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Huang X, Orimoto Y, Aoki Y. Theoretical design of durable and strong polycarbonates against photodegradation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:57-61. [PMID: 38073576 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03533f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The photodegradation mechanism of polycarbonate (PC) was investigated by quantum chemistry, and a novel antidegradation molecular design using substituents was proposed. It was demonstrated that electron-withdrawing substituents in the phenyl moiety controlled bond alternation, leading to inhibition of the O-C bond cleavage in the carbonate moiety. These results provide a promising alternative for durable PC synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Engineering Sciences, Chemistry and Materials Science, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga Park, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yuuichi Orimoto
- Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga Park, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
| | - Yuriko Aoki
- Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga Park, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.
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2
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Granahan A, McCavana J, Lally A, Morgan I, Fitzgerald S, Moriarty B. A review of the selection process and decontamination methods with the use of face shields in UV phototherapy during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. SKIN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2022; 2:e97. [PMID: 35941939 PMCID: PMC9348456 DOI: 10.1002/ski2.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Targeted ultraviolet (UV) phototherapy has been used in the management of a wide variety of dermatological clinical conditions including moderate to severe psoriasis unresponsive to topical therapies, vitiligo, severe atopic dermatitis and lymphoproliferative disorders. To date there are no uniform, standardised guidelines for the selection and decontamination process for UV personal protective equipment (PPE) and facial shields used in phototherapy. In the current climate, Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, standards regarding all decontamination and disinfection processes are under significant scrutiny. In terms of the UV-PPE and facial shields used in phototherapy, careful disinfection procedures need to be implemented to ensure that the decontamination practice is effective enough to neutralise the virulent virus whilst maintaining maximal protection to the user from UV-rays and safeguard the equipment from damage during the cleaning process. The aim of this report is to provide an evidence based review of the current and international practice standards guiding the selection, use and decontamination processes of UV facial shields in phototherapy. The complications and concerns that the COVID-19 pandemic has had on this practice is highlighted. As such, we performed a comprehensive evaluation of the literature to provide recommendations as to the most effective, time efficient and safest practices for disinfection and decontamination of UV facial shields used in phototherapy during these unprecedented times.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Granahan
- Department of DermatologySt. Vincent’s University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - J. McCavana
- Department of Medical PhysicsSt. Vincent’s University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - A. Lally
- Department of DermatologySt. Vincent’s University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - I. Morgan
- Department of DermatologySt. Vincent’s University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - S. Fitzgerald
- Medical Microbiology and Infection ControlSt. Vincent’s University HospitalDublinIreland
| | - B. Moriarty
- Department of DermatologySt. Vincent’s University HospitalDublinIreland
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3
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Konarzewski M, Durejko T, Łazińska M, Czerwińska M, Prasuła P, Panowicz R. Thermo-oxidative aging of the polyoxymethylene (POM), acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) polymers – a comparative study. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03065-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Huang X, Orimoto Y, Aoki Y. Theoretical Analysis of Properties of Ground and Excited States for Photodissociation of the C-O Bond in Polycarbonates. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:6662-6673. [PMID: 34319114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c03074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantum chemical calculations were carried out to investigate the properties of the ground state (GS) and the excited state (ES) of bisphenol-A polycarbonate (PC) with bisphenol-A hydrogen carbonate (BPAHC) as a model compound. Time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) was used to obtain the absorption spectrum and the corresponding transition natures of BPAHC. Furthermore, the ESs related to the transitions of the carbonate group and neighboring phenyl ring were optimized employing the TDDFT method for photodegradation. Our results showed that the carbonate group is broken at an ES with relatively high energy, which has a significant C-O bond cleavage within the carbonate group compared to that of GS geometry. The carbonate group C-O bond cleavage is caused by two reasons. One is the transition from the O lone pair to the carbonate π anti-bonding which is commonly known, and the other one is the transition from the O lone pair to the phenyl group (adjacent to the carbonate group) π anti-bonding that is newly proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Park, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yuuichi Orimoto
- Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Park, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Yuriko Aoki
- Department of Material Sciences, Faculty of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Park, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.,Japan Science and Technology Agency, CREST, 4-1-8 Hon-chou, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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5
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Schulz U, Gratzke N, Rickelt F, Hahmann C, Seifert T, Gärtner A. Coating-relevant properties of high-index optical polymers for automotive applications. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:E34-E40. [PMID: 34263791 DOI: 10.1364/ao.422878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-transparent polymers exhibiting a refractive index beyond 1.6 enhance the available range of optical plastics. The aim of this study is to evaluate optical polyesters (OKP-1 and OKP-4) and special new polycarbonates (PCs) (EP-6000 and EP-8000) in comparison with the widely used poly-bisphenol-A-based PC. The work is focused on optical properties as well as other properties that are important for the deposition of optical coatings. Plasma ion-assisted deposition is used for the deposition of an abrasion resistant antireflective coating (AR-hard).
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7
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Theoretical study on the decomposition mechanism of bisphenol A polycarbonate induced by the combined effect of humidity and UV irradiation. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 99:107622. [PMID: 32344302 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycarbonate (PC) is a good material for covering and protecting cultural heritage sites because of its durability, mechanical properties, and transparency. When bisphenol A polycarbonate is subjected to weathering conditions this polymer shows several degradation processes depending on the irradiation wavelength, humidity and temperature. In particular, the combined effects of humidity and UV irradiation speed up the PC molecular weight reduction. In this work, the decomposition mechanisms associated to the hydrolysis process are scrutinized and the effects of UV irradiation on the hydrolysis process are evaluated throughout the Density Functional Theory (DFT) approach. It was found that under UV irradiation the hydrolysis process is speeded up because of the geometrical rearrangement due to the photo-Fries process induced by the UV light.
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Abstract
This review covers the current status of chemical recycling and upcycling of poly(bisphenol A carbonate), a leading engineering plastic of great economic and environmental interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry
- Jeonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Republic of Korea
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9
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Ascione L, Mistretta MC, Pedeferri M, La Mantia FP. Effect of environmental conditions on the durability of polycarbonate for the protection of cultural heritage sites. J Appl Biomater Funct Mater 2019; 17:2280800019881626. [PMID: 31847671 DOI: 10.1177/2280800019881626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycarbonate is a good material for covering and protecting cultural heritage sites because of its durability, mechanical properties, and transparency. However, polycarbonate degrades under environmental weathering with a significant decrease of physical and mechanical properties and loss of transparency. In this work, the contemporary presence of ultraviolet irradiation and different temperature and moisture conditions have been taken into account to study the environmental degradation of this polymer with regard to its mechanical and optical properties. The photo-oxidation reactions cause a decrease in the molecular weight and the formation of many oxygenated species. The hydrolytic scission, instead, gives rise to a remarkable reduction in the molecular weight. These two different degradation mechanisms do not seem interconnected because at the lowest degradation temperature and high humidity levels, the reduction of the molecular weight is more pronounced than that observed at the highest temperature but at a lower humidity level. Transparency decreases with the degradative processes, but even after severe degradation the loss of transparency is only about 10%. The yellowness index increases during the first stages of degradation, which has been attributed to the fast formation of carbonyl groups due to photo-oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ascione
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,INSTM, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, UdR Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Mistretta
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,INSTM, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, UdR Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - MariaPia Pedeferri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy.,INSTM, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, UdR Politecnico di Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy.,INSTM, National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, UdR Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Beharaj A, Ekladious I, Grinstaff MW. Poly(Alkyl Glycidate Carbonate)s as Degradable Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1407-1411. [PMID: 30516857 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201811894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Insertion of CO2 into the polyacrylate backbone, forming poly(carbonate) analogues, provides an environmentally friendly and biocompatible alternative. The synthesis of five poly(carbonate) analogues of poly(methyl acrylate), poly(ethyl acrylate), and poly(butyl acrylate) is described. The polymers are prepared using the salen cobalt(III) complex catalyzed copolymerization of CO2 and a derivatized oxirane. All the carbonate analogues possess higher glass-transition temperatures (Tg =32 to -5 °C) than alkyl acrylates (Tg =10 to -50 °C), however, the carbonate analogues (Td ≈230 °C) undergo thermal decomposition at lower temperatures than their acrylate counterparts (Td ≈380 °C). The poly(alkyl carbonates) exhibit compositional-dependent adhesivity. The poly(carbonate) analogues degrade into glycerol, alcohol, and CO2 in a time- and pH-dependent manner with the rate of degradation accelerated at higher pH conditions, in contrast to poly(acrylate)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjeza Beharaj
- Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Iriny Ekladious
- Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Departments of Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
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11
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Beharaj A, Ekladious I, Grinstaff MW. Poly(Alkyl Glycidate Carbonate)s as Degradable Pressure‐Sensitive Adhesives. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201811894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anjeza Beharaj
- Departments of Chemistry Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Iriny Ekladious
- Departments of Chemistry Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
| | - Mark W. Grinstaff
- Departments of Chemistry Biomedical Engineering, and Medicine Boston University Boston MA 02215 USA
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12
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Jiang L, Zhou M, Ding Y, Zhou Y, Dan Y. Aging induced ductile-brittle-ductile transition in bisphenol A polycarbonate. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Liu H, Zhou M, Zhou Y, Wang S, Li G, Jiang L, Dan Y. Aging life prediction system of polymer outdoors constructed by ANN. 1. Lifetime prediction for polycarbonate. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Schulz U, Lau K, Kaiser N. Antireflection coating with UV-protective properties for polycarbonate. APPLIED OPTICS 2008; 47:C83-C87. [PMID: 18449276 DOI: 10.1364/ao.47.000c83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Polycarbonate is the chosen material for covers of automotive displays because it combines high transparency with high breaking strength. The requirements for coatings include an improvement of the scratch resistance and antireflection properties as well as high stability for challenging environmental conditions. A coating that involves all required properties has been developed and deposited onto polycarbonate by plasma-ion assisted deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schulz
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Optics and Precision Engineering, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 7, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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Schulz U. Review of modern techniques to generate antireflective properties on thermoplastic polymers. APPLIED OPTICS 2006; 45:1608-18. [PMID: 16539270 DOI: 10.1364/ao.45.001608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Modern optical applications need solutions for providing polymer surfaces with antireflective properties. The problems involved in coating comprise thermal limitations, incompatible mechanical properties of coating and substrate materials, and interaction between polymers and plasma. As an alternative for coating, antireflective properties on polymers can also be obtained by hot embossing or by ion etching of surface structures. My objective is to provide the criteria for choosing suitable deposition or structuring methods based on an understanding of plasma-, radiation-, and ion-induced surface phenomena; material compatibility; mechanical and environmental performance; and cost issues. The potential to produce antireflective interference coatings is documented for plasma-enhanced physical- and chemical-vapor-deposition methods, including modern hybrid techniques, as well as for solgel wet-chemical processes. The review about state-of-the-art coatings focuses on the thermoplastic acrylic, polycarbonate, and cycloolefin polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Schulz
- Fraunhofer Institat für Angewandte Optik und Feinmechanik, Albert-Einstein Strasse 7, 07745 Jena, Germany.
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16
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Nichols M, Peters C. The effect of weathering on the fracture energy of hardcoats over polycarbonate. Polym Degrad Stab 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(01)00244-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Evaluation of commercial polycarbonate optical properties after QUV-A radiation—the role of humidity in photodegradation. Polym Degrad Stab 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(02)00179-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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The isothermal degradation of some polyetherketones: a comparative kinetic study between long-term and short-term experiments. Polym Degrad Stab 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(01)00249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Akbaş A, Aksoy S, Hasırcı N. Effects of thermal ageing on the properties and lifetime prediction of hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene. POLYMER 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(94)90380-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Webb JD, Czanderna A. Dependence of the predicted outdoor lifetime of bisphenol-A polycarbonates on the terrestrial UV irradiance spectrum. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1987. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1633(87)90071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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