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Vieira FR, Gama NV, Evtuguin DV, Amorim CO, Amaral VS, Pinto PCOR, Barros-Timmons A. Bio-Based Polyurethane Foams from Kraft Lignin with Improved Fire Resistance. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051074. [PMID: 36904315 PMCID: PMC10005662 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were synthesized using exclusively lignin-based polyol (LBP) obtained via the oxyalkylation of kraft lignin with propylene carbonate (PC). Using the design of experiments methodology combined with statistical analysis, the formulations were optimized to obtain a bio-based RPUF with low thermal conductivity and low apparent density to be used as a lightweight insulating material. The thermo-mechanical properties of the ensuing foams were compared with those of a commercial RPUF and a RPUF (RPUF-conv) produced using a conventional polyol. The bio-based RPUF obtained using the optimized formulation exhibited low thermal conductivity (0.0289 W/m·K), low density (33.2 kg/m3), and reasonable cell morphology. Although the bio-based RPUF has slightly lower thermo-oxidative stability and mechanical properties than RPUF-conv, it is still suitable for thermal insulation applications. In addition, the fire resistance of this bio-based foam has been improved, with its average heat release rate (HRR) reduced by 18.5% and its burn time extended by 25% compared to RPUF-conv. Overall, this bio-based RPUF has shown potential to replace petroleum-based RPUF as an insulating material. This is the first report regarding the use of 100% unpurified LBP obtained via the oxyalkylation of LignoBoost kraft lignin in the production of RPUFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda R. Vieira
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.R.V.); (A.B.-T.)
| | - Nuno V. Gama
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Dmitry V. Evtuguin
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos O. Amorim
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vitor S. Amaral
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula C. O. R. Pinto
- RAIZ, Forest and Paper Research Institute, Quinta de S. Francisco, 3801-501 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana Barros-Timmons
- CICECO-Institute of Materials and Department of Chemistry, Campus de Santiago, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Correspondence: (F.R.V.); (A.B.-T.)
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Mukherjee M, Mandal S, Gnanasundaram S, Das BN. Polyurethane‐layered double hydroxide nanocomposite foam: in‐situ synthesis by reaction injection molding and characterization. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Mukherjee
- Shoe & Product Design Centre (SPDC), CSIR – Central Leather Research Institute Chennai 600020 India
| | - Sujata Mandal
- Centre for Analysis, Testing, Evaluation& Reporting Services (CATERS), CSIR – Central Leather Research Institute Chennai 600020 India
| | - Saraswathy Gnanasundaram
- Shoe & Product Design Centre (SPDC), CSIR – Central Leather Research Institute Chennai 600020 India
| | - Bhabendra Nath Das
- Shoe & Product Design Centre (SPDC), CSIR – Central Leather Research Institute Chennai 600020 India
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Liao H, Liu Y, Chen R, Wang Q. Preparation and characterization of polyurethane foams containing microencapsulated phase change materials for thermal energy storage and thermal regulation. POLYM INT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Honghui Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Yuan Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Rong Chen
- Jiangsu JITRI Advanced Polymer Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd. Nanjing China
| | - Qi Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University Chengdu China
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Członka S, Strąkowska A, Pospiech P, Strzelec K. Effects of Chemically Treated Eucalyptus Fibers on Mechanical, Thermal and Insulating Properties of Polyurethane Composite Foams. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13071781. [PMID: 32290106 PMCID: PMC7179037 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams were prepared by incorporating 2 wt% of eucalyptus fibers. The eucalyptus fibers were surface-modified by maleic anhydride, alkali, and silane (triphenylsilanol) treatment. The impact of the modified eucalyptus fibers on the mechanical, thermal, and fire performances of polyurethane foams was analyzed. It was observed that the addition of eucalyptus fibers showed improved mechanical and thermal properties and the best properties were shown by silane-treated fibers with a compressive strength of 312 kPa and a flexural strength of 432 kPa. Moreover, the thermal stability values showed the lowest decline for polyurethane foams modified with the silane-treated fibers, due to the better thermal stability of such modified fibers. Furthermore, the flame resistance of polyurethane foams modified with the silane-treated fibers was also the best among the studied composites. A cone calorimetry test showed a decrease in the peak of heat release from 245 to 110 kW∙m−2 by the incorporation of silane-treated fibers. Furthermore, total heat release and total smoke release were also found to decrease remarkably upon the incorporation of silane-treated fibers. The value of limiting oxygen index was increased from 20.2% to 22.1%. Char residue was also found to be increased from 24.4% to 28.3%. It can be concluded that the application of chemically modified eucalyptus fibers has great potential as an additive to incorporate good mechanical, thermal, and fire properties in rigid polyurethane foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Piotr Pospiech
- Centre of Papermaking and Printing, Lodz University of Technology, Wolczanska 223, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Krzysztof Strzelec
- Institute of Polymer and Dye Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 12/16, 90-924 Lodz, Poland; (A.S.); (K.S.)
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Liu D, Hu A. The Influence of Environmentally Friendly Flame Retardants on the Thermal Stability of Phase Change Polyurethane Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E520. [PMID: 31978972 PMCID: PMC7040678 DOI: 10.3390/ma13030520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To improve thermal insulation, microencapsulated phase change materials (micro-PCMs), expandable graphite (EG), and ammonium polyphosphate (APP) were introduced into polyurethane foam (PUF) to enhance the thermal stability and improve the thermal insulation behavior. The morphology of the PUF and micro-PCM was studied using a scanning electronic microscope (SEM), while the thermophysical properties of the PUF were investigated using a hot disk thermal constants analyzer and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The thermal stability of the PUF was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and the gas products volatilized from the PUF were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (TGA-FTIR). The results revealed that the thermal conductivities of the PUF were reduced because micro-PCM is effective in absorbing energy, showing that the PUF functions not only as a thermal insulation material but also as a heat sink for energy absorption. Moreover, the EG and APP were found to be effective in improving the thermal stabilities of the PUF, and the optimized formulation among EG, APP, and micro-PCMs in the PUF showed a significant synergistic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anjie Hu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;
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Galakhova A, Santiago-Calvo M, Tirado-Mediavilla J, Villafañe F, Rodríguez-Pérez MÁ, Riess G. Identification and Quantification of Cell Gas Evolution in Rigid Polyurethane Foams by Novel GCMS Methodology. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071192. [PMID: 31319468 PMCID: PMC6681101 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a new methodology based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS) in order to separate and quantify the gases presented inside the cells of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams. To demonstrate this novel methodology, the gas composition along more than three years of aging is herein determined for two samples: a reference foam and foam with 1.5 wt% of talc. The GCMS method was applied, on one hand, for the accurate determination of C5H10 and CO2 cell gases used as blowing agents and, on the other hand, for N2 and O2 air gases that diffuse rapidly from the surrounding environment into foam cells. GCMS results showed that CO2 leaves foam after 2.5 month (from 21% to 0.03% for reference foam and from 17% to 0.03% for foam with 1.5% talc). C5H10 deviates during 3.5 months (from 28% up to 39% for reference foam and from 29% up to 36% for foam with talc), then it starts to leave the foam and after 3.5 year its content is 13% for reference and 10% for foam with talc. Air diffuses inside the cells faster for one year (from 51% up to 79% for reference and from 54% up to 81% for foam with talc) and then more slowly for 3.5 years (reaching 86% for reference and 90% for foam with talc). Thus, the fast and simple presented methodology provides valuable information to understand the long-term thermal conductivity of the RPU foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Galakhova
- Chair in Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversität Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Mercedes Santiago-Calvo
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Josias Tirado-Mediavilla
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Fernando Villafañe
- GIR MIOMeT-IU Cinquima-Química Inorgánica. Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Condensed Matter Physics Department, Faculty of Science, University of Valladolid, Campus Miguel Delibes, Paseo de Belén 7, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Gisbert Riess
- Chair in Chemistry of Polymeric Materials, Montanuniversität Leoben, Otto Glöckel-Straße 2, A-8700 Leoben, Austria.
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