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Dowling HJ, Moroney PL, Daniel TA. Self-Perception of Extroversion Increases with Social Media Use: A Social Media Induction Task. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2024; 27:336-339. [PMID: 38407869 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2023.0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have examined the relationship between social media and extroversion, often relying on correlational designs. This study introduced a social media induction procedure to examine the relationship between social media and extroversion with an experimental design. In a procedure adapted from the personality research literature, participants used a written prompt to imagine themselves as a social media influencer and were then asked to use social media with this mindset. Participants' extroversion was measured before and after this activity using the Big Five Inventory. The results show that this social media induction procedure resulted in increased reports of extroversion after the task, and this post-task change was not predicted by other related social media factors (such as hours of social media use per day). These results complicate the assertion that differences in social media use between extroverts and introverts are due to its stronger appeal to extroverts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey J Dowling
- Department of Psychology, Westfield State University, Westfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paige L Moroney
- Department of Psychology, Westfield State University, Westfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas A Daniel
- Department of Psychology, Westfield State University, Westfield, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Helping Others Results in Helping Yourself: How Well-Being Is Shaped by Agreeableness and Perceived Team Cohesion. Behav Sci (Basel) 2023; 13:bs13020150. [PMID: 36829379 PMCID: PMC9952276 DOI: 10.3390/bs13020150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This longitudinal research explores team cohesion as a potential mediator explaining the associations between agreeableness as a personality trait and well-being. Additionally, the study examines whether the leader offering support moderates the mediating role of perceived group cohesion. The sample consists of male military personnel (N = 648) from six different units. The longitudinal design examined two time points, T1 and T2, during the soldiers' training period. The PROCESS macro for SPSS was utilized to determine the significance of the moderator and the mediation effect. The results indicate that an agreeable personality and team cohesion at T1 predicted increased well-being at T2 (two months later). In addition, the moderated mediation hypothesis was significant, indicating that when leaders offered more support, the indirect link between an agreeable personality and well-being via team cohesion was stronger than when they offered less. The findings suggest that an agreeable personality and leader support are important in the organizational domain, and these variables promote well-being. By understanding the contribution of both external and internal sources of support to soldiers' well-being, intervention plans can be developed to lessen the stressors of their mental well-being and help them reach their maximum potential.
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Voulgaridou I, Kokkinos CM, Markos A. Is relational aggression a means of pursuing social goals among adolescents with specific personality traits? PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Voulgaridou
- Department of Primary Education, School of Education Sciences Democritus University of Thrace Alexandroupolis Greece
| | - Constantinos M. Kokkinos
- Department of Primary Education, School of Education Sciences Democritus University of Thrace Alexandroupolis Greece
| | - Angelos Markos
- Department of Primary Education, School of Education Sciences Democritus University of Thrace Alexandroupolis Greece
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Allemand M, Gmür B, Flückiger C. Does extraversion increase following a three-hour flirt training? Exploring two training routes. Scand J Psychol 2022; 63:265-274. [PMID: 35301728 PMCID: PMC9313810 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Flirting situations are opportunities to behave in extraverted ways. However, it is not clear whether engaging in flirting behavior predicts extraversion. The current study explored whether extraversion increases following a 3-h flirt training and compared two training routes to flirting. A two-arm randomized pre-post design with two active conditions were used. Ninety-six adults between 18 and 49 years (67.7% women) were randomized to either: (1) a problem-oriented training strategy that aims to compensate for problems and deficits related to flirting; or (2) a strengths-oriented training strategy that capitalizes on individuals' strengths and resources. The outcome variables were assessed before and 30 days after the training. Participants in both conditions reported higher scores in flirting behavior as well as in extraversion following the trainings. The results suggest that flirt trainings are potentially interesting indirect intervention approaches to increase the expression of extraversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Allemand
- University Research Priority Program "Dynamics of Healthy Aging", University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Gmür
- Berufsmaturitätsschule, Berufsbildungsschule Winterthur BBW, Switzerland
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Hudson NW. Does successfully changing personality traits via intervention require that participants be autonomously motivated to change? JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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The effects of assessment intensity on participant burden, compliance, within-person variance, and within-person relationships in ambulatory assessment. Behav Res Methods 2021; 54:1541-1558. [PMID: 34505997 PMCID: PMC9374628 DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01683-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Considering the very large number of studies that have applied ambulatory assessment (AA) in the last decade across diverse fields of research, knowledge about the effects that these design choices have on participants’ perceived burden, data quantity (i.e., compliance with the AA protocol), and data quality (e.g., within-person relationships between time-varying variables) is surprisingly restricted. The aim of the current research was to experimentally manipulate aspects of an AA study’s assessment intensity—sampling frequency (Study 1) and questionnaire length (Study 2)—and to investigate their impact on perceived burden, compliance, within-person variability, and within-person relationships between time-varying variables. In Study 1, students (n = 313) received either 3 or 9 questionnaires per day for the first 7 days of the study. In Study 2, students (n = 282) received either a 33- or 82-item questionnaire three times a day for 14 days. Within-person variability and within-person relationships were investigated with respect to momentary pleasant-unpleasant mood and state extraversion. The results of Study 1 showed that a higher sampling frequency increased perceived burden but did not affect the other aspects we investigated. In Study 2, longer questionnaire length did not affect perceived burden or compliance but yielded a smaller degree of within-person variability in momentary mood (but not in state extraversion) and a smaller within-person relationship between state extraversion and mood. Differences between Studies 1 and 2 with respect to the type of manipulation of assessment intensity are discussed.
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Leikas S, Kuula L, Pesonen AK. Does counter-habitual behavior carry psychological costs? JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Spark A, O'Connor PJ. State extraversion and emergent leadership: Do introverts emerge as leaders when they act like extraverts? THE LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Matthews G. Stress states, personality and cognitive functioning: A review of research with the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Määttänen I, Henttonen P, Väliaho J, Palomäki J, Thibault M, Kallio J, Mäntyjärvi J, Harviainen T, Jokela M. Positive affect state is a good predictor of movement and stress: combining data from ESM/EMA, mobile HRV measurements and trait questionnaires. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06243. [PMID: 33681494 PMCID: PMC7930110 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Personality describes the average behaviour and responses of individuals across situations; but personality traits are often poor predictors of behaviour in specific situations. This is known as the "personality paradox". We evaluated the interrelations between various trait and state variables in participants' everyday lives. As state measures, we used 1) experience sampling methodology (ESM/EMA) to measure perceived affect, stress, and presence of social company; and 2) heart rate variability and 3) real-time movement (accelerometer data) to indicate physiological stress and physical movement. These data were linked with self-report measures of personality and personality-like traits. Trait variables predicted affect states and multiple associations were found: traits neuroticism and rumination decreased positive affect state and increased negative affect state. Positive affect state, in turn, was the strongest predictor of observed movement. Positive affect was also associated with heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV). Negative affect, in turn, was not associated with neither movement, HR or HRV. The study provides evidence on the influence of personality-like traits and social context to affect states, and, in turn, their influence to movement and stress variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilmari Määttänen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pentti Henttonen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julius Väliaho
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Palomäki
- Cognitive Science, Department of Digital Humanities, Faculty of Arts, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maisa Thibault
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Markus Jokela
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Leikas S. Sociable behavior is related to later fatigue: moment-to-moment patterns of behavior and tiredness. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04033. [PMID: 32490243 PMCID: PMC7260435 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The popular idea that extraverted behavior is mentally depleting has received support in one previous study. The present research attempted to replicate this finding and rule out some alternative explanations. An experience-sampling study was conducted to this end (N = 74, observations = 1046). The results showed that extraverted behavior was indeed related to feeling tired 2–3 h later. The results provide empirical evidence of an everyday life pattern between behavior and feelings states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sointu Leikas
- Swedish School of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Kritzler S, Krasko J, Luhmann M. Inside the happy personality: Personality states, situation experience, and state affect mediate the relation between personality and affect. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Margolis S, Stapley AL, Lyubomirsky S. The association between Extraversion and well‐being is limited to one facet. J Pers 2019; 88:478-484. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seth Margolis
- Department of Psychology University of California, Riverside Riverside California
| | - Ashley L. Stapley
- Department of Psychology University of California, Riverside Riverside California
| | - Sonja Lyubomirsky
- Department of Psychology University of California, Riverside Riverside California
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Jayawickreme E, Zachry CE, Fleeson W. Whole Trait Theory: An integrative approach to examining personality structure and process. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2018.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Duffy KA, Helzer EG, Hoyle RH, Fukukura Helzer J, Chartrand TL. Pessimistic expectations and poorer experiences: The role of (low) extraversion in anticipated and experienced enjoyment of social interaction. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199146. [PMID: 29975736 PMCID: PMC6033406 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Given research suggesting that social interactions are beneficial, it is unclear why individuals lower in extraversion engage less in social interactions. In this study, we test whether individuals lower in extraversion reap fewer hedonic rewards from social interactions and explore social psychological processes that explain their experiences. Before participants socialized, we measured extraversion, state positive affect, cognitive capacity, and expectations about the social interactions. After participants socialized with one another, we measured state positive affect and cognitive capacity again as well as fear of negative evaluation and belief in limited cognitive capacity. Participants also rated the social skillfulness of each interaction partner. We found that less extraverted individuals expect to feel worse after socializing. However, all but those extremely low in extraversion (17% of sample) actually experience an increase in positive affect after socializing. Surprisingly, those low in extraversion did not show reduced cognitive capacity after socializing. Although they are more likely to believe that cognitive capacity is limited and to be fearful of negative evaluation, these characteristics did not explain the social experience of those low in extraversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korrina A. Duffy
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Erik G. Helzer
- The Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rick H. Hoyle
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | | | - Tanya L. Chartrand
- Fuqua School of Business, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
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Basinska B, Dåderman A. Be fearless: Positive affect as a mediator between venturesomeness and self-efficacy in future entrepreneurs and managers. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.erap.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Magee C, Biesanz JC. Toward understanding the relationship between personality and well-being states and traits. J Pers 2018; 87:276-294. [PMID: 29626341 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although there is a robust connection between dispositional personality traits and well-being, relatively little research has comprehensively examined the ways in which all Big Five personality states are associated with short-term experiences of well-being within individuals. We address three central questions about the nature of the relationship between personality and well-being states: First, to what extent do personality and well-being states covary within individuals? Second, to what extent do personality and well-being states influence one another within individuals? Finally, are these within-person relationships moderated by dispositional personality traits and well-being? METHOD Two experience sampling studies (N = 161 and N = 146) were conducted over 2 weeks. RESULTS Across both studies, all Big Five personality states were correlated with short-term experiences of well-being within individuals. Individuals were more extraverted, emotionally stable, conscientious, agreeable, and open in moments when they experienced higher well-being (greater self-esteem, life satisfaction and positive affect, and less negative affect). Moreover, personality and well-being states dynamically influenced one another over time within individuals, and these associations were not generally moderated by dispositional traits or well-being. CONCLUSIONS Behavior and well-being are interconnected within the context of the Big Five model of personality.
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Baumert A, Schmitt M, Perugini M, Johnson W, Blum G, Borkenau P, Costantini G, Denissen JJA, Fleeson W, Grafton B, Jayawickreme E, Kurzius E, MacLeod C, Miller LC, Read SJ, Roberts B, Robinson MD, Wood D, Wrzus C. Integrating Personality Structure, Personality Process, and Personality Development. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In this target article, we argue that personality processes, personality structure, and personality development have to be understood and investigated in integrated ways in order to provide comprehensive responses to the key questions of personality psychology. The psychological processes and mechanisms that explain concrete behaviour in concrete situations should provide explanation for patterns of variation across situations and individuals, for development over time as well as for structures observed in intra–individual and inter–individual differences. Personality structures, defined as patterns of covariation in behaviour, including thoughts and feelings, are results of those processes in transaction with situational affordances and regularities. It cannot be presupposed that processes are organized in ways that directly correspond to the observed structure. Rather, it is an empirical question whether shared sets of processes are uniquely involved in shaping correlated behaviours, but not uncorrelated behaviours (what we term ‘correspondence’ throughout this paper), or whether more complex interactions of processes give rise to population–level patterns of covariation (termed ‘emergence’). The paper is organized in three parts, with part I providing the main arguments, part II reviewing some of the past approaches at (partial) integration, and part III outlining conclusions of how future personality psychology should progress towards complete integration. Working definitions for the central terms are provided in the appendix. Copyright © 2017 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Baumert
- Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany
- School of Education, Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Schmitt
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
| | - Marco Perugini
- Department of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Wendy Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gabriela Blum
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany
| | - Peter Borkenau
- Department of Psychology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ben Grafton
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Elena Kurzius
- Department of Psychology, Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Germany
| | - Colin MacLeod
- Centre for the Advancement of Research on Emotion, School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lynn C. Miller
- Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism and Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Stephen J. Read
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, USA
| | - Brent Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, USA
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Dustin Wood
- Department of Management, University of Alabama, USA
| | - Cornelia Wrzus
- Department of Psychology, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany
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Kokkinos CM, Karagianni K, Voulgaridou I. Relational aggression, big five and hostile attribution bias in adolescents. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Howell RT, Ksendzova M, Nestingen E, Yerahian C, Iyer R. Your personality on a good day: How trait and state personality predict daily well-being. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Wilson RE, Thompson RJ, Vazire S. Are fluctuations in personality states more than fluctuations in affect? JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Self-focused and feeling fine: Assessing state narcissism and its relation to well-being. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Leikas S, Ilmarinen VJ. Happy Now, Tired Later? Extraverted and Conscientious Behavior Are Related to Immediate Mood Gains, but to Later Fatigue. J Pers 2016; 85:603-615. [PMID: 27281444 DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Experience sampling studies on Big Five-related behavior show that people display the whole spectrum of each trait in their daily behavior, and that desirable Big Five states-especially state Extraversion-are related to positive mood. However, other research lines suggest that extraverted and conscientious behavior may be mentally depleting. The present research examined this possibility by extending the time frame of the measured personality processes. METHOD A 12-day experience sampling study (N = 48; observations = 2,328) measured Big Five states, mood, stress, and fatigue five times a day. RESULTS Extraverted and conscientious behavior were concurrently related to positive mood and lower fatigue, but to higher fatigue after a 3-hour delay. These relations were not moderated by personality traits. The relation between extraverted behavior and delayed fatigue was mediated by the number of people the person had encountered. Whether the person had a goal mediated the relation between conscientious behavior and delayed fatigue. CONCLUSION Extraverted and conscientious behavior predict mental depletion after a 3-hour delay. The results help reconcile previous findings regarding the consequences of state Extraversion and provide novel information about the consequences of state Conscientiousness.
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Abstract
The present research examined whether perceived rate of progress toward a goal (velocity) mediated the relationships between personality states and affective states. Drawing from control theories of self-regulation, we hypothesized (i) that increased velocity would mediate the association between state extraversion and state positive affect, and (ii) that decreased velocity would mediate the association between state neuroticism and state negative affect. We tested these hypotheses in 2 experience sampling methodology studies that each spanned 2 weeks. Multilevel modeling analyses showed support for each of the bivariate links in our model, and multilevel path analyses supported our mediation hypotheses. We discuss implications for understanding the relations between personality states and affective states, control theories of self-regulation, and goal striving.
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Abstract
AbstractPASTOR represents an innovative development in the study of resilience. This commentary highlights how PASTOR can help both clarify critical questions in and benefit from engaging with new research in personality science on behavioral flexibility across situations in addition to stability over time, and also clarify the relationship between resilience and posttraumatic growth.
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Martin CC, Keyes CLM. Investigating the Goldilocks Hypothesis: The Non-Linear Impact of Positive Trait Change on Well-Being. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131316. [PMID: 26161648 PMCID: PMC4498833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper attempts to reconcile two perspectives on the impact of positive trait change. The first perspective views positive trait change as salubrious because it reflects the process of self-enhancement, whereas the second perspective views positive change as costly because it disrupts the self-verification process. We propose that benefits and costs accrue at discrete rates, such that moderate positive trait change is more beneficial than too little and too much positive change. This constitutes a Goldilocks hypothesis. Using the MIDUS longitudinal dataset (N = 1,725) we test this hypothesis on four traits, namely, social extraversion, agentic extraversion (agency), conscientiousness, and neuroticism. The Goldilocks hypothesis was supported for social extraversion, agentic extraversion (agency), and conscientiousness. Reduction in neuroticism seemed uniformly predictive of higher well-being. Thus, not all amounts of positive trait change are beneficial. While we find no evidence for a limit to the benefits of reduced neuroticism, there is a "just right" amount of positive change in extraversion and conscientiousness that results in the highest level of well-being. Our findings suggest that non-monotonic models may be more valid in investigations of personality change and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris C. Martin
- Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Personality researchers should modify models of traits to include mechanisms of differential reaction to situations. Whole Trait Theory does so via five main points. First, the descriptive side of traits should be conceptualized as density distributions of states. Second, it is important to provide an explanatory account of the Big 5 traits. Third, adding an explanatory account to the Big 5 creates two parts to traits, an explanatory part and a descriptive part, and these two parts should be recognized as separate entities that are joined into whole traits. Fourth, Whole Trait Theory proposes that the explanatory side of traits consists of social-cognitive mechanisms. Fifth, social-cognitive mechanisms that produce Big-5 states should be identified.
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Giacomin M, Jordan CH. The Wax and Wane of Narcissism: Grandiose Narcissism as a Process or State. J Pers 2014; 84:154-64. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Smillie LD, DeYoung CG, Hall PJ. Clarifying the Relation Between Extraversion and Positive Affect. J Pers 2014; 83:564-74. [DOI: 10.1111/jopy.12138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Jayawickreme E, Blackie LER. Post–traumatic Growth as Positive Personality Change: Evidence, Controversies and Future Directions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/per.1963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
This target article focuses on the construct of post–traumatic growth—positive psychological change experienced as a result of the struggle with highly challenging life circumstances. Prominent theories of post–traumatic growth define it in terms of personality change, and as a result, this area of research should be of great interest to personality psychologists. Despite this fact, most of the research on this topic has not been sufficiently informed by relevant research in personality psychology, and much of the extant research suffers from significant methodological limitations. We review the literature on post–traumatic growth, with a particular focus on how researchers have conceptualized it and the specific methodological issues associated with these conceptualizations. We outline some ways in which personality science can both be enriched by the study of this phenomenon and inform rigorous research on post–traumatic growth and provide a series of guidelines for future research of post–traumatic growth as positive personality change. Copyright © 2014 European Association of Personality Psychology
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The manifestation of traits in everyday behavior and affect: A five-culture study. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Smillie LD. Why Does It Feel Good To Act Like an Extravert? SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mulder SF, van Aken MAG. Socially Anxious Children at Risk for Victimization: The Role of Personality. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Perceived sexism has been linked to poorer sexual health among women. However, research has yet to examine whether protective factors, specifically liberal feminist beliefs (i.e., support for women’s empowerment and equity), moderate the relation between perceived sexism and precursors to risky sexual behavior. The present studies tested this possibility. In Study 1, 161 female undergraduates reported their liberal feminist beliefs, perceived sexism, and sexual self-efficacy. For women with weaker feminist beliefs, perceived sexism was related to lower sexual self-efficacy. For women with stronger feminist beliefs, perceived sexism was uncorrelated with sexual self-efficacy. In Study 2, 85 women with weaker or stronger liberal feminist beliefs were exposed to either hostile or benevolent sexism and subsequently reported their expectations to initiate condom use during sex. Participants with strong feminist beliefs reported greater anticipated condom use than those with weak feminist beliefs, but only in the hostile sexism condition; in the benevolent sexism condition, women with strong feminist beliefs reported condom use intentions that were similar to those reported by women with weak feminist beliefs. Results suggest women’s attitudes and social environment work together to shape sexual well-being and that liberal feminist beliefs may be a powerful tool women can employ to combat hostile, but not benevolent, sexism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C. Fitz
- Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alyssa N. Zucker
- Department of Psychology and Program in Women’s Studies, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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Aspects of extraversion are unrelated to pleasant affective-reactivity: Further examination of the affective-reactivity hypothesis. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Wilt J, Noftle EE, Fleeson W, Spain JS. The dynamic role of personality states in mediating the relationship between extraversion and positive affect. J Pers 2013; 80:1205-36. [PMID: 22092066 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2011.00756.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the most noteworthy and robust findings in personality psychology is the relationship between extraversion and positive affect. Existing theories have debated the origins and nature of this relationship, offering both structural/fixed and environmental/dynamic explanations. We tested the novel and straightforward dynamic hypothesis that part of the reason trait extraversion predicts trait positive affect is through an increased propensity to enact extraverted states, which in turn leads to experiencing more positive affect states. We report 5 experience sampling studies (and a meta-analysis of primary studies) conducted in natural environments and laboratory settings in which undergraduate participants (N = 241) provided ratings of trait extraversion, trait positive affect, extraversion states, and positive affect states. Results of primary studies and the meta-analysis showed that relationships between trait extraversion and trait positive affect were partially mediated by aggregated extraversion states and aggregated positive affect states. The results supported our dynamic hypothesis and suggested that dynamic explanations of the relationship between trait extraversion and trait positive affect are compatible with structural explanations. An important implication of these findings is that individuals might be able to increase their happiness by self-regulating their extraverted states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Wilt
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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Abstract
The study of well-being is hampered by the multiplicity of approaches, but focusing on a single approach begs the question of what “well-being” really is. We analyze how well-being is defined according to the three main kinds of theories: “Liking” approaches (generally adopted by psychologists), “Wanting” approaches (predominant among economists), and “Needing” approaches (used in both public policy and psychology). We propose an integrative framework, the engine model of well-being, drawing on Seligman (Seligman, M. E. P., 2011 , Flourish. New York, NY: The Free Press) and Sen's (Sen, A. K., 1999 , Development as freedom. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press) emphasis on the plurality of this construct by distinguishing among (a) inputs (resources that enable well-being), (b) processes (internal states of mechanisms influencing well-being), and (c) outcomes (the intrinsically valuable behaviors that reflect the attainment of well-being). We discuss implications for research, measurement, and interventions.
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McCabe KO, Fleeson W. What is extraversion for? Integrating trait and motivational perspectives and identifying the purpose of extraversion. Psychol Sci 2012; 23:1498-505. [PMID: 23104678 DOI: 10.1177/0956797612444904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine whether the manifestation of extraversion (i.e., acting and being extraverted) in everyday behavior can be explained by intentional (functional) constructs, namely, goals. By using a model in which personality states serve as an outcome of specific, momentary goal pursuit, we were able to identify the function of extraversion states in everyday behavior. Using experience-sampling methodology, we asked participants to describe their state extraversion, goal pursuit, and state affect over 10 days. Results show that 18 selected goals predicted 74% of the variance in state extraversion; both within-person and between-person fluctuations in state extraversion were strongly associated with changes in momentary goal pursuit. We extended findings relating state extraversion and state positive affect, showing that the relationship between goals and positive affect was partially mediated by state extraversion.
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Motivation to regulate mood as a mediator between state extraversion and pleasant–unpleasant mood. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2012.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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