1
|
Gonçalves LFFF, Reis RL, Fernandes EM. Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1286. [PMID: 38732755 PMCID: PMC11085284 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of polymeric-based foam materials. These materials find several practical applications in our daily lives due to their characteristic properties such as low density, thermal insulation, and porosity, which are important in packaging, in building construction, and in biomedical applications, respectively. The first foams with practical applications used polymeric materials of petrochemical origin. However, due to growing environmental concerns, considerable efforts have been made to replace some of these materials with biodegradable polymers. Foam processing has evolved greatly in recent years due to improvements in existing techniques, such as the use of supercritical fluids in extrusion foaming and foam injection moulding, as well as the advent or adaptation of existing techniques to produce foams, as in the case of the combination between additive manufacturing and foam technology. The use of supercritical CO2 is especially advantageous in the production of porous structures for biomedical applications, as CO2 is chemically inert and non-toxic; in addition, it allows for an easy tailoring of the pore structure through processing conditions. Biodegradable polymeric materials, despite their enormous advantages over petroleum-based materials, present some difficulties regarding their potential use in foaming, such as poor melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, low service temperature, low toughness, and high brittleness, which limits their field of application. Several strategies were developed to improve the melt strength, including the change in monomer composition and the use of chemical modifiers and chain extenders to extend the chain length or create a branched molecular structure, to increase the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymer. The use of additives or fillers is also commonly used, as fillers can improve crystallization kinetics by acting as crystal-nucleating agents. Alternatively, biodegradable polymers can be blended with other biodegradable polymers to combine certain properties and to counteract certain limitations. This work therefore aims to provide the latest advances regarding the foaming of biodegradable polymers. It covers the main foaming techniques and their advances and reviews the uses of biodegradable polymers in foaming, focusing on the chemical changes of polymers that improve their foaming ability. Finally, the challenges as well as the main opportunities presented reinforce the market potential of the biodegradable polymer foam materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. F. F. Gonçalves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Emanuel M. Fernandes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lu J, Zhang H, Chen Y, Ge Y, Liu T. Mechanical and rheological properties and CO2-foaming behavior of reactively modified TPEE with controlled chain entanglement. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
3
|
Standau T, Nofar M, Dörr D, Ruckdäschel H, Altstädt V. A Review on Multifunctional Epoxy-Based Joncryl® ADR Chain Extended Thermoplastics. POLYM REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2021.1918710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Standau
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Department Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- Polymer Science and Technology Program, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Dominik Dörr
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Expanded Polycarbonate (EPC)-A New Generation of High-Temperature Engineering Bead Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102314. [PMID: 33050426 PMCID: PMC7601122 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bead foams serve in a wide variety of applications, from insulation and packaging to midsoles in shoes. However, the currently used materials are limited to somewhat low temperature or exhibit significant changes in modulus in the temperature range of many applications due to their glass transition. By comparison, polycarbonate (PC) exhibits almost constant mechanics for temperatures up to 130 °C. Therefore, it appears as an advantageous base material for bead foams. The aim of the publication is to provide comprehensive data on the properties of expanded PC (EPC) in comparison to already commercially available expanded polypropylene, EPP, and expanded polyethylene-terephthalate, EPET. A special focus is set on the thermo-mechanical properties as these are the most lacking features in current materials. In this frame, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile, bending, compression and impact tests at room temperature (RT), 80 °C, and 110 °C are conducted for the three materials of the same density. Already at RT, EPC exhibits superior mechanics compared to its peers, which becomes more pronounced toward higher temperature. This comes from the low sensitivity of properties to temperature as EPC is used below its glass transition. In summary, EPC proves to be an outstanding foam material over a broad range of temperatures for structural applications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Khademi SMH, Hemmati F, Aroon MA. An insight into different phenomena involved in continuous extrusion foaming of biodegradable poly(lactic acid)/expanded graphite nanocomposites. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 157:470-483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
6
|
Villamil Jiménez JA, Le Moigne N, Bénézet JC, Sauceau M, Sescousse R, Fages J. Foaming of PLA Composites by Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Processes: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25153408. [PMID: 32731388 PMCID: PMC7436275 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25153408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a well-known and commercially available biopolymer that can be produced from different sources. Its different characteristics generated a great deal of interest in various industrial fields. Besides, its use as a polymer matrix for foam production has increased in recent years. With the rise of technologies that seek to reduce the negative environmental impact of processes, chemical foaming agents are being substituted by physical agents, primarily supercritical fluids (SCFs). Currently, the mass production of low-density PLA foams with a uniform cell morphology using SCFs as blowing agents is a challenge. This is mainly due to the low melt strength of PLA and its slow crystallization kinetics. Among the different options to improve the PLA characteristics, compounding it with different types of fillers has great potential. This strategy does not only have foaming advantages, but can also improve the performances of the final composites, regardless of the implemented foaming process, i.e., batch, injection molding, and extrusion. In addition, the operating conditions and the characteristics of the fillers, such as their size, shape factor, and surface chemistry, play an important role in the final foam morphology. This article proposes a critical review on the different SCF-assisted processes and effects of operating conditions and fillers on foaming of PLA composites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Andrea Villamil Jiménez
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (J.A.V.J.); (J.-C.B.)
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Nicolas Le Moigne
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (J.A.V.J.); (J.-C.B.)
- Correspondence: (N.L.M.); (J.F.)
| | - Jean-Charles Bénézet
- Polymers Composites and Hybrids (PCH), IMT Mines Ales, 30100 Ales, France; (J.A.V.J.); (J.-C.B.)
| | - Martial Sauceau
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Romain Sescousse
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Jacques Fages
- Centre RAPSODEE, IMT Mines Albi, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 81013 Albi, France; (M.S.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence: (N.L.M.); (J.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu W, Zhu X, Gao H, Su X, Wu X. Preparation and characterization of PLA foam chain extended through grafting octa(epoxycyclohexyl) POSS onto carbon nanotubes. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0262489320912521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Improving foamability of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) resin is a key issue for its critical foaming applications with high-performance and ultralow density. However, owing to the rheological nature of linear PLA chain structure with relatively low molecular weight, the overall foamability of PLA resin cannot meet the processing requirements of foaming purpose. Here, we describe a simple and versatile technique to prepare high foamability PLA resin by inducing chain extender through grafting octa(epoxycyclohexyl) polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) on carbon nanotubes (CNT). After the orderly assemble of the two nanoparticles, an obvious increase in melt elasticity of PLA is observed. The enhanced melt elasticity of PLA had a significant effect on controlling subsequent foaming behavior. Thus, a homogeneous and finer cellular morphology of PLA rigid foam was obtained with a proper content of CNT-POSS. Eventually, the expansion ratio of chain-extended PLA foam was 13 times higher than that of unmodified PLA foam. The proposed design methodology will potentially pave a way for designing and preparing high-performance PLA rigid foam products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xunxian Zhu
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxiang Gao
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Su
- Key Laboratory of Light Metal Materials Processing Technology of Guizhou Province, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xian Wu
- School of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang City, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Evaluation of the Zero Shear Viscosity, the D-Content and Processing Conditions as Foam Relevant Parameters for Autoclave Foaming of Standard Polylactide (PLA). MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13061371. [PMID: 32197473 PMCID: PMC7143153 DOI: 10.3390/ma13061371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this comprehensive study, the influence of (i) material specific properties (e.g., molecular weight, zero shear viscosity, D-content) and (ii) process parameters (e.g., saturation temperature, -time, -pressure, and pressure drop rate) on the expansion behavior during the autoclave foaming process were investigated on linear Polylactide (PLA) grades, to identify and evaluate the foam relevant parameters. Its poor rheological behavior is often stated as a drawback of PLA, that limits its foamability. Therefore, nine PLA grades with different melt strength and zero shear viscosity were systematically chosen to identify whether these are the main factors governing the foam expansion and whether there is a critical value for these rheological parameters to be exceeded, to achieve low density foams with fine cells. With pressure drop induced batch foaming experiments, it could be shown that all of the investigated PLA grades could be foamed without the often used chemical modifications, although with different degrees of expansion. Interestingly, PLAs foaming behavior is rather complex and can be influenced by many other factors due to its special nature. A low molecular weight combined with a high ability to crystallize only lead to intermediate density reduction. In contrast, a higher molecular weight (i.e., increased zero shear viscosity) leads to significant increased expandability independent from the D-content. However, the D-content plays a crucial role in terms of foaming temperature and crystallization. Furthermore, the applied process parameters govern foam expansion, cell size and crystallization.
Collapse
|
9
|
Rokkonen T, Peltola H, Sandquist D. Foamability and viscosity behavior of extrusion foamed PLA–pulp fiber biocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teijo Rokkonen
- Department of Biomass Processing and Products, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu, 4, P.O. Box 1300, FI‐33101 Tampere Finland
| | - Heidi Peltola
- Department of Biomass Processing and Products, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Visiokatu, 4, P.O. Box 1300, FI‐33101 Tampere Finland
| | - David Sandquist
- Department of Biomass Processing and Products, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd., Tietotie, 4E, P.O. Box 1000, FI‐02044 VTT, Espoo Finland
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Standau T, Castellón SM, Delavoie A, Bonten C, Altstädt V. Effects of chemical modifications on the rheological and the expansion behavior of polylactide (PLA) in foam extrusion. E-POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2019-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIt is well known that polylactide (PLA) is difficult to foam due to its low melt strength. Thus, many ways were described in the literature to enhance the foamability. However, the melt strength was actually determined only in a limited number of publications. In this study, the addition of chemical modifiers was used to change the rheological behavior of PLA and thereby improve its foamability in foam extrusion process. For the first time the use of dicumyl peroxide modified PLA in foam extrusion is described. Both modifications lead to a distinct increase in melt strength. Here, the highest increase was shown for the PLA modified with dicumyl peroxide. Furthermore, strain hardening was observed for PLA modified with the peroxide. Low density foams were achieved for neat and modified PLA in foam extrusion. Neat PLA showed a density of 45 kg/m3, while the peroxide modified PLA showed the highest expansion with a density reduction down to 32 kg/m3. Both modifications result in a more uniform cell structure and an improved compression strength. Here, the foamed, peroxide modified PLA showed outstanding performance compared to neat PLA foam with twice the compression strength (151 Pa) even at a 30% lower density.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Standau
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße30, 95447Bayreuth – Germany
| | - Svenja Murillo Castellón
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring32, 70569Stuttgart – Germany
| | - Agathe Delavoie
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße30, 95447Bayreuth – Germany
| | - Christian Bonten
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring32, 70569Stuttgart – Germany
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße30, 95447Bayreuth – Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Standau T, Zhao C, Murillo Castellón S, Bonten C, Altstädt V. Chemical Modification and Foam Processing of Polylactide (PLA). Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E306. [PMID: 30960290 PMCID: PMC6419231 DOI: 10.3390/polym11020306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactide (PLA) is known as one of the most promising biopolymers as it is derived from renewable feedstock and can be biodegraded. During the last two decades, it moved more and more into the focus of scientific research and industrial use. It is even considered as a suitable replacement for standard petroleum-based polymers, such as polystyrene (PS), which can be found in a wide range of applications-amongst others in foams for packaging and insulation applications-but cause strong environmental issues. PLA has comparable mechanical properties to PS. However, the lack of melt strength is often referred to as a drawback for most foaming processes. One way to overcome this issue is the incorporation of chemical modifiers which can induce chain extension, branching, or cross-linking. As such, a wide variety of substances were studied in the literature. This work should give an overview of the most commonly used chemical modifiers and their effects on rheological, thermal, and foaming behavior. Therefore, this review article summarizes the research conducted on neat and chemically modified PLA foamed with the conventional foaming methods (i.e., batch foaming, foam extrusion, foam injection molding, and bead foaming).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Standau
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Chunjing Zhao
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Svenja Murillo Castellón
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Christian Bonten
- Institut für Kunststofftechnik, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 32, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Volker Altstädt
- Depatment of Polymer Engineering, University Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Mahdavi M, Yousefzade O, Garmabi H. A simple method for preparation of microcellular PLA/calcium carbonate nanocomposite using super critical nitrogen as a blowing agent: Control of microstructure. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.21972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mina Mahdavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering; The University of Mississippi; Mississippi
| | - Omid Yousefzade
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Hamid Garmabi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meng L, Liu H, Yu L, Khalid S, Chen L, Jiang T, Li Q. Elastomeric foam prepared by supercritical carbon dioxide. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linghan Meng
- Centre for Polymer from Renewable Resources, SCUT; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Institute; Knowledge City Guangzhou 510663 China
| | - Hongsheng Liu
- Centre for Polymer from Renewable Resources, SCUT; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Long Yu
- Centre for Polymer from Renewable Resources, SCUT; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
- Sino-Singapore International Joint Institute; Knowledge City Guangzhou 510663 China
| | - Saud Khalid
- Centre for Polymer from Renewable Resources, SCUT; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Chen
- Centre for Polymer from Renewable Resources, SCUT; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Tianyu Jiang
- Centre for Polymer from Renewable Resources, SCUT; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoling Li
- Centre for Polymer from Renewable Resources, SCUT; Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Huang JN, Jing X, Geng LH, Chen BY, Mi HY, Peng XF. A novel multiple soaking temperature (MST) method to prepare polylactic acid foams with bi-modal open-pore structure and their potential in tissue engineering applications. J Supercrit Fluids 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2015.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
15
|
Improvements in the melt and solid-state properties of poly(lactic acid), poly-3-hydroxyoctanoate and their blends through reactive modification. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
16
|
Zhou M, Zhou P, Xiong P, Qian X, Zheng H. Crystallization, rheology and foam morphology of branched PLA prepared by novel type of chain extender. Macromol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-015-3018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
17
|
Frackowiak S, Ludwiczak J, Leluk K, Orzechowski K, Kozlowski M. Foamed poly(lactic acid) composites with carbonaceous fillers for electromagnetic shielding. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matdes.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
18
|
Wei L, McDonald AG. Peroxide induced cross-linking by reactive melt processing of two biopolyesters: Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(l-lactic acid) to improve their melting processability. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqing Wei
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844-1132
| | - Armando G. McDonald
- Renewable Materials Program, Department of Forest, Rangeland and Fire Sciences; University of Idaho; Moscow Idaho 83844-1132
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Domenichelli I, Coiai S, Cicogna F, Pinzino C, Passaglia E. Towards a better control of the radical functionalization of poly(lactic acid). POLYM INT 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Domenichelli
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; UOS Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
- Scuola Normale Superiore; Piazza dei Cavalieri 7 56126 Pisa Italy
| | - Serena Coiai
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; UOS Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Francesca Cicogna
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; UOS Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Calogero Pinzino
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; UOS Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| | - Elisa Passaglia
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici (ICCOM); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; UOS Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 1 56124 Pisa Italy
| |
Collapse
|