time, polyamide 12 (PA12) nanocomposites with binary inclusions in material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing were developed. The aim was to achieve an enhanced mechanical response with the addition of titanium nitride (TiN) and antibacterial performance with the addition of copper (Cu) or cuprous oxide (Cu2O), towards the development of multi-functional nanocomposite materials, exploiting the 3D printing process benefits. The prepared nanocomposites were fully characterized for their mechanical properties. The thermal properties were also investigated. Morphological characterization was performed with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The antibacterial performance was investigated with an agar-well diffusion screening process. Overall, the introduction of these nanofillers induced antibacterial performance in the PA12 matrix materials, while at the same time, the mechanical performance was significantly increased. The results of the study show high potential for expanding the areas in which 3D printing can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Markos Petousis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Apostolos Korlos
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, International Hellenic University, 14th km, Thessaloniki-N. Moudania, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Amalia Moutsopoulou
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
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22
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Barkane A, Platnieks O, Grase L, Gaidukovs S. Simultaneous wettability and stiffness control of UV-curing vegetable oil resin composites by lignocellulosic components. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Oliveira LRD, Nonato RC, Bonse BC, Morales AR. Effect of amine‐reactive elastomer on the properties of poly(lactic acid) films obtained by solvent‐cast
3D
printing. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas R. D. Oliveira
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering Universidade de Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Renato C. Nonato
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering Universidade de Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Baltus C. Bonse
- Department of Materials Engineering Centro Universitário da FEI São Bernardo do Campo Brazil
| | - Ana R. Morales
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering Universidade de Campinas Campinas Brazil
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24
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Multifunctional Material Extrusion 3D-Printed Antibacterial Polylactic Acid (PLA) with Binary Inclusions: The Effect of Cuprous Oxide and Cellulose Nanofibers. FIBERS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fib10060052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present an effective process easily adapted in industrial environments for the development of multifunctional nanocomposites for material extrusion (MEX) 3D printing (3DP). The literature is still very limited in this field, although the interest in such materials is constantly increasing. Nanocomposites with binary inclusions were prepared and investigated in this study. Polylactic acid (PLA) was used as the matrix material, and cuprous oxide (Cu2O) and cellulose nanofibers (CNF) were used as nanoadditives introduced in the matrix material to enhance the mechanical properties and induce antibacterial performance. Specimens were built according to international standards with a thermomechanical process. Tensile, flexural, impact, and microhardness tests were conducted. The effect on the thermal properties of the matrix material was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis, and Raman spectroscopic analysis was conducted. The morphological characteristics were evaluated with atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS) analyses. The antibacterial performance of the prepared nanomaterials was studied against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria, with a screening agar well diffusion method. All nanocomposites prepared exhibited biocidal properties against the bacteria tested. The tested PLA/1.0 CNF/0.5 Cu2O material had 51.1% higher tensile strength and 35.9% higher flexural strength than the pure PLA material.
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25
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Sun Y, Wang Y, Mu W, Zheng Z, Yang B, Wang J, Zhang R, Zhou K, Chen L, Ying J, Liu X, Xu G. Mechanical properties of
3D
printed micro‐nano rice husk/polylactic acid filaments. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Sun
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Information and Equipment Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Yapeng Wang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Information and Equipment Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Wenlong Mu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Information and Equipment Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Zipeng Zheng
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Information and Equipment Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Bin Yang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Information and Equipment Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Jinwei Wang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Information and Equipment Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Runkai Zhang
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Information and Equipment Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Kaiyuan Zhou
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Information and Equipment Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Liang Chen
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Information and Equipment Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Jilai Ying
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Information and Equipment Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Xinping Liu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Information and Equipment Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
| | - Guangyin Xu
- Henan Engineering Laboratory of Agricultural Products Cold Chain Logistics Information and Equipment Technology Henan Agricultural University Zhengzhou China
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26
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Vidakis N, Petousis M, Michailidis N, Papadakis V, Korlos A, Mountakis N, Argyros A. Multi-Functional 3D-Printed Vat Photopolymerization Biomedical-Grade Resin Reinforced with Binary Nano Inclusions: The Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers and Antimicrobial Nanoparticle Agents. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091903. [PMID: 35567072 PMCID: PMC9100280 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study introduced binary nanoparticle (NP) inclusions into a biomedical-grade photosensitive resin (Biomed Clear-BC). Multi-functional, three-dimensional (3D) printed objects were manufactured via the vat photopolymerization additive manufacturing (AM) technique. Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) as one dimensional (1D) nanomaterial have been utilized for the mechanical reinforcement of the resin, while three different spherical NPs, namely copper NPs (nCu), copper oxide NPs (nCuO), and a commercial antimicrobial powder (nAP), endowed the antimicrobial character. The nanoparticle loading was kept constant at 1.0 wt.% to elucidate any synergistic effects as a function of the filler loading. Raman, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) revealed the chemical/spectroscopic and thermal properties of the different manufactured samples. Scanning electron microscopy and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) revealed the morphology of the samples. Mechanical properties revealed the reinforcement mechanisms, namely that BC/CNF (1.0 wt.%) exhibited a 102% and 154% enhancement in strength and modulus, respectively, while BC/CNF(1.0 wt.%)/AP(1.0 wt.%) exhibited a 95% and 101% enhancement, as well as an antibacterial property, which was studied using a screening agar well diffusion method. This study opens the route towards novel, multi-functional materials for vat photopolymerization 3D printing biomedical applications, where mechanical reinforcement and antibacterial performance are typically required in the operational environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Vidakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (N.M.)
| | - Markos Petousis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (N.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2810379227
| | - Nikolaos Michailidis
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Centre, Building B’, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vassilis Papadakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology—Hellas, 70013 Heraklion, Greece;
| | - Apostolos Korlos
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, International Hellenic University, 14th km Thessaloniki—N. Moudania, Thermi, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Nikolaos Mountakis
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Estavromenos, 71410 Heraklion, Greece; (N.V.); (N.M.)
| | - Apostolos Argyros
- Physical Metallurgy Laboratory, Mechanical Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; (N.M.); (A.A.)
- Centre for Research & Development of Advanced Materials (CERDAM), Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Balkan Centre, Building B’, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Road, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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27
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Pazhamannil RV, V. N. JN, P. G, Edacherian A. Property enhancement approaches of fused filament fabrication technology: A review. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ribin Varghese Pazhamannil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Government College of Engineering Kannur, APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University Kerala India
| | - Jishnu Namboodiri V. N.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Government College of Engineering Kannur, APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University Kerala India
| | - Govindan P.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Government College of Engineering Kannur, APJ Abdul Kalam Technological University Kerala India
| | - Abhilash Edacherian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering College of Engineering, King Khalid University Abha Saudi Arabia
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28
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Nonato RC, Mei LHI, Bonse BC, Leal CV, Levy CE, Oliveira FA, Delarmelina C, Duarte MCT, Morales AR. Nanocomposites of
PLA
/
ZnO
nanofibers for medical applications: Antimicrobial effect, thermal, and mechanical behavior under cyclic stress. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renato C. Nonato
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Lucia H. I. Mei
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Baltus C. Bonse
- Department of Materials Engineering Centro Universitário da FEI São Bernardo do Campo Brazil
| | - Claudenete V. Leal
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Carlos E. Levy
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Flavio A. Oliveira
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Camila Delarmelina
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Marta C. T. Duarte
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
| | - Ana R. Morales
- Department of Materials Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering University of Campinas Campinas Brazil
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29
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Use of Wood in Additive Manufacturing: Review and Future Prospects. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14061174. [PMID: 35335505 PMCID: PMC8949072 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymers filled with natural-based fillers have shown growing demand/interest in recent years, including in additive manufacturing. Like most natural fillers in 3D printing, wood particles serve mainly as a filler that lowers the cost of the printing material due to their low price. However, could wood be used as a main ingredient to affect/improve the properties of 3D-printed parts? Several advantages, such as its reinforcing ability, biodegradability, availability as waste material from other industries, ability to be used in different forms or only in partial components, recycling options or even the use of its undesirable hydromorph-induced dimensional instability for 4D printing, indicate the importance of exploring its use in 3D printing. A review of publications on 3D printing with wood biomass and technologies involving the use of wood particles and components was conducted to identify the possibilities of using wood in additive technologies and their potential.
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Finny AS, Popoola O, Andreescu S. 3D-Printable Nanocellulose-Based Functional Materials: Fundamentals and Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2358. [PMID: 34578674 PMCID: PMC8471614 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterials obtained from sustainable and natural sources have seen tremendous growth in recent times due to increasing interest in utilizing readily and widely available resources. Nanocellulose materials extracted from renewable biomasses hold great promise for increasing the sustainability of conventional materials in various applications owing to their biocompatibility, mechanical properties, ease of functionalization, and high abundance. Nanocellulose can be used to reinforce mechanical strength, impart antimicrobial activity, provide lighter, biodegradable, and more robust materials for packaging, and produce photochromic and electrochromic devices. While the fabrication and properties of nanocellulose are generally well established, their implementation in novel products and applications requires surface modification, assembly, and manufacturability to enable rapid tooling and scalable production. Additive manufacturing techniques such as 3D printing can improve functionality and enhance the ability to customize products while reducing fabrication time and wastage of materials. This review article provides an overview of nanocellulose as a sustainable material, covering the different properties, preparation methods, printability and strategies to functionalize nanocellulose into 3D-printed constructs. The applications of 3D-printed nanocellulose composites in food, environmental, and energy devices are outlined, and an overview of challenges and opportunities is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, New York, NY 13699-5810, USA; (A.S.F.); (O.P.)
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Silva PAP, Silva AB, Erbetta CDAC, Santos JPF, Sousa RG, Oréfice RL. 3D
printability of highly ductile poly(ethylene glycol‐co‐cyclohexane‐1,4‐dimethanol terephthalate)
‐EMAA
blends. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipe A. P. Silva
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials Engineering Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Aline Bruna Silva
- Department of Materials Engineering Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET‐MG) Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | - João Paulo Ferreira Santos
- Department of Materials Engineering Federal Center of Technological Education of Minas Gerais (CEFET‐MG) Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Ricardo Geraldo Sousa
- Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Lambert Oréfice
- Department of Metallurgical, Materials Engineering Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) Belo Horizonte Minas Gerais Brazil
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32
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The role of rheological premonitory of hydrogels based on cellulose nanofibers and polymethylsilsesquioxane on the physical properties of corresponding aerogels. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Ee LY, Yau Li SF. Recent advances in 3D printing of nanocellulose: structure, preparation, and application prospects. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2021; 3:1167-1208. [PMID: 36132876 PMCID: PMC9418582 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00408a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Emerging cellulose nanomaterials extracted from agricultural biomasses have recently received extensive attention due to diminishing fossil resources. To further reduce the carbon footprints and wastage of valuable resources, additive manufacturing techniques of new nanocellulosic materials have been developed. Studies on the preparation and characterization of 3D-printable functional nanocellulosic materials have facilitated a deeper understanding into their desirable attributes such as high surface area, biocompatibility, and ease of functionalization. In this critical review, we compare and highlight the different methods of extracting nanocellulose from biorenewable resources and the strategies for transforming the obtained nanocellulose into nanocomposites with high 3D printability. Optimistic technical applications of 3D-printed nanocellulose in biomedical, electronics, and environmental fields are finally described and evaluated for future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Ying Ee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore Lower Kent Ridge Road, Science Drive 4, S5-02-03 Singapore 117549
| | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore Lower Kent Ridge Road, Science Drive 4, S5-02-03 Singapore 117549
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34
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Banerjee R, Ray SS. An overview of the recent advances in polylactide‐based sustainable nanocomposites. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ritima Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering Calcutta Institute of Technology Howrah India
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- Centre for Nanostructures and Advanced Materials, DSI‐CSIR Nanotechnology Innovation Centre Council for Scientific and Industrial Research Pretoria South Africa
- Department of Chemical Sciences University of Johannesburg Johannesburg South Africa
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35
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Bardot M, Schulz MD. Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122567. [PMID: 33371307 PMCID: PMC7767349 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
3D printing by fused deposition modelling (FDM) enables rapid prototyping and fabrication of parts with complex geometries. Unfortunately, most materials suitable for FDM 3D printing are non-degradable, petroleum-based polymers. The current ecological crisis caused by plastic waste has produced great interest in biodegradable materials for many applications, including 3D printing. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), in particular, has been extensively investigated for FDM applications. However, most biodegradable polymers, including PLA, have insufficient mechanical properties for many applications. One approach to overcoming this challenge is to introduce additives that enhance the mechanical properties of PLA while maintaining FDM 3D printability. This review focuses on PLA-based nanocomposites with cellulose, metal-based nanoparticles, continuous fibers, carbon-based nanoparticles, or other additives. These additives impact both the physical properties and printability of the resulting nanocomposites. We also detail the optimal conditions for using these materials in FDM 3D printing. These approaches demonstrate the promise of developing nanocomposites that are both biodegradable and mechanically robust.
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36
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Zaaba NF, Jaafar M, Ismail H. Tensile and morphological properties of nanocrystalline cellulose and nanofibrillated cellulose reinforced
PLA
bionanocomposites: A review. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Fasihah Zaaba
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
| | - Mariatti Jaafar
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
| | - Hanafi Ismail
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Engineering Campus Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
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37
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Fernandes IDAA, Maciel GM, Oliveira ALMS, Miorim AJF, Fontana JD, Ribeiro VR, Haminiuk CWI. Hybrid bacterial cellulose‐collagen membranes production in culture media enriched with antioxidant compounds from plant extracts. POLYM ENG SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giselle Maria Maciel
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR) Curitiba Brazil
| | | | - Avany Judith Ferraro Miorim
- Departamento Acadêmico de Química e Biologia (DAQBi) Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná Curitiba Brazil
| | | | - Valéria Rampazzo Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Engenharia de Alimentos (PPGEAL) Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR) Curitiba Brazil
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