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Munguia A, Ostrosky F, Lozano A, Castañeda D, Lujan A, Diaz K, Perez M, Lara R, Sacristan E. The relationship between changes in functional networks and cognitive changes and PTSD symptoms in maltreated children before and after TF-CBT. Behav Brain Res 2024; 471:115091. [PMID: 38838966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Several studies have found that maltreated children show neuropsychological deficits in various cognitive domains such as memory and attention, language, visuospatial skills, emotional regulation, social cognition, and executive functioning. In terms of functional connectivity, abused children show an increased connectivity in the salience network (SN) as opposed to a decreased connectivity within the default (DMN) and executive networks (CEN). Children who suffer maltreatment may develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which in turn, can increase psychological and cognitive sequelae. The present study examined the relation between resting state functional connectivity (RSFC), PTSD symptoms and neuropsychological profiles in abused children before and after following a psychological therapy named Trauma Focused Cognitive Behavioral therapy (TF-CBT). Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, neuropsychological (attention, memory and executive functions) and clinical evaluations were performed in 13 abused children with PTSD (mean age=8.77 years old, S.D.=1.83) recruited from a non-governmental shelter in Mexico and in a control group of 10 children from the general population (mean age = 9.57 years old, S.D. = 1.91). Both groups were matched according to age and gender. Changes in PTSD symptoms correlated with changes in the left insula node. Additionally, significant correlations were identified between changes in the average connectivity of the DMN, intra-nodal connectivity of lateral parietal and medial prefrontal regions, and performance in attention and memory tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Munguia
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Feggy Ostrosky
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico.
| | - Asucena Lozano
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Dianela Castañeda
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Angélica Lujan
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Karla Diaz
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Martha Perez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Rafael Lara
- Centro Nacional de Investigación en Imagenología e Instrumentación Médica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico
| | - Emilio Sacristan
- Centro Nacional de Investigación en Imagenología e Instrumentación Médica, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico
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Eiberg M. Cognitive Functioning of Children in Out-of-Home Care. JOURNAL OF CHILD & ADOLESCENT TRAUMA 2024; 17:217-230. [PMID: 38938961 PMCID: PMC11199474 DOI: 10.1007/s40653-023-00580-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Most children who enter out-of-home care (OHC) have been subjected to prolonged maltreatment. Maltreatment potentially contributes to a cumulative deficit in neurocognitive maturation and development that is likely to proceed with the child's placement into OHC and persist throughout adulthood. From the theoretical perspective of how maltreatment may affect the developing brain, this study examines the IQ and executive function of children placed in OHC on standardized, norm-referenced measures. Furthermore, the study investigates the prevalence of serious cognitive delays, defined by scores in the clinical range on the administered instruments. METHODS The study included 153 children in foster care (66% female), aged 6-15 (M = 10.5, SD = 2.1). Independent two-sample t-tests were run to test for significant differences between the sample and the norm population on the applied neuropsychological measures. RESULTS The results showed that discrepancies in cognitive development were global in scope, with the children lagging significantly behind the norm population on all applied measures with discrepancies ranging from 0.61 to 2.10 SD (p < .001). Also, serious developmental delays in all cognitive domains were vastly overrepresented in the sample ranging from 11.3% (IQ) to 66.0% (executive function). CONCLUSIONS The results document a very high prevalence of cognitive deficits and delays among the children in the sample. The implications of identifying the neurocognitive effects of maltreatment in the practices of the child welfare system are discussed in terms of developing suitable assessment and intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misja Eiberg
- VIVE - The Danish Center for Social Science Research, Herluf Trolles gade 11, 1052 , Copenhagen, Denmark
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Moreno-Manso JM, García-Baamonde ME, de la Rosa Murillo M, Blázquez-Alonso M, Guerrero-Barona E, García-Gómez A. Differences in Executive Functions in Minors Suffering Physical Abuse and Neglect. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP2588-NP2604. [PMID: 32713236 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520944528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This research analyzes the executive functions in minors between 7 and 16 years of age who have suffered physical abuse and neglect, as well as minors in residential care centers with other measures of protection. Most studies focus on the neurobiological consequences of the abuse, and mainly at an early age. However, there are very few studies that analyze the executive functions of victims of child abuse, while also taking into account the type of abuse suffered. This study aims to identify whether the consequences of child abuse for the executive functions are different for those minors who have been victims of physical abuse and neglect, in comparison with minors with other protective measures. The participants were 44 minors who had suffered child abuse and 24 minors with other protective measures, distinct from abuse. Three neuropsychological tests were used: (a) the Five Digits Test (FDT), (b) the Behavioral Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome in Children (BADS-C), and (c) the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-V (WISC-V). The results showed difficulties in those minors who had been victim of physical abuse and neglect, in their cognitive flexibility capabilities, inhibitory control, the ability to take decisions, the ability to organize and plan their behavior, control of emotions, and attention control. It was the minors who were victims of physical neglect that showed the greatest difficulties in their executive functions. The results of the study will permit us to design an educational intervention in the residential care centers that can encourage advances in the affected areas through the setting up of different strategies to favor the stimulation, reinforcement, and rehabilitation of the executive functions.
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Moreno-Manso JM, García-Baamonde MªE, Guerrero-Barona E, Godoy-Merino MªJ, Guerrero-Molina M, Barbosa-Torres C. Executive Processes and Emotional and Behavioural Problems in Youths Under Protective Measures. Front Psychol 2021; 12:716489. [PMID: 34489820 PMCID: PMC8417520 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.716489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This research studies the executive processes of youths under protective measures between 13 and 18years of age, as well as the emotional problems they have and the presence of behavioural problems, such as difficulties to control and direct attention, to control one’s own behaviour and inhibit inadequate or ineffective responses (hyperactivity-impulsiveness) and problems related to emotional regulation. In addition, we study the presence of significant differences according to the sex of the youths. We also analyse to what extent the difficulties in the executive processes are related to and can predict the emotional and behavioural problems. The instruments used were Stroop’s Colour and Word Test (Stroop), the Paths Test (TESen), and the System of Evaluation for Children and Adolescents (SENA). The results indicated that the youths had difficulties in such executive processes as execution, speed, and accuracy in carrying out tasks. Furthermore, they had emotion problems, amongst which the symptoms of anxiety are worthy of note; whilst attention deficit, hyperactivity-impulsiveness, and problems related to emotional regulation could also be observed. The data indicated greater difficulties in the executive processes for males than for females. There was a greater emotional symptomatology in the females, whilst there were greater deficits in attention and hyperactivity/impulsiveness in the males. Similarly, the deficits in the executive processes were related to and predicted emotional and behavioural problems. This research suggests the design of a structured programme focused on systematic training in real, daily situations, recommending the use of restorative techniques to work on the affected cognitive skills and techniques aimed at improving the youths’ emotion regulation.
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Moreno-Manso JM, García-Baamonde ME, Guerrero-Barona E, Godoy-Merino MJ, Bueso-Izquierdo N, Guerrero-Molina M. Emotional, Behavioural and Executive Functioning Problems in Children in Residential Care. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E3596. [PMID: 32443869 PMCID: PMC7277212 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17103596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This research analyses the emotional and behavioural problems, as well as the problems in the executive functions, of children in residential care under protective measures, between 8 and 12 years of age. We analyse the relationship between the problems with their executive functions and their emotional and behavioural problems, as well as the predictive value of the executive functions for the said emotional and behavioural problems. The instruments used were as follows: five digits test (FDT), behavioural assessment of the dysexecutive syndrome in children (BADS-C) and the system of evaluation for children and adolescents (SENA). The results indicate that the children have difficulties in their executive functions, with such problems as in attention control and regulation, impulsiveness, mental rigidity, behavioural organisation and planning and resolving problems. They also have internalising and externalising problems, as well as difficulties in controlling their emotional reactions and understanding the emotions of others. It becomes evident that the difficulties in their executive functions are related to and predict their emotional and behavioural problems. The research demonstrates the need to intervene in the problems detected through the design of therapeutic programmes and interventions in the residential context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Moreno-Manso
- Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.E.G.-B.); (E.G.-B.); (N.B.-I.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - María Elena García-Baamonde
- Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.E.G.-B.); (E.G.-B.); (N.B.-I.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Eloísa Guerrero-Barona
- Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.E.G.-B.); (E.G.-B.); (N.B.-I.); (M.G.-M.)
| | | | - Natalia Bueso-Izquierdo
- Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.E.G.-B.); (E.G.-B.); (N.B.-I.); (M.G.-M.)
| | - Mónica Guerrero-Molina
- Department of Psychology, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain; (M.E.G.-B.); (E.G.-B.); (N.B.-I.); (M.G.-M.)
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Magalhães JRFD, Gomes NP, Mota RS, Santos RMD, Pereira Á, Oliveira JFD. Repercussions of family violence: oral history of adolescents. Rev Bras Enferm 2020; 73:e20180228. [PMID: 32049243 DOI: 10.1590/0034-7167-2018-0228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To know the repercussions of the experience of family violence from the oral history of adolescents. METHOD Qualitative study based on the Oral History method, conducted from interviews with adolescents enrolled in a public school in Salvador, State of Bahia, Brazil. The data were systematized according to the thematic analysis and supported by theoretical references on family violence and adolescence. RESULTS Family violence implies physical illness associated with the damage caused by physical aggression and somatization of violent events, as well as compromising mental health, provoking feelings of deep sadness, self-injury behavior and suicidal ideation. All of these factors impair interpersonal relationships, school performance, as well as making them more vulnerable to alcohol intake. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS The study indicates signs suggestive of grievance, from which the professionals should proceed the investigation in order to refute or confirm the experience of the phenomenon, as well as intervene in the cases.
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Yoder J, Grady MD, Precht M. Relationships between Early Life Victimization, Antisocial Traits, and Sexual Violence: Executive Functioning as a Mediator. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2019; 28:667-689. [PMID: 31017538 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2019.1588819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Few research studies examine how the relationship between trauma and executive functioning can influence sexual violence among youth. Knight and Sims-Knight (2004) proposed a Developmental Etiological Theory (DET) connecting early life physical and sexual victimization to sexual violence via antisocial traits. Drawing from research that identifies a link between early life victimization and executive functioning, this study tests an adaptation to the DET by including executive functioning as an intervening factor. Using data on adolescents adjudicated of sexual and non-sexual crimes in a western state (N = 200), multiple structural equation models tested direct and indirect relationships between early life sexual, physical victimization, and other adversity, four differential forms of executive functioning, callousness, and sexual violence. Results revealed statistically significant direct pathways between variables of interest and a multi-meditational effect of certain forms of executive functioning and callousness in the relationship between victimization and sexual violence. Treatment and research implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Yoder
- a School of Social Work, Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
| | - Melissa D Grady
- b National Catholic School of Social Service, The Catholic University of America , Washington DC , USA
| | - Madison Precht
- a School of Social Work, Colorado State University , Fort Collins , CO , USA
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Gubi AA, Strait J, Wycoff K, Vega V, Brauser B, Osman Y. Trauma-Informed Knowledge and Practices in School Psychology: A Pilot Study and Review. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/15377903.2018.1549174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A. Gubi
- Department of Advanced Studies in Psychology, Kean University, Union, New Jersey, USA
| | - Julia Strait
- Department of Clinical, Health and Applied Sciences, University of Houston-Clear Lakes, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Kirby Wycoff
- Department of Education, Eastern University, St. Davids, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vanessa Vega
- Department of Advanced Studies in Psychology, Kean University, Union, New Jersey, USA
| | - Bracha Brauser
- Department of Advanced Studies in Psychology, Kean University, Union, New Jersey, USA
| | - Yael Osman
- Department of Advanced Studies in Psychology, Kean University, Union, New Jersey, USA
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Krier JC, Green TD, Kruger A. Youths in foster care with language delays: Prevalence, causes, and interventions. PSYCHOLOGY IN THE SCHOOLS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pits.22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Gaudet CE, Cook NE, Kavanaugh BC, Studeny J, Holler K. Prevalence of low test scores in a pediatric psychiatric inpatient population: Applying multivariate base rate analyses. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY-CHILD 2018; 8:163-173. [PMID: 29308918 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2017.1417126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of neuropsychological functioning in pediatric psychiatric inpatient populations is growing, but limited, resulting in interpretive challenges. This study examined the application of multivariate base rate (MVBR) analysis in a clinical sample to appraise its utility in characterizing the frequency of low scores, as well as predictors of low scores, when using a flexible test battery. Participants included 99 children from a psychiatric inpatient unit referred for neuropsychological testing. Children hospitalized with psychiatric disorders exhibited high rates of low scores at varying criteria across the battery of tests. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that after accounting for demographic and psychiatric factors, intellectual functioning accounted for approximately 26% of the variance in observed low scores. The results suggest that a substantial percentage of this population produces low scores on neuropsychological testing and, consistent with prior research, intellectual functioning is strongly associated with low score frequency. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the clinical application of MVBR analysis in a pediatric psychiatric inpatient population using a flexible test battery. Taken together, this investigation highlights the potential clinical utility of MVBR analysis when interpreting neuropsychological performance in clinical pediatric populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Gaudet
- a Psychology Department , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Nathan E Cook
- a Psychology Department , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , Rhode Island , USA.,b Department of Psychiatry , Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston , Massachusetts , USA.,c MassGeneral Hospital for Children Sport Concussion Program , Boston , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Brian C Kavanaugh
- d Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School, Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
| | - Jane Studeny
- e Psychology Department , Antioch University - New England , Keene , New Hampshire , USA
| | - Karen Holler
- d Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior , Alpert Medical School, Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island , USA
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Barrera-Valencia M, Calderón-Delgado L, Trejos-Castillo E, O’Boyle M. Cognitive profiles of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and depression in children and adolescents. Int J Clin Health Psychol 2017; 17:242-250. [PMID: 30487899 PMCID: PMC6220903 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective: Several diagnostic criteria of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) are remarkably similar to symptoms reported by individuals with depression, particularly as they manifest as cognitive processing deficits in children. Because of this overlap in profile and the high rate of comorbidity of PTSD and depression (48% to 69%), pinpointing similarities/differences in cognitive processes related to each of these disorders is essential to accurate diagnosis. This study aims to examine cognitive performance profiles of 23 children who have been victims of PTSD and to compare their results with 23 children with depression and 24 controls. Method: Empirical study, observational and descriptive methodologies were performed using several neuropsychological tests to assess IQ, attention, memory and executive function. Statistical comparisons between groups were made using the non-parametric Kruskall-Wallis test and post-hoc analyses were conducted using a Mann Whitney U test, as well as Quade's co-variance analysis. Results: Data show different profiles of cognitive performance in those with PTSD compared to those with depression and controls. Conclusions: The findings suggests that PTSD and depressed children differ somewhat in their cognitive profiles, and the differences in IQ found between those with PTSD and those without are not necessarily a confounding variable, but may rather be a consequence of their traumatic experience.
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O'Brien JE, White K, Wu Q, Killian-Farrell C. Mental Health and Behavioral Outcomes of Sexual and Nonsexual Child Maltreatment Among Child Welfare-Involved Youth. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2016; 25:483-503. [PMID: 27294412 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2016.1167801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Our research team used the nationally representative National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being II to explore the differences in mental health and behavioral outcomes between children who enter the child welfare system with substantiated sexual abuse and those who enter with exclusively nonsexual maltreatment. The sample included 380 children between the ages of 8 to 17.5 who were substantiated for maltreatment (sexual and nonsexual) and had the same caregivers at both wave 1 and 2 (n = 380). Results show that the average age of children in the sample was 11 years old, and the results corroborate literature that has indicated children and youth with histories of childhood sexual abuse experience significantly more post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms than children with histories of nonsexual maltreatment. This finding held after controlling for baseline trauma symptoms and all covariates, including race, age, placement type, and caregiver characteristics. Childhood sexual abuse was not significantly related to an increase in behavioral symptoms after controlling for covariates. Implications for research and practice are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E O'Brien
- a School of Social Work , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
| | - Kevin White
- b School of Social Work , Eastern Carolina University , Greenville , North Carolina , USA
| | - Qi Wu
- c School of Social Work , University of Mississippi , Oxford , Mississippi , USA
| | - Candace Killian-Farrell
- a School of Social Work , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina , USA
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School-Related Outcomes of Traumatic Event Exposure and Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Students: A Systematic Review of Research from 1990 to 2015. SCHOOL MENTAL HEALTH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12310-016-9175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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