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He Y, Luscombe CK. Quantitative comparison of the copolymerisation kinetics in catalyst-transfer copolymerisation to synthesise polythiophenes. Polym Chem 2024;15:2598-2605. [PMID: 38933685 PMCID: PMC11197037 DOI: 10.1039/d4py00009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]

Abstract

Polythiophenes are one of the most widely studied conjugated polymers. With the discovery of the chain mechanism of Kumada catalyst-transfer polymerisation (KCTP), various polythiophene copolymer structures, such as random, block, and gradient copolymers, have been synthesized via batch or semi-batch (sequential addition) methods. However, the lack of quantitative kinetic data for thiophene monomers brings challenges to experimental design and structure prediction when synthesizing the copolymers. In this study, the reactivity ratios and the polymerisation rate constants of 3-hexylthiophene with 4 thiophene comonomers in KCTP are measured by adapting the Mayo-Lewis equation and the first-order kinetic behaviour of chain polymerisation. The obtained kinetic information highlights the impact of the monomer structure on the reactivity in the copolymerisations. The kinetic data are used to predict the copolymer structure of equimolar batch copolymerisations of the 4 thiophene derivatives with 3-hexylthiophene, with the experimental data agreeing well with the predictions. 3-Dodecylthiophene and 3-(6-bromo)hexylthiophene, which have higher structural similarity to 3-hexylthiophene, show nearly equivalent reactivity to 3-hexylthiophene and give random copolymers in the batch copolymerisation. 3-(2-Ethylhexyl)thiophene with a branched side chain is less reactive compared to 3-hexylthiophene and failed to homopolymerize at room temperature, but produced gradient copolymers with 3-hexylthiophene. Finally, the bulkiest 3-(4-octylphenyl)thiophene, despite its ability to homopolymerize, failed to maintain chain polymerisation in the copolymerisation with 3-hexylthiophene, possibly due to the large steric hindrance caused by the phenyl ring directly attached to the thiophene center. This study highlights the importance of monomer structures in copolymerisations and the need for accurate kinetic data.

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Zheng Y, Yu Z, Zhang S, Kong X, Michaels W, Wang W, Chen G, Liu D, Lai JC, Prine N, Zhang W, Nikzad S, Cooper CB, Zhong D, Mun J, Zhang Z, Kang J, Tok JBH, McCulloch I, Qin J, Gu X, Bao Z. A molecular design approach towards elastic and multifunctional polymer electronics. Nat Commun 2021;12:5701. [PMID: 34588448 PMCID: PMC8481247 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25719-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open

Affiliation(s)

Yu Zheng Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Zhiao Yu Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Song Zhang School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesbury, MS, USA
Xian Kong Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Wesley Michaels Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Weichen Wang Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Gan Chen Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Deyu Liu Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Jian-Cheng Lai Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Nathaniel Prine School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesbury, MS, USA
Weimin Zhang King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Kaust Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Shayla Nikzad Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Christopher B Cooper Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Donglai Zhong Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Jaewan Mun Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Zhitao Zhang Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Jiheong Kang Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
Jeffrey B-H Tok Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Iain McCulloch King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Kaust Solar Center (KSC), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
Jian Qin Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
Xiaodan Gu School of Polymer Science and Engineering, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesbury, MS, USA
Zhenan Bao Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

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