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Dutriaux L, Clark NE, Papies EK, Scheepers C, Barsalou LW. The Situated Assessment Method (SAM2): Establishing individual differences in habitual behavior. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286954. [PMID: 37347753 PMCID: PMC10287018 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
From the perspectives of grounded, situated, and embodied cognition, we have developed a new approach for assessing individual differences. Because this approach is grounded in two dimensions of situatedness-situational experience and the Situated Action Cycle-we refer to it as the Situated Assessment Method (SAM2). Rather than abstracting over situations during assessment of a construct (as in traditional assessment instruments), SAM2 assesses a construct in situations where it occurs, simultaneously measuring factors from the Situated Action Cycle known to influence it. To demonstrate this framework, we developed the SAM2 Habitual Behavior Instrument (SAM2 HBI). Across three studies with a total of 442 participants, the SAM2 HBI produced a robust and replicable pattern of results at both the group and individual levels. Trait-level measures of habitual behavior exhibited large reliable individual differences in the regularity of performing positive versus negative habits. Situational assessments established large effects of situations and large situation by individual interactions. Several sources of evidence demonstrated construct and content validity for SAM2 measures of habitual behavior. At both the group and individual levels, these measures were associated with factors from the Situated Action Cycle known to influence habitual behavior in the literature (consistency, automaticity, immediate reward, long-term reward). Regressions explained approximately 65% of the variance at the group level and a median of approximately 75% at the individual level. SAM2 measures further exhibited well-established interactions with personality measures for self-control and neuroticism. Cognitive-affective processes from the Situated Action Cycle explained nearly all the variance in these interactions. Finally, a composite measure of habitualness established habitual behaviors at both the group and individual levels. Additionally, a composite measure of reward was positively related to the composite measure of habitualness, increasing with self-control and decreasing with neuroticism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Dutriaux
- Laboratoire sur les Interactions Cognition, Action, Émotion (LICAÉ), Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre Cedex, France
| | - Naomi E. Clark
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Esther K. Papies
- School of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Scheepers
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence W. Barsalou
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Lindström J, Bergh R, Akrami N, Obaidi M, Lindholm Öymyr T. Who endorses group-based violence? GROUP PROCESSES & INTERGROUP RELATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/13684302231154412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Collective action is often equated with progressive politics, but are there aspects of group mobilisations that generalise across contexts? We examine general social and personality psychological factors behind endorsement of group-based violence across different types of violent group mobilisation. Specifically, we focus on the endorsement of group-based violence amongst supporters of the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement ( N = 394), an immigration-critical group ( N = 252), and soccer supporters ( N = 445). Across three preregistered studies, we tested an integrative model including personality and social psychological factors. Several effects were consistent across all three contexts, with group-based relative deprivation positively, and honesty-humility negatively, predicting support for violence. Further, amongst BLM supporters and the immigration-critical group, emotionality negatively predicted support for violence, violent intentions, and self-reported aggression/violence. Overall, our results suggest that individuals who endorse violence in different contexts have some psychological factors in common.
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Reynolds KJ, Turner JC, Branscombe NR, Mavor KI, Bizumic B, Subašić E. Further Integration of Social Psychology and Personality Psychology: Choice or Necessity? EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/per.784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John C. Turner
- Department of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | - Kenneth I. Mavor
- Department of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Boris Bizumic
- Department of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Emina Subašić
- Department of Psychology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Bergh R, Akrami N, Ekehammar B. The Compatibility of Personality and Social Identity Processes: The Effect of Gender Identity on Neuroticism. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/per.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In an experimental study ( N = 186), we examined the effect of identity (gender versus personal) on participants‘ self–rated neuroticism and estimates of mean neuroticism for men and women. Self–rated neuroticism was measured before and after the identity salience manipulation. Following self–categorization theory, we predicted that identity salience would affect levels of self–rated neuroticism and the estimates (perceptions) of mean neuroticism for each sex. From a personality perspective, we expected substantial correlations between pre–manipulation and post–manipulation neuroticism scores in both identity conditions. The relation between participants‘ self–rated neuroticism and their estimates of mean neuroticism for their own sex was also examined. The effect of identity salience was unclear with regard to self–rated neuroticism levels, whereas the manipulation had apparent effects on estimated mean neuroticism levels for men and women. Also, self–rated neuroticism was found to predict estimates of mean neuroticism for men and women in the gender, but not personal, identity condition. Finally, in line with a personality perspective, the relative positions in self–rated neuroticism were highly stable in both conditions. The findings indicate a compatibility of self–categorization theory and personality perspectives and suggest that both are valuable to understand the changeability and stability of the self. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Bergh
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Nazar Akrami
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | - Bo Ekehammar
- Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Sweden
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The impact of ethnic affirmation and belonging on other-group orientation: The mediating role of personality traits and values in different ethnic groups. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2019.109574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Barbaranelli C, Farnese ML, Tramontano C, Fida R, Ghezzi V, Paciello M, Long P. Machiavellian Ways to Academic Cheating: A Mediational and Interactional Model. Front Psychol 2018; 9:695. [PMID: 29867663 PMCID: PMC5960691 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Academic cheating has become a pervasive practice from primary schools to university. This study aims at investigating this phenomenon through a nomological network which integrates different theoretical frameworks and models, such as trait and social-cognitive theories and models regarding the approaches to learning and contextual/normative environment. Results on a sample of more than 200 Italian university students show that the Amoral Manipulation facet of Machiavellianism, Academic Moral Disengagement, Deep Approach to Learning, and Normative Academic Cheating are significantly associated with Individual Academic Cheating. Moreover, results show a significant latent interaction effect between Normative Academic Cheating and Amoral Manipulation Machiavellianism: “amoral Machiavellians” students are more prone to resort to Academic Cheating in contexts where Academic Cheating is adopted as a practice by their peers, while this effect is not significant in contexts where Academic Cheating is not normative. Results also show that Academic Moral Disengagement and Deep Approach to learning partially mediate the relationship between Amoral Manipulation and Academic Cheating. Practical implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria L Farnese
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Tramontano
- Centre for Advances in Behavioural Science, Coventry University, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Roberta Fida
- Norwich Business School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Valerio Ghezzi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marinella Paciello
- Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale Uninettuno, Rome, Italy
| | - Philip Long
- Centre for Staff and Educational Development, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Steffens NK, Mols F, Haslam SA, Okimoto TG. True to what We stand for: Championing collective interests as a path to authentic leadership. LEADERSHIP QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Magyaródi T, Oláh A. A Cross-Sectional Survey Study About the Most Common Solitary and Social Flow Activities to Extend the Concept of Optimal Experience. EUROPES JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 11:632-50. [PMID: 27247682 PMCID: PMC4873080 DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v11i4.866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous assumptions note that the most powerful experiences of engagement are shared with others. Therefore, in the framework of positive psychology, to expand the dynamic interactionism-related flow theory, we have attempted to conduct an exploratory study about flow to reveal the most common activities that can trigger this experience during solitary or social situations. The study involved 1,709 adult participants from Hungary (Age: M = 26.95, SD = 11.23). They read descriptions about optimal experience in solitary and social situations and were asked to identify the activity from their life that is most typically followed by the described experiences. The social context was supplemented by other flow-related questions for a deeper understanding and to contribute to the research. According to the results the most typical solitary flow activities are found to be work, sports, creative activities and reading. The most common flow-inducing social activities are work and sports. The choice of the most frequent flow-inducing activities in both solitary and interpersonal situations is dependent on the gender of the respondent, and various demographical factors can influence the frequency of flow experiences in different contexts. Analysis reveal that optimal experience during a social interaction is determined by the perceived level of challenges, the perceived level of cooperation, the immediateness and clarity of the feedback, and the level of the skill. Our study may contribute to the broadening purpose of positive psychology as it focuses on the interpersonal level in relation to flow experience, which, in turn, may also support a higher level of well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tímea Magyaródi
- Department of Personality and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Personality and Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Emotional Distress Associated with Surgical Treatment and its Relationship with Coping Profiles Among Chronically ill Older Patients. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-015-9398-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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12
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Poropat AE, Corr PJ. Thinking bigger: The Cronbachian paradigm & personality theory integration. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PERSONALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Reynolds KJ, Subašić E, Tindall K. The Problem of Behaviour Change: From Social Norms to an Ingroup Focus. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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The relationship of obesity and weight gain to childhood teasing. J Pediatr Nurs 2014; 29:511-20. [PMID: 25241400 DOI: 10.1016/j.pedn.2014.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article examines the relationship between weight gain and childhood teasing in children. Anthropometric data and self-reported teasing experiences were collected on a sample of second and third graders at a local elementary school in a disadvantaged suburban community. The study model uses bio-ecological development theory in which child development is understood in context: the child's physical characteristics influence the social environment, which interact and influence the behaviors that result in physical development and characteristics such as weight gain. Results suggest that teasing influences BMI change and that the relationship is more complex than simply stating that obese children are teased.
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Werneck H, Eder MO, Yanagida T, Rollett B. Predicting adolescents' parent–child relationship quality from parental personality, marital conflict and adolescents' personality. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/17405629.2013.876914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Haslam SA, Jetten J, Reynolds KJ, Reicher SD. The dangers of isolating the individual: the need for a dynamic and socially structured model of personality – commentary on Ferguson (2011). Health Psychol Rev 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2011.606097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Snyder M. B = f (P, S): Perspectives on persons and situations, from Lewin to Bond and beyond. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/ajsp.12013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Snyder
- Department of Psychology; University of Minnesota; Minneapolis; Minnesota; USA
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Robinson OC, Lopez FG, Ramos K, Nartova-Bochaver S. Authenticity, Social Context, and Well-Being in the United States, England, and Russia. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022112465672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated interrelationships among trait authenticity, context-specific authenticity, and well-being in three samples drawn from England, the United States, and Russia. Six hundred and twenty-eight adults participated: 196 from the United States, 240 from England, and 192 from Russia. The overall sample consisted of 151 men and 477 women with a mean age of 27 years (range = 18 to 56). Authenticity was rated both as a general trait and specific to four contexts: with partner, parents, friends, and work colleagues. Well-being was measured using a measure of positive mental health. English and American samples showed higher mean authenticity levels than the Russian sample. In all three subsamples, within-subjects differences in the context-specific ratings were in the same ordinal series; authenticity was rated highest with partner, followed by friends and parents, and lowest with work colleagues. Context and country showed an interaction in their effect on authenticity; United States and England were higher than Russia in partner, friend, and parent contexts but not in the work context. Trait and context-specific authenticity measures contributed unique and significant variance to a prediction of well-being in all three subsamples.
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Abstract
The current research investigated situational variations in ethnic identity and the relations between identity variations and psychological well-being. In a sample of first- ( n = 47) and second-generation ( n = 82) immigrants to Canada who completed a questionnaire survey, it was found that Canadian and heritage identity variation showed the hypothesized situational and generational differences. Furthermore, heritage affect and heritage ties buttressed the second-generation group from experiencing negative well-being as a result of differences in heritage identity across private and public domains (i.e., cross-situation variation). Finally, the relations between situated Canadian or heritage identity (i.e., within-situation variation) and well-being in both generations depended on the felt authenticity associated with the given identity. In general, our results showed positive effects of feeling true to a counternormative (vs. normative) identity on well-being. These patterns were interpreted in terms of the normative implications of the situated identity choices. Overall, the results underscore the importance of examining when and how identity variation is psychologically adaptive or maladaptive in multicultural contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Predicting social identification over time: The role of group and personality factors. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Reicher SD, Haslam SA, Spears R, Reynolds KJ. A social mind: The context of John Turner’s work and its influence. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2012.745672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Reynolds KJ, Bizumic B, Subasic E, Turner JC, Branscombe N, Mavor KI, Batalha L. Social identity and personality processes: Non-Aboriginal Australian identity and Neuroticism. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejsp.1841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Perugini M, Conner M, O'Gorman R. Automatic Activation of Individual Differences: A Test of the Gatekeeper Model in the Domain of Spontaneous Helping. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/per.826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The influence of stable individual differences on behaviour need not solely rely upon deliberative processes but can also be exerted through automatic associative processes. In this contribution, three studies that illustrate the role of individual differences in automaticity are presented in the domain of helping behaviour. The first study provides evidence both for a double dissociation and for an additive pattern of implicit and explicit measures in predicting relevant altruistic behaviours. The subsequent two studies show that when the concept of altruism is subliminally primed, individual differences in implicit attitudes significantly predict behaviour. The results are in line with the gatekeeper model, and their implications are discussed focusing on the key role of individual differences in modulating automaticity effects. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Perugini
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Milan-Bicocca, Italy
| | - Mark Conner
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, UK
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Abstract
Behavioural data are important for group research and are widely used to inform and validate relevant theoretical propositions. There is more debate about the role of such data in illuminating the psychological processes that underpin group behaviour itself. This article focuses on this debate and outlines that behavioral data are limited because (a) they have difficulty distinguishing between interactions between individuals-as-individuals and individuals-as-group members, and (b) when the psychological group is properly understood it becomes clear that much of group research concerns individuals-as-group members and the emergence of a shared social identity (along with shifts in self-definition from I to we). The implication is that behavioural data per se are limited in being able to infer the very psychological processes that are central to group research. In conclusion, examples are outlined where in combination with a social identity perspective (and related work) behavioural data have been informative in advancing group research.
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