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Improving the Heat Resistance and Flame Retardancy of Epoxy Resin Composites by Novel Multifunctional Cyclophosphazene Derivatives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010059. [PMID: 36616409 PMCID: PMC9824309 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel multiple-ring molecule containing P and N, called HCCP-SA, was successfully prepared by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of salicylamide (SA) and hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP). Particularly, HCCP-SA possessed the dual functions of heat resistance and flame retardancy. The molecular structure of HCCP-SA was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. HCCP-SA was bonded into the molecular chain of epoxy resin by the ring-opening curing reaction of epoxy resin, aiming to form a heat-resistant and flame-retardant composite (E-HS-x). In particular, the best-prepared E-HS-x composite with a 20 phr content of HCCP-SA (E-HS-20) presented excellent thermal stability, with an initial decomposition temperature of 267.94 °C and a max weight loss speed of only 0.95 mg·min-1. Moreover, E-HS-20 exhibited remarkable flame retardancy with a limiting oxygen index value of 27.1% and a V-2 rating in the UL94 flame retardancy test. The best-prepared E-HS-20 composite would be a suitable and potential candidate for heat-resistant and flame-retardant polymer materials.
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Fan WX, Li Z, Yang Z, Ou JF, Xiang M, Qin ZL. Improving the curing and flame retardancy of epoxy resin composites by multifunctional Si-containing cyclophosphazene derivatives. RSC Adv 2022; 12:13756-13764. [PMID: 35530380 PMCID: PMC9074772 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08843b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel star-like molecules containing P, N and Si with dual functions of flame retardance and curing promotion (abridged as HCCP–KH540) were successfully synthesized through the nucleophilic substitution reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (KH540). HCCP–KH540 was incorporated with the matrix of epoxy resin (EP) to form a flame retardant composite abridged as E-HK. The activation energy of the curing reaction of the E-HK composite was reduced but the curing reaction rate was accelerated by HCCP–KH540. The E-HK composite with 30 phr content of HCCP–KH540 exhibited excellent flame retardancy with limiting oxygen index of 29.6% and V-1 rating in the vertical burning test as well as excellent thermal stability with a char yield of 23.77% at 700 °C, compared with only 8.64% for pure EP. Novel star-like molecules containing P, N and Si with dual functions of flame retardance and curing promotion were synthesized through the nucleophilic substitution reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene and 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Xi Fan
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Zefang Li
- School of Computer Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Jun-Fei Ou
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Meng Xiang
- School of Materials Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Li Qin
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Hubei University of Science and Technology, Xianning, China
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Guo C, Zhao Y, Ji G, Wang C, Peng Z. Organic Aluminum Hypophosphite/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Hybrids as Halogen-Free Flame Retardants for Polyamide 6. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2323. [PMID: 33050605 PMCID: PMC7601840 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The novel organic aluminum hypophosphite (ALCPA) and its hybrid (CNALCPA) with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) were successfully synthesized and applied as halogen-free flame retardants in polyamide 6 (PA6). Their structures, morphology, thermal stability, and fire properties were characterized. Results showed that both ALCPA and CNALCPA had good flame retardancy. PA6/CNALCPA composites achieved a high limited-oxygen-index (LOI) value of 38.3% and a V-0 rating for UL94 at 20 wt % loading, while PA6/ALCPA composites could reach a V-1 rating for UL94. The flame-retardant mechanism was also studied. On the one hand, the incorporation of g-C3N4 produced more gas-phase products, which indicated a gas-phase mechanism. On the other hand, g-C3N4 could catalyze the thermal degradation of ALCPA and PA6 to form a compact char layer that was evidence for a solid-phase mechanism. The tensile test of the PA6 composites also displayed good mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Zhihan Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China; (C.G.); (Y.Z.); (G.J.); (C.W.)
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Yan W, Wang K, Huang W, Wang M, Wang T, Tu C, Tian Q. Synergistic effects of phenethyl-bridged DOPO derivative with Al(OH)3 on flame retardancy for epoxy resins. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2019.1695269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Kui Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Weijiang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Mei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tao Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chunyun Tu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qin Tian
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Science and Technology, National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
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Shao L, Xu B, Ma W, Wang J, Liu Y, Qian L. Flame retardant application of a hypophosphite/cyclotetrasiloxane bigroup compound on polycarbonate. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lushan Shao
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11 Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of PlasticsBeijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11 Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11 Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of PlasticsBeijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11 Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Ma
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11 Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of PlasticsBeijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11 Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11 Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of PlasticsBeijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11 Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Yanting Liu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11 Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of PlasticsBeijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11 Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11 Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of PlasticsBeijing Technology and Business University, Fucheng Road 11 Beijing 100048 People's Republic of China
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Movahedifar E, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Thomas S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules 2019; 24:E3964. [PMID: 31683861 PMCID: PMC6866146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran.
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 16765-654, Iran.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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Synthesis and characterization of an efficient flame retardant based on aromatic ring and phosphate ester for epoxy resin. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Yang Y, Kong W, Luo H, Cao X, Cai X. Enhancement of char-forming and water resistance on ABS modified by poly(4-nitrophenoxy)-phosphazene. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Weibo Kong
- College of Polymer Science and Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Hang Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Xilei Cao
- College of Polymer Science and Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Xufu Cai
- College of Polymer Science and Materials, The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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Improved flame retardancy by synergy between cyclotetrasiloxane and phosphaphenanthrene/triazine compounds in epoxy thermoset. POLYM INT 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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Fang Y, Qian L, Huang Z, Tang S, Qiu Y. Synergistic charring effect of triazinetrione-alkyl-phosphinate and phosphaphenanthrene derivatives in epoxy thermosets. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08340h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The component synergistic charring effect of a TAHP/TAD system caused more balanced flame-retardant actions in the gaseous phase and condensed phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Fang
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
| | - Zhigang Huang
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
| | - Shuo Tang
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
| | - Yong Qiu
- School of Materials Science & Mechanical Engineering
- Beijing Technology and Business University
- Beijing 100048
- PR China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non-halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers
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