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Jafari MG, Russell JB, Lee H, Pudasaini B, Pal D, Miao Z, Gau MR, Carroll PJ, Sumerlin BS, Veige AS, Baik MH, Mindiola DJ. Vanadium Alkylidyne Initiated Cyclic Polymer Synthesis: The Importance of a Deprotiovanadacyclobutadiene Moiety. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2997-3009. [PMID: 38272018 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Reported is the catalytic cyclic polymer synthesis by a 3d transition metal complex: a V(V) alkylidyne, [(dBDI)V≡CtBu(OEt2)] (1-OEt2), supported by the deprotonated β-diketiminate dBDI2- (dBDI2- = ArNC(CH3)CHC(CH2)NAr, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3). Complex 1-OEt2 is a precatalyst for the polymerization of phenylacetylene (PhCCH) to give cyclic poly(phenylacetylene) (c-PPA), whereas its precursor, complex [(BDI)V≡CtBu(OTf)] (2-OTf; BDI- = [ArNC(CH3)]2CH, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3, OTf = OSO2CF3), and the zwitterion [((C6F5)3B-dBDI)V≡CtBu(OEt2)] (3-OEt2) exhibit low catalytic activity despite having a neopentylidyne ligand. Cyclic polymer topologies were verified by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and intrinsic viscosity studies. A component of the mechanism of the cyclic polymerization reaction was probed by isolation and full characterization of 4- and 6-membered metallacycles as model intermediates. Metallacyclobutadiene (MCBD) and deprotiometallacyclobutadiene (dMCBD) complexes (dBDI)V[C(tBu)C(H)C(tBu)] (4-tBu) and (BDI)V[C(tBu)CC(Mes)] (5-Mes), respectively, were synthesized upon reaction with bulkier alkynes, tBu- (tBuCCH) and Mes-acetylene (MesCCH), with 1-OEt2. Furthermore, the reaction of the conjugate acid of 1-OEt2, [(BDI)V≡CtBu(OTf)] (2-OTf), with the conjugated base of phenylacetylene, lithium phenylacetylide (LiCCPh), yields the doubly deprotio-metallacycle complex, [Li(THF)4]{(BDI)V[C(Ph)CC(tBu)CC(Ph)]} (6). Protonation of the doubly deprotio-metallacycle complex 6 yields 6-H+, a catalytically active species toward the polymerization of PhCCH, for which the polymers were also confirmed to be cyclic by SEC studies. Computational mechanistic studies complement the experimental observations and provide insight into the mechanism of cyclic polymer growth. The noninnocence of the supporting dBDI2- ligand and its role in proton shuttling to generate deprotiometallacyclobutadiene (dMCBD) complexes that proposedly culminate in the formation of catalytically active V(III) species are also discussed. This work demonstrates how a dMCBD moiety can react with terminal alkynes to form cyclic polyalkynes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrafshan G Jafari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John B Russell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Hanna Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bimal Pudasaini
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Digvijayee Pal
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Zhihui Miao
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Michael R Gau
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Patrick J Carroll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Brent S Sumerlin
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Adam S Veige
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-7200, United States
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniel J Mindiola
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Yang PB, Davidson MG, Edler KJ, Brown S. Synthesis, Properties, and Applications of Bio-Based Cyclic Aliphatic Polyesters. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:3649-3667. [PMID: 34415743 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic polymers have long been reported in the literature, but their development has often been stunted by synthetic difficulties such as the presence of linear contaminants. Research into the synthesis of these polymers has made great progress in the past decade, and this review covers the synthesis, properties, and applications of cyclic polymers, with an emphasis on bio-based aliphatic polyesters. Synthetic routes to cyclic polymers synthesized from bioderived monomers, alongside mechanistic descriptions for both ring closure and ring expansion polymerization approaches, are reviewed. The review also highlights some of the unique physical properties of cyclic polymers together with potential applications. The findings illustrate the substantial recent developments made in the syntheses of cyclic polymers, as well as the progress which can be made in the commercialization of bio-based polymers through the versatility this topology provides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip B Yang
- University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY United Kingdom
| | | | - Karen J Edler
- University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY United Kingdom
| | - Steven Brown
- Scott Bader, Wollaston, Wellingborough, NN29 7RJ, United Kingdom
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3
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Wang TW, Golder MR. Advancing macromolecular hoop construction: recent developments in synthetic cyclic polymer chemistry. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01655a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic methodology to access cyclic macromolecules continues to develop via two distinct mechanistic classes: ring-expansion of macrocyclic initiators and ring-closure of functionalized linear polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng-Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Washington
- Seattle
- USA
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Pal D, Miao Z, Garrison JB, Veige AS, Sumerlin BS. Ultra-High-Molecular-Weight Macrocyclic Bottlebrushes via Post-Polymerization Modification of a Cyclic Polymer. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Digvijayee Pal
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Zhihui Miao
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - John B. Garrison
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Adam S. Veige
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
- Center for Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
| | - Brent S. Sumerlin
- George & Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, P.O. Box 117200, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Ungpittagul T, Wongmahasirikun P, Phomphrai K. Synthesis and characterization of guanidinate tin(ii) complexes for ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:8460-8471. [PMID: 32315017 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01115k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Novel homoleptic and heteroleptic (guanidinate)tin(ii) complexes were successfully synthesized and structurally characterized. The first heteroleptic (guanidinato)tin(ii) alkoxide complex was synthesized but found to be unstable leading to the corresponding bis(guanidinate)tin(ii) complex. The catalytic activities of bis(guanidinate)tin(ii) complexes having different substituents at the nitrogen atoms (isopropyl (1), cyclohexyl (2), and p-tolyl (3)) were investigated in the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) and lactide (LA). The lone-pair electrons of the tin(ii) atom were proposed to act as an initiator similar to N-heterocyclic carbenes. Among the synthesized catalysts, complex 1 having less steric hindrance efficiently catalyzed both homo- and copolymerizations of ε-CL and LA giving high molecular weight cyclic polyesters. Transesterification was found to be the major contributor to the cyclization to cyclic polyesters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thasanaporn Ungpittagul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand.
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Liu C, Xu W, Zhang H, Pan C, Hong C. Hyperbranched Multicyclic Polymer Built from Tailored Multifunctional Monocyclic Prepolymer. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900164. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Wen Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Hua‐Long Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Cai‐Yuan Pan
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Chun‐Yan Hong
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleCAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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7
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Edwards JP, Wolf WJ, Grubbs RH. The synthesis of cyclic polymers by olefin metathesis: Achievements and challenges. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian P. Edwards
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125
- 1200 E California Blvd MC 164‐30 Pasadena California 91101
| | - William J. Wolf
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125
- 1200 E California Blvd MC 164‐30 Pasadena California 91101
| | - Robert H. Grubbs
- Arnold and Mabel Beckman Laboratory of Chemical Synthesis, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125
- 1200 E California Blvd MC 164‐30 Pasadena California 91101
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Krajina BA, Zhu A, Heilshorn SC, Spakowitz AJ. Active DNA Olympic Hydrogels Driven by Topoisomerase Activity. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:148001. [PMID: 30339454 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.148001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Biological systems are equipped with a diverse repertoire of proteins that regulate DNA topology with precision that is beyond the reach of conventional polymer chemistry. Here, we harness the unique properties of topoisomerases to synthesize Olympic hydrogels formed by topologically interlinked DNA rings. Using dynamic light scattering microrheology to probe the viscoelasticity of DNA topological networks, we show that topoisomerase II enables the facile preparation of active, adenosine triphosphate-driven Olympic hydrogels that can be switched between liquid and solid states on demand. Our results provide a versatile system for engineering switchable topological materials that may be broadly leveraged to model the impact of topological constraints and active dynamics in the physics of chromosomes and other polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Krajina
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Audrey Zhu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Andrew J Spakowitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Scattering function of semi-rigid cyclic polymers analyzed in terms of worm-like rings: cyclic amylose tris(phenylcarbamate) and cyclic amylose tris(n-butylcarbamate). Polym J 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2017.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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10
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Jung Y, Nam J, Kim JH, Jang WD. Hydrophilic–hydrophobic phase transition of photoresponsive linear and macrocyclic poly(2-isopropyl-2-oxazoline)s. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra01042g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoisomerization induced a great change of thermal transition temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongseok Jung
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Jaehyuk Nam
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Kim
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
| | - Woo-Dong Jang
- Department of Chemistry
- Yonsei University
- Seoul 03722
- Korea
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Mandoli A. Recent Advances in Recoverable Systems for the Copper-Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition Reaction (CuAAC). Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21091174. [PMID: 27607998 PMCID: PMC6273594 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21091174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The explosively-growing applications of the Cu-catalyzed Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between organic azides and alkynes (CuAAC) have stimulated an impressive number of reports, in the last years, focusing on recoverable variants of the homogeneous or quasi-homogeneous catalysts. Recent advances in the field are reviewed, with particular emphasis on systems immobilized onto polymeric organic or inorganic supports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mandoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale Università di Pisa, Via G. Moruzzi 13, Pisa 56124, Italy.
- ISTM-CNR, Via C. Golgi 19, Milano 20133, Italy.
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12
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Roland CD, Li H, Abboud KA, Wagener KB, Veige AS. Cyclic polymers from alkynes. Nat Chem 2016; 8:791-6. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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13
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Cao PF, Mangadlao JD, de Leon A, Su Z, Advincula RC. Catenated Poly(ε-caprolactone) and Poly(l-lactide) via Ring-Expansion Strategy. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b00470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Fei Cao
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Joey Dacula Mangadlao
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Al de Leon
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Zhe Su
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Rigoberto C. Advincula
- Department of Macromolecular
Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Catenanes: fifty years of molecular links. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:6110-50. [PMID: 25951013 PMCID: PMC4515087 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Half a century after Schill and Lüttringhaus carried out the first directed synthesis of a [2]catenane, a plethora of strategies now exist for the construction of molecular Hopf links (singly interlocked rings), the simplest type of catenane. The precision and effectiveness with which suitable templates and/or noncovalent interactions can arrange building blocks has also enabled the synthesis of intricate and often beautiful higher order interlocked systems, including Solomon links, Borromean rings, and a Star of David catenane. This Review outlines the diverse strategies that exist for synthesizing catenanes in the 21st century and examines their emerging applications and the challenges that still exist for the synthesis of more complex topologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guzmán Gil-Ramírez
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
| | - David A Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net.
| | - Alexander J Stephens
- School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL (UK) http://www.catenane.net
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Gil-Ramírez G, Leigh DA, Stephens AJ. Catenane: fünfzig Jahre molekulare Verschlingungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201411619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Bunha A, Cao PF, Mangadlao J, Shi FM, Foster E, Pangilinan K, Advincula R. Polymeric catenanes synthesized via “click” chemistry and atom transfer radical coupling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:7528-31. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00373c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A novel route for the synthesis of polymeric catenanes was domonstrated by grafting to strategy via CuAAC reaction followed by ring closure via ATRC. The polymeric catenane was characterized by GPC and AFM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajaykumar Bunha
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Peng-Fei Cao
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Joey Mangadlao
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Fei-Mo Shi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Edward Foster
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Katrina Pangilinan
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
| | - Rigoberto Advincula
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering
- Case Western Reserve University
- Cleveland
- USA
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