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Adesoye T, Tripathy D, Hunt KK, Keyomarsi K. Exploring Novel Frontiers: Leveraging STAT3 Signaling for Advanced Cancer Therapeutics. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:492. [PMID: 38339245 PMCID: PMC10854592 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) plays a significant role in diverse physiologic processes, including cell proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and survival. STAT3 activation via phosphorylation of tyrosine and serine residues is a complex and tightly regulated process initiated by upstream signaling pathways with ligand binding to receptor and non-receptor-linked kinases. Through downstream deregulation of target genes, aberrations in STAT3 activation are implicated in tumorigenesis, metastasis, and recurrence in multiple cancers. While there have been extensive efforts to develop direct and indirect STAT3 inhibitors using novel drugs as a therapeutic strategy, direct clinical application remains in evolution. In this review, we outline the mechanisms of STAT3 activation, the resulting downstream effects in physiologic and malignant settings, and therapeutic strategies for targeting STAT3. We also summarize the pre-clinical and clinical evidence of novel drug therapies targeting STAT3 and discuss the challenges of establishing their therapeutic efficacy in the current clinical landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiwo Adesoye
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Debasish Tripathy
- Department of Breast Medical Oncology, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Kelly K. Hunt
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Khandan Keyomarsi
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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2
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Gu J, Wu Q, Zhang Q, You Q, Wang L. A decade of approved first-in-class small molecule orphan drugs: Achievements, challenges and perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114742. [PMID: 36155354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade (2011-2020), there was a growing interest in the discovery and development of orphan drugs for the treatment of rare diseases. However, rare diseases only account for a population of 0.65‰-1‰ which usually occur with previously unknown biological mechanisms and lack of specific therapeutics, thus to increase the demands for the first-in-class (FIC) drugs with new biological targets or mechanisms. Considering the achievements in the past 10 years, a total of 410 drugs were approved by U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which contained 151 FIC drugs and 184 orphan drugs, contributing to make up significant numbers of the approvals. Notably, more than 50% of FIC drugs are developed as orphan drugs and some of them have already been milestones in drug development. In this review, we aim to discuss the FIC small molecules for the development of orphan drugs case by case and highlight the R&D strategy with novel targets and scientific breakthroughs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiuyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qiuyue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines and Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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3
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Lysenko V, Wildner-Verhey van Wijk N, Zimmermann K, Weller MC, Bühler M, Wildschut MHE, Schürch P, Fritz C, Wagner U, Calabresi L, Psaila B, Flavell RA, Vannucchi AM, Mead AJ, Wild PJ, Dirnhofer S, Manz MG, Theocharides APA. Enhanced engraftment of human myelofibrosis stem and progenitor cells in MISTRG mice. Blood Adv 2020; 4:2477-2488. [PMID: 32502268 PMCID: PMC7284099 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019001364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The engraftment potential of myeloproliferative neoplasms in immunodeficient mice is low. We hypothesized that the physiological expression of human cytokines (macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and thrombopoietin) combined with human signal regulatory protein α expression in Rag2-/-Il2rγ-/- (MISTRG) mice might provide a supportive microenvironment for the development and maintenance of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPC) from patients with primary, post-polycythemia or post-essential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis (MF). We show that MISTRG mice, in contrast to standard immunodeficient NOD.Cg-PrkdcscidIl2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ and Rag2-/-Il2rγ-/- mice, supported engraftment of all patient samples investigated independent of MF disease stage or risk category. Moreover, MISTRG mice exhibited significantly higher human MF engraftment levels in the bone marrow, peripheral blood, and spleen and supported secondary repopulation. Bone marrow fibrosis development was limited to 3 of 14 patient samples investigated in MISTRG mice. Disease-driving mutations were identified in all xenografts, and targeted sequencing revealed maintenance of the primary patient sample clonal composition in 7 of 8 cases. Treatment of engrafted mice with the current standard-of-care Janus kinase inhibitor ruxolitinib led to a reduction in human chimerism. In conclusion, the established MF patient-derived xenograft model supports robust engraftment of MF HSPCs and maintains the genetic complexity observed in patients. The model is suited for further testing of novel therapeutic agents to expedite their transition into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Lysenko
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Kathrin Zimmermann
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Christine Weller
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Bühler
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mattheus H E Wildschut
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schürch
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christine Fritz
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Wagner
- Institute of Pathology and Molecular Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Center for Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Bethan Psaila
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, and
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alessandro M Vannucchi
- Center for Research and Innovation of Myeloproliferative Neoplasms, Azienda Ospedaliero, Universitaria Careggi, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Adam J Mead
- Haematopoietic Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Medical Research Council Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine
- Medical Research Council Molecular Haematology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, and
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J Wild
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany; and
| | - Stefan Dirnhofer
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus G Manz
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre P A Theocharides
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, University of Zurich and University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Poelaert KCK, Van Cleemput J, Laval K, Favoreel HW, Soboll Hussey G, Maes RK, Nauwynck HJ. Abortigenic but Not Neurotropic Equine Herpes Virus 1 Modulates the Interferon Antiviral Defense. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:312. [PMID: 30258819 PMCID: PMC6144955 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV1) is considered as a major pathogen of Equidae, causing symptoms from mild respiratory disease to late-term abortion and neurological disorders. Different EHV1 strains circulating in the field have been characterized to be of abortigenic or neurovirulent phenotype. Both variants replicate in a plaque-wise manner in the epithelium of the upper respiratory tract (URT), where the abortigenic strains induce more prominent viral plaques, compared to the neurovirulent strains. Considering the differences in replication at the URT, we hypothesized that abortigenic strains may show an increased ability to modulate the type I IFN secretion/signaling pathway, compared to strains that display the neurovirulent phenotype. Here, we analyze IFN levels induced by abortigenic and neurovirulent EHV1 using primary respiratory epithelial cells (EREC) and respiratory mucosa ex vivo explants. Similar levels of IFNα (~70 U/ml) were detected in explants inoculated with both types of EHV1 strains from 48 to 72 hpi. Second, EREC and mucosa explants were treated with recombinant equine IFNα (rEqIFNα) or Ruxolitinib (Rux), an IFN signaling inhibitor, prior to and during inoculation with abortigenic or neurovirulent EHV1. Replication of both EHV1 variants was suppressed by rEqIFNα. Further, addition of Rux increased replication in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating an IFN-susceptibility for both variants. However, in two out of three horses, at a physiological concentration of 100 U/ml of rEqIFNα, an increase in abortigenic EHV1 replication was observed compared to 10 U/ml of rEqIFNα, which was not observed for the neurovirulent strains. Moreover, in the presence of Rux, the plaque size of the abortigenic variants remained unaltered, whereas the typically smaller viral plaques induced by the neurovirulent variants became larger. Overall, our results demonstrate the importance of IFNα in the control of EHV1 replication in the URT for both abortigenic and neurovirulent variants. In addition, our findings support the speculation that abortigenic variants of EHV1 may have developed anti-IFN mechanisms that appear to be absent or less pronounced in neurovirulent EHV1 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrien C K Poelaert
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jolien Van Cleemput
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kathlyn Laval
- Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Herman W Favoreel
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gisela Soboll Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Roger K Maes
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Immunology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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5
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Li AW, Yin ES, Stahl M, Kim TK, Panse G, Zeidan AM, Leventhal JS. The skin as a window to the blood: Cutaneous manifestations of myeloid malignancies. Blood Rev 2017; 31:370-388. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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6
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Kerget B, Araz O, Ucar EY, Akgun M, Sağlam L. Acute respiratory distress syndrome; A rare complication caused by usage of ruxolitinib. Respir Med Case Rep 2017; 22:243-245. [PMID: 28970999 PMCID: PMC5608559 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmcr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ruxolitinib-associated acute respiratory distress has rarely been reported, mostly due to discontinuation of treatment. Herein we report a 58-year-old male patient with primary myelofibrosis who presented with malaise and dyspnea 15 days after initiation of the treatment. The patient was diagnosed as mild acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). After excluding other potential causes such as infection and cardiac pathologies, it was considered secondary to ruxolitinib use. The medication was discontinued and 1 mg/kg methylprednisolone was given to prevent cytokine rebound syndrome and continuous positive airway pressure therapy was prescribed for ARDS. Symptomatic improvement and complete radiological resolution was observed. This case suggests that ARDS may develop secondary to ruxolitinib use and ARDS should be keep in mind in the cases with respiratory symptoms who were on treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bugra Kerget
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Ataturk University School of Medicine, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Omer Araz
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Ataturk University School of Medicine, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Elif Yilmazel Ucar
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Ataturk University School of Medicine, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Metin Akgun
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Ataturk University School of Medicine, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Leyla Sağlam
- Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Ataturk University School of Medicine, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey
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7
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Eyal O, Flaschner M, Ben Yehuda A, Rund D. Varicella-zoster virus meningoencephalitis in a patient treated with ruxolitinib. Am J Hematol 2017; 92:E74-E75. [PMID: 28213916 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ophir Eyal
- Department of MedicineHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalem Israel
| | - Maayan Flaschner
- Department of MedicineHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalem Israel
| | - Arie Ben Yehuda
- Department of MedicineHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalem Israel
| | - Deborah Rund
- Department of HematologyHadassah‐Hebrew University Medical CenterJerusalem Israel
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8
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Cytokine receptor signaling is required for the survival of ALK- anaplastic large cell lymphoma, even in the presence of JAK1/STAT3 mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3975-3980. [PMID: 28356514 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700682114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Activating Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) mutations have been discovered in many T-cell malignancies, including anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)- anaplastic large cell lymphomas (ALCLs). However, such mutations occur in a minority of patients. To investigate the clinical application of targeting JAK for ALK- ALCL, we treated ALK- cell lines of various histological origins with JAK inhibitors. Interestingly, most exogenous cytokine-independent cell lines responded to JAK inhibition regardless of JAK mutation status. JAK inhibitor sensitivity correlated with the STAT3 phosphorylation status of tumor cells. Using retroviral shRNA knockdown, we have demonstrated that these JAK inhibitor-sensitive cells are dependent on both JAK1 and STAT3 for survival. JAK1 and STAT3 gain-of-function mutations were found in some, but not all, JAK inhibitor-sensitive cells. Moreover, the mutations alone cannot explain the JAK1/STAT3 dependency, given that wild-type JAK1 or STAT3 was sufficient to promote cell survival in the cells that had either JAK1or STAT3 mutations. To investigate whether other mechanisms were involved, we knocked down upstream receptors GP130 or IL-2Rγ. Knockdown of GP130 or IL-2Rγ induced cell death in selected JAK inhibitor-sensitive cells. High expression levels of cytokines, including IL-6, were demonstrated in cell lines as well as in primary ALK- ALCL tumors. Finally, ruxolitinib, a JAK1/2 inhibitor, was effective in vivo in a xenograft ALK- ALCL model. Our data suggest that cytokine receptor signaling is required for tumor cell survival in diverse forms of ALK- ALCL, even in the presence of JAK1/STAT3 mutations. Therefore, JAK inhibitor therapy might benefit patients with ALK- ALCL who are phosphorylated STAT3<sup/>.
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9
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Bharadwaj U, Kasembeli MM, Tweardy DJ. STAT3 Inhibitors in Cancer: A Comprehensive Update. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-42949-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Janus kinase inhibition lessens inflammation and ameliorates disease in murine models of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Blood 2016; 127:1666-75. [PMID: 26825707 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2015-12-684399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) comprises an emerging spectrum of inherited and noninherited disorders of the immune system characterized by the excessive production of cytokines, including interferon-γ and interleukins 2, 6, and 10 (IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10). The Janus kinases (JAKs) transduce signals initiated following engagement of specific receptors that bind a broad array of cytokines, including those overproduced in HLH. Based on the central role for cytokines in the pathogenesis of HLH, we sought to examine whether the inhibition of JAK function might lessen inflammation in murine models of the disease. Toward this end, we examined the effects of JAK inhibition using a model of primary (inherited) HLH in which perforin-deficient (Prf1(-∕-)) mice are infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and secondary (noninherited) HLH in which C57BL/6 mice receive repeated injections of CpG DNA. In both models, treatment with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib significantly lessened the clinical and laboratory manifestations of HLH, including weight loss, organomegaly, anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypercytokinemia, and tissue inflammation. Importantly, ruxolitinib treatment also significantly improved the survival of LCMV-infectedPrf1(-∕-)mice. Mechanistic studies revealed that in vivo exposure to ruxolitinib inhibited signal transducer and activation of transcription 1-dependent gene expression, limited CD8(+)T-cell expansion, and greatly reduced proinflammatory cytokine production, without effecting degranulation and cytotoxic function. Collectively, these findings highlight the JAKs as novel, druggable targets for mitigating the cytokine-driven hyperinflammation that occurs in HLH. These observations also support the incorporation of JAK inhibitors such as ruxolitinib into future clinical trials for patients with these life-threatening disorders.
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11
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Hennek J, Alves J, Yao E, Goueli SA, Zegzouti H. Bioluminescent kinase strips: A novel approach to targeted and flexible kinase inhibitor profiling. Anal Biochem 2015; 495:9-20. [PMID: 26628096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In addition to target efficacy, drug safety is a major requirement during the drug discovery process and is influenced by target specificity. Therefore, it is imperative that every new drug candidate be profiled against various liability panels that include protein kinases. Here, an effective methodology to streamline kinase inhibitor profiling is described. An accessible standardized profiling system for 112 protein kinases covering all branches of the kinome was developed. This approach consists of creating different sets of kinases and their corresponding substrates in multi-tube strips. The kinase stocks are pre-standardized for optimal kinase activity and used for inhibitor profiling using a bioluminescent ADP detection assay. We show that these strips can routinely generate inhibitor selectivity profiles for small or broad kinase family panels. Lipid kinases were also assembled in strip format and profiled together with protein kinases. We identified two specific PI3K inhibitors that have off-target effects on CK2 that were not reported before and would have been missed if compounds were not profiled against lipid and protein kinases simultaneously. To validate the accuracy of the data generated by this method, we confirmed that the inhibition potencies observed are consistent with published values produced by more complex technologies such as radioactivity assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Hennek
- R&D Department, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - J Alves
- R&D Department, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI 53711, USA
| | - E Yao
- SignalChem Pharmaceuticals, Richmond, British Columbia V6V 2J2, Canada
| | - S A Goueli
- R&D Department, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI 53711, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - H Zegzouti
- R&D Department, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
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12
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Khanna P, Chua PJ, Bay BH, Baeg GH. The JAK/STAT signaling cascade in gastric carcinoma (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 47:1617-26. [PMID: 26398764 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma remains one of the most prevalent forms of cancer worldwide, despite the decline in incidence rates, increased awareness of the disease and advancement in treatment strategies. Helicobacter pylori infection, dietary factors, lifestyle influences and various genetic aberrations have been shown to contribute to the development and progression of gastric cancer. Recent studies on the genomic landscape of gastric adenocarcinoma have identified several key signaling molecules, including epidermal growth factor receptor family (ErbB) members, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor family (VEGFR) members and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway components, that have been implicated in the molecular pathogenesis of gastric cancers. However, clinical trials with compounds that target these molecules have failed to show a significant improvement in overall survival rates when supplemented with conventional therapies. Therefore, it is essential to identify effective prognostic and/or diagnostic biomarkers and develop molecular targeted therapies. The JAK/STAT cascade is a principal signal transduction pathway in cytokine and growth factor signaling, regulating various cellular processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration and survival. Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that dysregulated JAK/STAT signaling is a driving force in the pathogenesis of various solid cancers as well as hematopoietic malignancies. Hence, a large number of preclinical and clinical studies of drugs targeting this pathway are currently underway. Notably, aberrant JAK/STAT signaling has also been implicated in gastric cancers. In this review, we focus on the ongoing research on the JAK/STAT cascade in gastric carcinoma and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting JAK/STAT signaling for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Khanna
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117 597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Pei Jou Chua
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117 597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Boon Huat Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117 597, Republic of Singapore
| | - Gyeong Hun Baeg
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117 597, Republic of Singapore
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13
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Béguelin W, Sawh S, Chambwe N, Chan FC, Jiang Y, Choo JW, Scott DW, Chalmers A, Geng H, Tsikitas L, Tam W, Bhagat G, Gascoyne RD, Shaknovich R. IL10 receptor is a novel therapeutic target in DLBCLs. Leukemia 2015; 29:1684-94. [PMID: 25733167 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is a biologically and clinically heterogeneous disease with marked genomic instability and variable response to conventional R-CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone) chemotherapy. More clinically aggressive cases of DLBCLs have high level of circulating interleukin 10 (IL10) cytokine and evidence of activated intracellular STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) signaling. We investigated the role of IL10 and its surface receptor in supporting the neoplastic phenotype of DLBCLs. We determined that IL10RA gene is amplified in 21% and IL10RB gene in 10% of primary DLBCLs. Gene expression of IL10, IL10RA and IL10RB was markedly elevated in DLBCLs. We hypothesized that DLBCLs depend for their proliferation and survival on IL10-STAT3 signaling and that blocking the IL10 receptor (IL10R) would induce cell death. We used anti-IL10R blocking antibody, which resulted in a dose-dependent cell death in all tested activated B-cell-like subtype of DLBCL cell lines and primary DLBCLs. Response of germinal center B-cell-like subtype of DLBCL cell lines to anti-IL10R antibody varied from sensitive to resistant. Cells underwent cell cycle arrest, followed by induction of apoptosis. Cell death depended on inhibition of STAT3 and, to a lesser extent, STAT1 signaling. Anti-IL10R treatment resulted in interruption of IL10-IL10R autostimulatory loop. We thus propose that IL10R is a novel therapeutic target in DLBCLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Béguelin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Sawh
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - N Chambwe
- 1] The HRH Prince Alwaleed Bin Talal Bin Abdulaziz Alsaud Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA [3] Tri-Instituitional Training Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - F C Chan
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Y Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - J-W Choo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - D W Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - A Chalmers
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - H Geng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L Tsikitas
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - W Tam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Bhagat
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - R D Gascoyne
- 1] Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada [2] Department of Pathology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - R Shaknovich
- 1] Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA [2] Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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14
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Wright KT, Giardina C, Vella AT. Therapeutic targeting of the inflammome. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:184-91. [PMID: 25204592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses can vary depending on a myriad of factors including: (1) the initiating stimulus or trigger, (2) the cell types involved in the response, and (3) the specific effector cytokine-chemokine milieus produced. The compilation of these and other factors in a given mechanistic context is sometimes referred to as the "inflammome". Humans and other higher-order mammals have evolved (over time) several discrete inflammomes to counter the effects of pathogens. However, when these inflammomes are induced inappropriately, they drive the development of chronic inflammatory diseases. The vast majority of biological anti-inflammatory treatments currently being developed are focused on the post hoc inhibition of downstream effectors by anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies and receptor antagonists. This prevailing "end-point treatment" has even directed a new disease classification paradigm, namely a cytokine-based disease classification, as opposed to a traditional diagnosis based on a particular tissue or organ system dysfunction. Although this approach has a number of advantages, it omits the processes that led to the generation of the inflammatory effectors in the first place. In this review, we will expand the cytokine-based disease taxonomy into an inflammome-based taxonomy that includes interventions that subvert a priori cytokine development and can complement post hoc inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T Wright
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, University of Connecticut Heath Center, MC3710 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Charles Giardina
- Department of Molecular & Cell Biology, University of Connecticut, 91 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3125, Storrs, CT 06269-3125, USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, University of Connecticut Heath Center, MC3710 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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15
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Lee SC, Feenstra J, Georghiou PR. Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonitis complicating ruxolitinib therapy. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014:bcr-2014-204950. [PMID: 24891492 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-204950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Ruxolitinib is a novel inhibitor of the Janus kinase (JAK) pathway that has become available for the treatment of myelofibrosis. There are increasing reports of opportunistic infections associated with ruxolitinib therapy. We present a case of Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonitis complicating ruxolitinib therapy. Clinicians should consider the use of pneumocystis prophylaxis when using ruxolitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Lee
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Feenstra
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia Department of Thoracic Medicine, The Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul R Georghiou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Wesley Hospital, Auchenflower, Queensland, Australia
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16
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Link CS, Platzbecker U, Kroschinsky F, Pannach S, Thiede C, Platzek I, Ehninger G, Schuler MK. Association of Oesophageal Varices and Splanchnic Vein Thromboses in Patients with JAK2-Positive Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Presentation of Two Cases and Data from a Retrospective Analysis. Case Rep Oncol 2013; 6:311-5. [PMID: 23898274 PMCID: PMC3725010 DOI: 10.1159/000352088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oesophageal varices and gastrointestinal bleeding are common complications of liver cirrhosis. More rarely, oesophageal varices occur in patients with non-cirrhotic portal hypertension that results from thromboses of portal or splanchnic veins. CASE REPORT We describe 2 young men who initially presented with varices as a result of portal vein thromboses. In the clinical follow-up, both were tested positive for a JAK2 mutation and consequently diagnosed with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). In an attempt to characterise the frequency of gastrointestinal complications in patients with JAK2-positive MPNs, we retrospectively analysed all known affected patients from our clinic for the diagnosis of portal vein thromboses and oesophageal varices. Strikingly, 48% of those who had received an oesophagogastroduodenoscopy had detectable oesophageal or gastric varices, and 82% of those suffered from portal or splanchnic vein thromboses. CONCLUSION While the association between JAK2, myeloproliferative disease and thrombotic events is well established, patients with idiopathic oesophageal varices are not regularly tested for JAK2 mutations. However, the occurrence of oesophageal varices may be the first presenting symptom of a MPN with a JAK2 mutation, and affected patients may profit from a close haematological monitoring to assure the early detection of developing MPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia S Link
- Departments of Medicine I, Dresden Technical University, Dresden, Germany
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17
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Islam R, Yellu MR, Rafiullah, Shaw GR. Low-dose ruxolitinib for improving leukopaenia and reducing recurrent infections associated with myelofibrosis. BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr2013010068. [PMID: 23704469 PMCID: PMC3670020 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Myelofibrosis, either primary or resulting from essential thrombocythemia or polycythemia vera, may present with highly variable white blood cell counts, including progressive leukopaenia with its associated risk of infections. Medications have been developed to reduce splenomegaly and other symptoms, but there are no reports of improved white blood cell counts. We report a case of primary myelofibrosis with marked improvement in leukopaenia and reduced recurrent infections, in addition to reduction in spleen size and improvement in disease-associated symptoms, within 20 weeks after using low-dose ruxolitinib. Although reduction of splenomegaly in myelofibrosis patients is the anticipated benefit of ruxolitinib, the drug may also have the potential to improve leukopaenia if used at a low dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezwan Islam
- Department of Oncology/Hematology, Marshfield Clinic Weston Center, Weston, Wisconsin, USA.
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