1
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Belyamani I, Bourdon S, Brossard JM, Cauret L, Fontaine L, Montembault V, Maris J. A sustainable approach toward mechanical recycling unsortable post-consumer WEEE: Reactive and non-reactive compatibilization. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 178:301-310. [PMID: 38422683 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
While near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in post-consumer waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling accurately separates white or clear polymers, 40% containing dark plastics, termed 'unsortable WEEE,' are excluded from sorting lines and therefore incinerated or landfilled, causing environmental concerns. This study investigates the potential of using non-reactive and reactive copolymers as compatibilizers to enhance the performance of unsortable WEEE plastics free of brominated flame retardants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that such copolymers have been explored as a solution for improving the compatibility of unsortable WEEE polymer blends. Initial trials with 4% of styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene copolymer (SEBS-13) and SEBS-30-g-(maleic anhydride) copolymer (SEBS-30-g-MA MA) as compatibilizers showed insufficient results compared to virgin commercial polymers. However, the addition of higher concentrations of compatibilizers (i.e. up to 20 wt%) and the use of a SEBS having a higher styrene content (i.e. SEBS-30) improved the mechanical properties of the material, causing it to transition from brittle to ductile. This behavior was found more pronounced for the 20% non-reactive SEBS-30, for which the SEM analysis showed reduced phase segregation and revealed a more homogeneous fracture surface. This was further supported by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) analysis, which showed evidence of an interaction between one or more polymer phases. With a room temperature performance equivalent to that of virgin conventional polymers, the SEBS-30 compatibilization approach has made it possible to consider using unsortable WEEE streams as recycled materials in commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Belyamani
- College of Natural and Health Sciences, Zayed University, P. O. Box 144534, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - S Bourdon
- Veolia Recherche et Innovation, Zone Portuaire de Limay, 291 Avenue Dreyfous-Ducas, 78520 Limay, France
| | - J-M Brossard
- Veolia Recherche et Innovation, Zone Portuaire de Limay, 291 Avenue Dreyfous-Ducas, 78520 Limay, France
| | - L Cauret
- Polyvia Formation, Pôle Universitaire de Montfoulon, BP 823, 61041 Alençon Cedex, France; Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - L Fontaine
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
| | - V Montembault
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France.
| | - J Maris
- Veolia Recherche et Innovation, Zone Portuaire de Limay, 291 Avenue Dreyfous-Ducas, 78520 Limay, France; Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans (IMMM), UMR 6283 CNRS - Le Mans Université, Avenue Olivier Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans Cedex 9, France
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2
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Rodrigues PV, Ramoa B, Torres AR, Castro MCR, Machado AV. Enhancing the Interface Behavior on Polycarbonate/Elastomeric Blends: Morphological, Structural, and Thermal Characterization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071773. [PMID: 37050386 PMCID: PMC10097030 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A systematic study was performed to provide better understanding of the effect of elastomeric materials on the behavior of polycarbonate blends (PC). Thus, blends of PC with different amounts of elastomers, such as copolyether ester elastomer (COPE), acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS), maleic anhydride-grafted ABS (ABS-g-MA), and styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS-g-MA) were prepared in a co-rotating twin-screw extruder. The materials were characterized by an electronic microscopy (SEM), an infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermal (DSC) and thermo-mechanical (DMA) techniques. The incorporation of elastomeric phases was observed by changes in the FTIR band’s intensity, whereas a new shoulder of the ester band of COPE at 1728 cm−1 indicates the occurrence of a transesterification reaction. Unmodified and modified ABS (5% and 10%) did not affect the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PC, while 1% SEBS-g-MA slightly increased this value. PC/10% COPE showed that a decrease in Tg of 25 °C has a result of better compatibilization between both phases, which is visible via SEM. SEM analysis identified three main toughening mechanisms, depending on the type of elastomer. Unlike any other study, this work deepens the knowledge, in a comparative way, to understand the elastomeric effect at the interface and consequently, on the mechanical behavior of PC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Veiga Rodrigues
- Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Bruno Ramoa
- Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Torres
- Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Maria Cidália R. Castro
- Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Ana Vera Machado
- Institute for Polymers and Composites (IPC), Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Minho, 4804-533 Guimarães, Portugal
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3
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Recycling of Plastics from E-Waste via Photodegradation in a Low-Pressure Reactor: The Case of Decabromodiphenyl Ether Dispersed in Poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) and Poly(carbonate). Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062491. [PMID: 36985461 PMCID: PMC10053933 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recycling of plastic waste from electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), containing brominated flame retardants (BFR) remains difficult due to the increasingly stringent regulations on their handling and recovery. This report deals with photodegradation in a low-pressure reactor applying UV-visible light on Decabromodiphenyl ether (DBDE or BDE-209) randomly dispersed in commercially available Poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) (ABS) and Poly(carbonate) (PC). The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of decomposing a BFR in plastic waste from EEE while maintaining the specifications of the polymeric materials in order to allow for their recycling. The photodegradation of the extracted BFR was monitored using infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. DBDE underwent rapid photodegradation during the first minutes of exposure to UV-visible light and reached degradation yields superior to 90% after 15 min of irradiation. The evaluation of polymer properties (ABS and PC) after irradiation revealed superficial crosslinking effects, which were slightly accelerated in the presence of DBDE. However, the use of a low-pressure reactor avoids large photooxidation and allowed to maintain the thermal and structural properties of the virgin polymers.
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4
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Verma N, S A, Banerjee SS. Development of material extrusion 3D printable ABS/PC polymer blends: influence of styrene–isoprene–styrene copolymer on printability and mechanical properties. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2022.2121218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandishwar Verma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Aiswarya S
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Shib Shankar Banerjee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi, India
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5
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Sarturato ACP, Dos Anjos EGR, Marini J, Morgado GFDM, Baldan MR, Passador FR. Polypropylene/talc/graphene nanoplates (
GNP
) hybrid composites: Effect of
GNP
content on the thermal, rheological, mechanical, and electrical properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Prataviera Sarturato
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Science and Technology Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Erick Gabriel Ribeiro Dos Anjos
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Science and Technology Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) São José dos Campos Brazil
- Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) Department of Materials Engineering São Carlos Brazil
| | - Juliano Marini
- Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) Department of Materials Engineering São Carlos Brazil
| | - Guilherme Ferreira De Melo Morgado
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Science and Technology Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Maurício Ribeiro Baldan
- National Space Research Institute (INPE) Coordination of Applied Research and Technological Development (COPDT) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Fabio Roberto Passador
- Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Department of Science and Technology Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) São José dos Campos Brazil
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6
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Vieyra H, Molina-Romero JM, Calderón-Nájera JDD, Santana-Díaz A. Engineering, Recyclable, and Biodegradable Plastics in the Automotive Industry: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14163412. [PMID: 36015669 PMCID: PMC9414523 DOI: 10.3390/polym14163412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The automotive industry has used plastics almost since the beginning. The lightness, flexibility, and many qualities of plastics make them ideal for the automotive industry, reducing cars' overall weight and fuel consumption. Engineering plastics in this industry belong to the high-performance segment of non-renewable resources. These plastics exhibit higher properties than commodity plastics. Fortunately, unlike recycled commodity plastics, the super properties and high-performance characteristics make engineering plastics effectively reused after recycling. The substitution of these fossil-fuel-derived plastics adds to the solution of lightweighting, a much-needed solution to waste management, and solves industrial and ecological issues surrounding plastic disposal. All major vehicle manufacturers worldwide use bioplastics and bio-based plastics, including natural-fiber composites and engineering plastics reinforced with natural fibers. Changing the source of plastics to raw materials from renewable resources is the logical approach to sustainability. Thus, high-quality plastics, recycled plastics, bio-based plastics, and biodegradable plastics could be exploited from design, making sustainability an integral concept of mobility development. This review analyzes that switching from fossil-fuel- to renewable-sources-derived plastics is a step toward meeting the current environmental goals for the automotive industry, including electric cars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Vieyra
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000, San Antonio Buenavista, Toluca de Lerdo 50110, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-722-279-99-90 (ext. 2120)
| | - Joan Manuel Molina-Romero
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000, San Antonio Buenavista, Toluca de Lerdo 50110, Mexico
| | | | - Alfredo Santana-Díaz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Eduardo Monroy Cárdenas 2000, San Antonio Buenavista, Toluca de Lerdo 50110, Mexico
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7
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dos Anjos EGR, Marini J, Gomes NAS, Rezende MC, Passador FR. Synergistic effect of adding graphene nanoplates and carbon nanotubes in polycarbonate/acrylonitrile‐styrene‐butadiene copolymer blend. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Gabriel Ribeiro dos Anjos
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Juliano Marini
- Department of Materials Engineering Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) São Carlos Brazil
| | - Newton Adriano Santos Gomes
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Mirabel Cerqueira Rezende
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Fabio Roberto Passador
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Brazil
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8
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Anjos EGR, Braga NF, Ribeiro B, Escanio CA, Cardoso ADM, Marini J, Antonelli E, Passador FR. Influence of blending protocol on the mechanical, rheological, and electromagnetic properties of
PC
/
ABS
/
ABS‐
g
‐MAH
blend‐based
MWCNT
nanocomposites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Gabriel Ribeiro Anjos
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Natália Ferreira Braga
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Bruno Ribeiro
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Camila Alves Escanio
- Coordination of Applied Research and Technological Development National Institute for Space Research (INPE) São José dos Campos Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Juliano Marini
- Department of Materials Engineering Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) São Carlos Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Eduardo Antonelli
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Fabio Roberto Passador
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Sao Paulo Brazil
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9
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Anjos EGR, Souza Vieira L, Marini J, Brazil TR, Gomes NAS, Rezende MC, Passador FR. Influence of graphene nanoplates and
ABS‐
g
‐MAH
on the thermal, mechanical, and electromagnetic properties of
PC
/
ABS
blend. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Gabriel Ribeiro Anjos
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Leonardo Souza Vieira
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Juliano Marini
- Department of Materials Engineering Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) São Carlos Brazil
| | - Tayra Rodrigues Brazil
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Newton Adriano Santos Gomes
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Mirabel Cerqueira Rezende
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Brazil
| | - Fabio Roberto Passador
- Department of Science and Technology, Polymer and Biopolymer Technology Laboratory (TecPBio) Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP) São José dos Campos Brazil
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10
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Maleic anhydride grafted acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)/zinc oxide nanocomposite: an anti-microbial material. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02632-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Kazemi A, Nouri Khorasani S, Dinari M, Khalili S. Mechanical and barrier properties of LLDPE/TPS/OMMT packaging film in the presence of POE-g-IA or POE-g-MA. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02465-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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12
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Dobrotă D, Petrescu V, Dimulescu CS, Oleksik M. Preparation and Characterization of Composites Materials with Rubber Matrix and with Polyvinyl Chloride Addition (PVC). Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12091978. [PMID: 32878187 PMCID: PMC7564047 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An important problem that arises at present refers to the increase in performances in the exploitation of the conveyor belts. Additionally, it is pursued to use some materials, which can be obtained by recycling rubber and PVC waste, in their structure. Thus, the research aimed at creating conveyor belts using materials obtained from the recycling of rubber and PVC waste. Under these conditions, conveyor belts were made that had in their structure two types of rubber and PVC, which was obtained by adding in certain proportions of reclaimed rubber and powder obtained from grinding rubber waste. In order to study the effect of adding PVC on properties, four types of conveyor belts were made, with the structure of rubber, PVC and textile reinforcement. These have been subjected to certain mechanical tests, also being analyzed from the point of view of the behavior of the accelerated aging. The results obtained showed that the addition of PVC lead to a decrease in tensile stress for the strips made, but also an increase in the tensile strain. Additionally, the elasticity tests performed before and after the accelerated aging showed that the presence of PVC in the structure of the conveyor belts determined a substantial reduction of the aging process of the rubber in the conveyor belts. Under these conditions, it has been established that the use of PVC in the structure of rubber matrix conveyor belts is beneficial if conveyor belts are to be produced that are less subject to mechanical stress, but that work in conditions that can cause accelerated aging of materials. An analysis with the finite element method (FEM) of the test samples was also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Dobrotă
- Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania; (V.P.); (M.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-0722-446-082
| | - Valentin Petrescu
- Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania; (V.P.); (M.O.)
| | | | - Mihaela Oleksik
- Faculty of Engineering, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, 550024 Sibiu, Romania; (V.P.); (M.O.)
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13
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Debbah I, Krache R, Aranburu N, Etxeberria A, Pérez E, Benavente R. Influence of ABS Type and Compatibilizer on the Thermal and Mechanical Properties of PC/ABS Blends. INT POLYM PROC 2020. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Debbah
- Laboratoire des Materiaux Polymeriques Multiphasique, Faculté de Technologie, Université Ferhat Abbas-Sétif-1, Sétif, Algerie
| | - R. Krache
- Laboratoire des Materiaux Polymeriques Multiphasique, Faculté de Technologie, Université Ferhat Abbas-Sétif-1, Sétif, Algerie
| | - N. Aranburu
- Polymat, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia San Sebastian, Spain
| | - A. Etxeberria
- Polymat, Department of Polymer Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Donostia San Sebastian, Spain
| | - E. Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - R. Benavente
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, ICTP-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Anjos EGRD, Marini J, Montagna LS, Montanheiro TLDA, Passador FR. Reactive processing of maleic anhydride-grafted ABS and its compatibilizing effect on PC/ABS blends. POLIMEROS 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/0104-1428.09220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Harris M, Potgieter J, Ray S, Archer R, Arif KM. Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene and Polypropylene Blend with Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Properties for Fused Filament Fabrication. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12244167. [PMID: 31835874 PMCID: PMC6947441 DOI: 10.3390/ma12244167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) is the oldest fused filament fabrication (FFF) material that shows low stability to thermal aging due to hydrogen abstraction of the butadiene monomer. A novel blend of ABS, polypropylene (PP), and polyethylene graft maleic anhydride (PE-g-MAH) is presented for FFF. ANOVA was used to analyze the effects of three variables (bed temperature, printing temperature, and aging interval) on tensile properties of the specimens made on a custom-built pellet printer. The compression and flexure properties were also investigated for the highest thermal combinations. The blend showed high thermal stability with enhanced strength despite three days of aging, as well as high bed and printing temperatures. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provided significant chemical interactions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) confirmed the thermal stability with enhanced enthalpy of glass transition and melting. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) also revealed high temperatures for onset and 50% mass degradation. Signs of chemical grafting and physical interlocking in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) also explained the thermo-mechanical stability of the blend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Harris
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, SF&AT, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand;
| | - Johan Potgieter
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Sudip Ray
- Department of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand;
| | - Richard Archer
- School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; (J.P.); (R.A.)
| | - Khalid Mahmood Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, SF&AT, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand;
- Correspondence:
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16
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Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment: A Review on the Identification Methods for Polymeric Materials. RECYCLING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/recycling4030032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Considering that the large quantity of waste electrical and electronic equipment plastics generated annually causes increasing environmental concerns for their recycling and also for preserving of raw material resources, decreasing of energy consumption, or saving the virgin materials used, the present challenge is considered to be the recovery of individual polymers from waste electrical and electronic equipment. This study aims to provide an update of the main identification methods of waste electrical and electronic equipment such as spectroscopic fingerprinting, thermal study, and sample techniques (like identification code and burning test), and the characteristic values in the case of the different analyses of the polymers commonly used in electrical and electronic equipment. Additionally, the quality of the identification is very important, as, depending on this, new materials with suitable properties can be obtained to be used in different industrial applications. The latest research in the field demonstrated that a complete characterization of individual WEEE (Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment) components is important to obtain information on the chemical and physical properties compared to the original polymers and their compounds. The future directions are heading towards reducing the costs by recycling single polymer plastic waste fractions that can replace virgin plastic at a ratio of almost 1:1.
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17
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Pogorelčnik B, Pulko I, Wilhelm T, Žigon M. Influence of phosphorous‐based flame retardants on the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled PC/ABS copolymer blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irena Pulko
- Faculty of Polymer Technology Ozare 19 SI‐2380 Slovenj Gradec Slovenia
| | - Thomas Wilhelm
- Faculty of Polymer Technology Ozare 19 SI‐2380 Slovenj Gradec Slovenia
| | - Majda Žigon
- Faculty of Polymer Technology Ozare 19 SI‐2380 Slovenj Gradec Slovenia
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18
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Wang Y, Li Y, Wang W, Lv L, Li C, Zhang J. Recycled polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene reinforced and toughened through chemical compatibilization. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Yingchun Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Wensheng Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Lida Lv
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Chenhong Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; North University of China; Taiyuan 030051 China
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Compatibilizing Effect of Poly(methyl methacrylate-co-maleic anhydride) on the Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Polyketone/Polycarbonate Blends. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7108-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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20
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Sim S, Kwon OM, Ahn KH, Lee HR, Kang YJ, Cho EB. Preparation of polycarbonate/poly(acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene)/mesoporous silica nanocomposite films and its rheological, mechanical, and sound absorption properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sora Sim
- Department of Fine Chemistry; Seoul National University of Science and Technology; Seoul 01811 Korea
| | - Oh Min Kwon
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Ahn
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Hyeong Rae Lee
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Yeon June Kang
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering; Seoul National University; Seoul 08826 Korea
| | - Eun-Bum Cho
- Department of Fine Chemistry; Seoul National University of Science and Technology; Seoul 01811 Korea
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21
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22
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Costa VC, Aquino FWB, Paranhos CM, Pereira-Filho ER. Use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for the determination of polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) concentrations in PC/ABS plastics from e-waste. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 70:212-221. [PMID: 28967530 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2017.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the continual increase in waste generated from electronic devices, the management of plastics, which represents between 10 and 30% by weight of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE or e-waste), becomes indispensable in terms of environmental and economic impacts. Considering the importance of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), polycarbonate (PC), and their blends in the electronics and other industries, this study presents a new application of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) for the fast and direct determination of PC and ABS concentrations in blends of these plastics obtained from samples of e-waste. From the LIBS spectra acquired for the PC/ABS blend, multivariate calibration models were built using partial least squares (PLS) regression. In general, it was possible to infer that the relative errors between the theoretical or reference and predicted values for the spiked samples were lower than 10%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Câmara Costa
- Grupo de Análise Instrumental Aplicada (GAIA), Departamento de Química (DQ), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), PO Box 676, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Wendel Batista Aquino
- Grupo de Análise Instrumental Aplicada (GAIA), Departamento de Química (DQ), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), PO Box 676, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Caio Marcio Paranhos
- Laboratório de Polímeros, Departamento de Química (DQ), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), PO Box 676, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Edenir Rodrigues Pereira-Filho
- Grupo de Análise Instrumental Aplicada (GAIA), Departamento de Química (DQ), Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), PO Box 676, Zip Code 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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23
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Nishino K, Shindo Y, Takayama T, Ito H. Improvement of impact strength and hydrolytic stability of PC/ABS blend using reactive polymer. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kohhei Nishino
- Denka Company Limited; 6 Goi-minamikaigan Ichihara Chiba 290-8588 Japan
| | - Yuichi Shindo
- Denka Company Limited; 6 Goi-minamikaigan Ichihara Chiba 290-8588 Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takayama
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science; Yamagata University; 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa Yamagata 992-8510 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science; Yamagata University; 4-3-16 Jonan Yonezawa Yamagata 992-8510 Japan
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24
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Tang Y, Jing N, Zhang P. Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) Mapping Coupled with Multivariate Curve Resolution (MCR) for Studying the Miscibility of Chlorobutyl Rubber/Polyamide-12 Blends. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:1319-1326. [PMID: 26647055 DOI: 10.1366/14-07721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of chlorobutyl rubber/polyamide-12 (CIIR/PA-12) blends compatibilized by different amounts of maleic anhydride (MAH) grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MAH) were investigated by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR FT-IR) mapping. Multivariate curve resolution (MCR) was used to process the FT-IR images. Both the spectra of pure components in the blends and their concentration distributions in a micro-region were acquired. Our results demonstrated that the blend with 15 parts per hundred rubber PP-g-MAH showed the best miscibility. An amide interphase and an imide interphase were inferred by analyzing the spectra of MCR component 3 of the blends with and without PP-g-MAH, respectively. Correspondingly, two different compatibilizing mechanisms were proposed for these blends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Analysis and Test Center, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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25
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Triantou MI, Tarantili PA, Andreopoulos AG. Melt processing and property testing of a model system of plastics contained in waste from electrical and electronic equipment. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2015; 33:453-459. [PMID: 25750055 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x15572183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the present research, blending of polymers used in electrical and electronic equipment, i.e. acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer, polycarbonate and polypropylene, was performed in a twin-screw extruder, in order to explore the effect process parameters on the mixture properties, in an attempt to determine some characteristics of a fast and economical procedure for waste management. The addition of polycarbonate in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer seemed to increase its thermal stability. Also, the addition of polypropylene in acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer facilitates its melt processing, whereas the addition of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer in polypropylene improves its mechanical performance. Moreover, the upgrading of the above blends by incorporating 2 phr organically modified montmorillonite was investigated. The prepared nanocomposites exhibit greater tensile strength, elastic modulus and storage modulus, as well as higher melt viscosity, compared with the unreinforced blends. The incorporation of montmorillonite nanoplatelets in polycarbonate-rich acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer/polycarbonate blends turns the thermal degradation mechanism into a two-stage process. Alternatively to mechanical recycling, the energy recovery from the combustion of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer/polycarbonate and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer/polypropylene blends was recorded by measuring the gross calorific value. Comparing the investigated polymers, polypropylene presents the higher gross calorific value, followed by acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer and then polycarbonate. The above study allows a rough comparative evaluation of various methodologies for treating plastics from waste from electrical and electronic equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna I Triantou
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petroula A Tarantili
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas G Andreopoulos
- Laboratory of Polymer Technology, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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26
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Zheng Z, Yang T, Wang B, Qu B, Wang H. Microencapsulated melamine phosphate via the sol-gel method and its application in halogen-free and intumescent flame-retarding acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zaihang Zheng
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 PR China
| | - Ting Yang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 PR China
| | - Bingnan Wang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 PR China
| | - Bingbing Qu
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 PR China
| | - Hongyan Wang
- College of Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 PR China
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27
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Bagotia N, Singh BP, Choudhary V, Sharma DK. Excellent impact strength of ethylene-methyl acrylate copolymer toughened polycarbonate. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18024d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The notched izod impact strength of PC/EMA blends showed a positive blending effect and increased 381% with incorporation of a very little amount of EMA (5%) with a marginal decrease in tensile strength of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Bagotia
- Centre for Energy Studies
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110016
- India
| | - Bhanu Pratap Singh
- Physics and Engineering of Carbon
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Veena Choudhary
- Centre for Polymer Science and Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110016
- India
| | - D. K. Sharma
- Centre for Energy Studies
- Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
- New Delhi 110016
- India
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