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Ma Z, Liu J, Zhang L. JAK and STAT5B mediate olfactory response of migratory locusts to their own volatiles. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 173:104164. [PMID: 39068995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK) and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signaling affect social aggregation, mood and psychiatric disorders, nociceptive and depressive behaviors. Olfactory dysfunction is one of the distinct symptoms of these behaviors, but function and mechanism of JAK and STAT in modulating olfaction remain largely unknown. Migratory locusts show olfactory preference for their own volatiles. We thus use this animal model to explore functions and mechanisms of JAK and STAT5B in mediating olfaction response to their own volatiles. Tissue distribution study shows that JAK and STAT5B express in antennae and brains, especially in antennal lobes and mushroom bodies in locust brains, and knockdown of these two genes by RNA interference (RNAi) in antennae and brains results in the loss of olfactory preference for locust volatiles, including chemical odorants indole and β-ionone. RNA-seq analysis reveals that JAK and STAT5B RNAi knockdown downregulates a functional class of transcripts in nucleoprotein complex, including heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein C (hnRNPC) and small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide F (SNRPF). HnRNPC and SNRPF mRNAs and proteins are also expressed in antennae and brains, and RNAi knockdown of these two genes reduces the percentage of locusts preferring volatiles, including chemical odorants indole and β-ionone. Furthermore, RNAi knockdown of dopamine receptor 1 (DopR1) results in the decrease of JAK mRNA level in antennae, and JAK/STAT5B, hnRNPC and SNRPF are required for dopamine receptor 1 (DopR1) to modulate olfactory preference for their own volatiles. This study confirms that JAK/STAT5B signaling modulates olfaction by affecting expression levels of hnRNPC and SNRPF, and this pathway is also required for DopR1 to modulate olfactory preference for their own volatiles. These findings highlight novel roles of JAK and STAT5B in modulating olfactory preference. This study provides novel insights into functional links among JAK/STAT5B signaling, RNA binding proteins and DopR1 underlying the modulation of olfactory behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyuan Ma
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Jipeng Liu
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lichen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Pathni A, Özçelikkale A, Rey-Suarez I, Li L, Davis S, Rogers N, Xiao Z, Upadhyaya A. Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte Activation Signals Modulate Cytoskeletal Dynamics and Mechanical Force Generation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:779888. [PMID: 35371019 PMCID: PMC8966475 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.779888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play an integral role in the adaptive immune response by killing infected cells. Antigen presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells, present pathogenic peptides to the T cell receptor on the CTL surface and co-stimulatory signals required for complete activation. Activated CTLs secrete lytic granules containing enzymes that trigger target cell death at the CTL-target contact, also known as the immune synapse (IS). The actin and microtubule cytoskeletons are instrumental in the killing of CTL targets. Lytic granules are transported along microtubules to the IS, where granule secretion is facilitated by actin depletion and recovery. Furthermore, actomyosin contractility promotes target cell death by mediating mechanical force exertion at the IS. Recent studies have shown that inflammatory cytokines produced by APCs, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), act as a third signal for CTL activation and enhance CTL proliferation and effector function. However, the biophysical mechanisms mediating such enhanced effector function remain unclear. We hypothesized that the third signal for CTL activation, IL-12, modulates cytoskeletal dynamics and force exertion at the IS, thus potentiating CTL effector function. Here, we used live cell total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy to study actomyosin and microtubule dynamics at the IS of murine primary CTLs activated in the presence of peptide-MHC and co-stimulation alone (two signals), or additionally with IL-12 (three signals). We found that three signal-activated CTLs have altered actin flows, myosin dynamics and microtubule growth rates as compared to two signal-activated CTLs. We further showed that lytic granules in three-signal activated CTLs are less clustered and have lower velocities than in two-signal activated CTLs. Finally, we used traction force microscopy to show that three signal-activated CTLs exert greater traction forces than two signal-activated CTLs. Our results demonstrate that activation of CTLs in the presence of IL-12 leads to differential modulation of the cytoskeleton, thereby augmenting the mechanical response of CTLs to their targets. This indicates a potential physical mechanism via which the third signal can enhance the CTL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashli Pathni
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Altuğ Özçelikkale
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ivan Rey-Suarez
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Scott Davis
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Nate Rogers
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Zhengguo Xiao
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Arpita Upadhyaya
- Biological Sciences Graduate Program, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
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3
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Li RJE, de Haas A, Rodríguez E, Kalay H, Zaal A, Jimenez CR, Piersma SR, Pham TV, Henneman AA, de Goeij-de Haas RR, van Vliet SJ, van Kooyk Y. Quantitative Phosphoproteomic Analysis Reveals Dendritic Cell- Specific STAT Signaling After α2-3-Linked Sialic Acid Ligand Binding. Front Immunol 2021; 12:673454. [PMID: 33968084 PMCID: PMC8100677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are key initiators of the adaptive immunity, and upon recognition of pathogens are able to skew T cell differentiation to elicit appropriate responses. DCs possess this extraordinary capacity to discern external signals using receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns. These can be glycan-binding receptors that recognize carbohydrate structures on pathogens or pathogen-associated patterns that additionally bind receptors, such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). This study explores the early signaling events in DCs upon binding of α2-3 sialic acid (α2-3sia) that are recognized by Immune inhibitory Sialic acid binding immunoglobulin type lectins. α2-3sias are commonly found on bacteria, e.g. Group B Streptococcus, but can also be expressed by tumor cells. We investigated whether α2-3sia conjugated to a dendrimeric core alters DC signaling properties. Through phosphoproteomic analysis, we found differential signaling profiles in DCs after α2-3sia binding alone or in combination with LPS/TLR4 co-stimulation. α2-3sia was able to modulate the TLR4 signaling cascade, resulting in 109 altered phosphoproteins. These phosphoproteins were annotated to seven biological processes, including the regulation of the IL-12 cytokine pathway. Secretion of IL-10, the inhibitory regulator of IL-12 production, by DCs was found upregulated after overnight stimulation with the α2-3sia dendrimer. Analysis of kinase activity revealed altered signatures in the JAK-STAT signaling pathway. PhosphoSTAT3 (Ser727) and phosphoSTAT5A (Ser780), involved in the regulation of the IL-12 pathway, were both downregulated. Flow cytometric quantification indeed revealed de- phosphorylation over time upon stimulation with α2-3sia, but no α2-6sia. Inhibition of both STAT3 and -5A in moDCs resulted in a similar cytokine secretion profile as α-3sia triggered DCs. Conclusively, this study revealed a specific alteration of the JAK-STAT pathway in DCs upon simultaneous α2-3sia and LPS stimulation, altering the IL10:IL-12 cytokine secretion profile associated with reduction of inflammation. Targeted control of the STAT phosphorylation status is therefore an interesting lead for the abrogation of immune escape that bacteria or tumors impose on the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Jún Eveline Li
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Aram de Haas
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ernesto Rodríguez
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hakan Kalay
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Anouk Zaal
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Connie R Jimenez
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sander R Piersma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Thang V Pham
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alex A Henneman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard R de Goeij-de Haas
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sandra J van Vliet
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Yvette van Kooyk
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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4
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Profiling of local disease-sparing responses to bovine respiratory syncytial virus in intranasally vaccinated and challenged calves. J Proteomics 2019; 204:103397. [PMID: 31146050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.103397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bovine and human respiratory syncytial viruses (BRSV, HRSV) are primary causes of pneumonia in calves and children respectively, with vaccination offering protection via antibody and cellular immune responses. However, with no vaccines currently licensed for human use, evaluation of local responses to BRSV vaccination may provide insights to aid the design of effective safe HRSV vaccines. Calves received intranasal single component BRSV vaccine or "3-Way" vaccine (BRSV, Bovine Herpes Virus-1 (BHV-1), Bovine Parainfluenza Virus Type-3 (BPIV-3)), and were BRSV-challenged 42 days post-vaccination. All vaccinates exhibited reduced pulmonary lesioning with elevated anti-BRSV serum IgG, and higher nasal anti-BRSV IgA in 3-Way vaccinates. Thirty-nine proteins associated with homeostatic and immune processes were altered in vaccinates, with enhanced 3-Way vaccinate group proteins associated with Th1/Th2 balance and immunoglobulin class switching. Proteins altered in the pharyngeal tonsil of animals euthanized early related to anti-inflammatory responses and lymphoid tissue remodeling. These findings indicate that multivalent vaccines distinctly modulate local immune responses, with clear correlation between the pharyngeal tonsil proteome profile and resulting immune protection and disease-sparing. This suggests that the efficacy of low-antigenic subunit vaccine components for problematic pathogens such as HRSV could be enhanced by use in combination with existing safe live vaccines. SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that vaccine valency can alter post-challenge proteome responses within the pharyngeal tonsil, a sentinel site of primary immune responses, with the magnitude of response dependent on antigen formulation. Observed differential responses can be attributed to antigenic material and viral nucleic acid from multivalent formulations providing additional T-cell epitopes and PAMPS. These findings indicate that incorporation of subunits proteins within multivalent formulations containing live virus has the potential to induce/skew a favorable immune response, utilising the natural adjuvanting effects of safe proven live vaccines.
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5
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Mohammad I, Nousiainen K, Bhosale SD, Starskaia I, Moulder R, Rokka A, Cheng F, Mohanasundaram P, Eriksson JE, Goodlett DR, Lähdesmäki H, Chen Z. Quantitative proteomic characterization and comparison of T helper 17 and induced regulatory T cells. PLoS Biol 2018; 16:e2004194. [PMID: 29851958 PMCID: PMC5979006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2004194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional network and protein regulators that govern T helper 17 (Th17) cell differentiation have been studied extensively using advanced genomic approaches. For a better understanding of these biological processes, we have moved a step forward, from gene- to protein-level characterization of Th17 cells. Mass spectrometry–based label-free quantitative (LFQ) proteomics analysis were made of in vitro differentiated murine Th17 and induced regulatory T (iTreg) cells. More than 4,000 proteins, covering almost all subcellular compartments, were detected. Quantitative comparison of the protein expression profiles resulted in the identification of proteins specifically expressed in the Th17 and iTreg cells. Importantly, our combined analysis of proteome and gene expression data revealed protein expression changes that were not associated with changes at the transcriptional level. Our dataset provides a valuable resource, with new insights into the proteomic characteristics of Th17 and iTreg cells, which may prove useful in developing treatment of autoimmune diseases and developing tumor immunotherapy. T helper 17 (Th17) cells and induced regulatory T (iTreg) cells are two subsets of T helper cells differentiated from naïve cells that play important roles in autoimmune diseases, immune homeostasis, and tumor immunity. The differentiation process is achieved by changes in numerous proteins, including transcription regulators, enzymes, membrane receptors, and cytokines, which are critical in lineage commitment. To profile protein expression changes in Th17 and iTreg cells, we polarized murine naïve CD4+ T (Thp) cells in vitro to Th17 and iTreg cells and performed quantitative proteomic analysis of these cells. More than 4,000 proteins, covering almost all subcellular compartments, were detected. Quantitative comparison of the protein expression profiles resulted in the identification of proteins specifically expressed in the Th17 and iTreg cells. Importantly, our combined analysis of proteome and gene expression data revealed protein expression changes that were not associated with changes at the transcriptional level. The present study serves as a valuable resource that may prove useful in developing treatment of autoimmune diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Mohammad
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Nousiainen
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Santosh D. Bhosale
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Inna Starskaia
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- Turku Doctoral Programme of Molecular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Robert Moulder
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Anne Rokka
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Fang Cheng
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Ponnuswamy Mohanasundaram
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - John E. Eriksson
- Cell Biology, Biosciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - David R. Goodlett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Harri Lähdesmäki
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Zhi Chen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
- * E-mail:
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6
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Sen P, Kemppainen E, Orešič M. Perspectives on Systems Modeling of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front Mol Biosci 2018; 4:96. [PMID: 29376056 PMCID: PMC5767226 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are the key drivers of the immune responses. These cells undergo activation, proliferation and differentiation into various subsets. During these processes they initiate metabolic reprogramming, which is coordinated by specific gene and protein activities. PBMCs as a model system have been widely used to study metabolic and autoimmune diseases. Herein we review various omics and systems-based approaches such as transcriptomics, epigenomics, proteomics, and metabolomics as applied to PBMCs, particularly T helper subsets, that unveiled disease markers and the underlying mechanisms. We also discuss and emphasize several aspects of T cell metabolic modeling in healthy and disease states using genome-scale metabolic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partho Sen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Esko Kemppainen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Matej Orešič
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland.,School of Medical Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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7
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Filareti M, Luotti S, Pasetto L, Pignataro M, Paolella K, Messina P, Pupillo E, Filosto M, Lunetta C, Mandrioli J, Fuda G, Calvo A, Chiò A, Corbo M, Bendotti C, Beghi E, Bonetto V. Decreased Levels of Foldase and Chaperone Proteins Are Associated with an Early-Onset Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:99. [PMID: 28428745 PMCID: PMC5382314 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive upper and lower motor neuron degeneration. One of the peculiar clinical characteristics of ALS is the wide distribution in age of onset, which is probably caused by different combinations of intrinsic and exogenous factors. We investigated whether these modifying factors are converging into common pathogenic pathways leading either to an early or a late disease onset. This would imply the identification of phenotypic biomarkers, that can distinguish the two populations of ALS patients, and of relevant pathways to consider in a therapeutic intervention. Toward this aim a differential proteomic analysis was performed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a group of 16 ALS patients with an age of onset ≤55 years and a group of 16 ALS patients with an age of onset ≥75 years, and matched healthy controls. We identified 43 differentially expressed proteins in the two groups of patients. Gene ontology analysis revealed that there was a significant enrichment in annotations associated with protein folding and response to stress. We next validated a selected number of proteins belonging to this functional group in 85 patients and 83 age- and sex-matched healthy controls using immunoassays. The results of the validation study confirmed that there was a decreased level of peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase A (also known as cyclophilin A), heat shock protein HSP 90-alpha, 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (also known as BiP) and protein deglycase DJ-1 in PBMC of ALS patients with an early onset. Similar results were obtained in PBMC and spinal cord from two SOD1G93A mouse models with an early and late disease onset. This study suggests that a different ability to upregulate proteins involved in proteostasis, such as foldase and chaperone proteins, may be at the basis of a different susceptibility to ALS, putting forward the development of therapeutic approaches aiming at boosting the protein quality control system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Filareti
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura PoliclinicoMilan, Italy
| | - Silvia Luotti
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Pasetto
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Pignataro
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Katia Paolella
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Messina
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pupillo
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Filosto
- Center for Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuropathies, Unit of Neurology, ASST Spedali Civili and University of BresciaBrescia, Italy
| | | | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department of Neuroscience, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Ospedale Civile S. Agostino-EstenseModena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fuda
- ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- ALS Center, Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of TorinoTorino, Italy
| | - Massimo Corbo
- Department of Neurorehabilitation Sciences, Casa Cura PoliclinicoMilan, Italy
| | - Caterina Bendotti
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Beghi
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
| | - Valentina Bonetto
- Istituto Di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Istituti di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS)Milan, Italy
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8
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Riaz T, Sollid LM, Olsen I, de Souza GA. Quantitative Proteomics of Gut-Derived Th1 and Th1/Th17 Clones Reveal the Presence of CD28+ NKG2D- Th1 Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:1007-16. [PMID: 26637539 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.050138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
T-helper cells are differentiated from CD4+ T cells and are traditionally characterized by inflammatory or immunosuppressive responses in contrast to cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Mass-spectrometry studies on T-helper cells are rare. In this study, we aimed to identify the proteomes of human Th1 and Th1/Th17 clones derived from intestinal biopsies of Crohn's disease patients and to identify differentially expressed proteins between the two phenotypes. Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease, with predominantly Th1- and Th17-mediated response where cells of the "mixed" phenotype Th1/Th17 have also been commonly found. High-resolution mass spectrometry was used for protein identification and quantitation. In total, we identified 7401 proteins from Th1 and Th1/Th17 clones, where 334 proteins were differentially expressed. Major differences were observed in cytotoxic proteins that were overrepresented in the Th1 clones. The findings were validated by flow cytometry analyses using staining with anti-granzyme B and anti-perforin and by a degranulation assay, confirming higher cytotoxic features of Th1 compared with Th1/Th17 clones. By testing a larger panel of T-helper cell clones from seven different Crohn's disease patients, we concluded that only a subgroup of the Th1 cell clones had cytotoxic features, and these expressed the surface markers T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28 and were negative for expression of natural killer group 2 member D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahira Riaz
- From the Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
| | - Ludvig Magne Sollid
- From the Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Olsen
- From the Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway; Section for Immunology, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Ullevaalsveien 68, 0454 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gustavo Antonio de Souza
- From the Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, 0372 Oslo, Norway
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9
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Pagani M, Rockstroh M, Schuster M, Rossetti G, Moro M, Crosti M, Tomm JM. Reference proteome of highly purified human Th1 cells reveals strong effects on metabolism and protein ubiquitination upon differentiation. Proteomics 2015; 15:3644-7. [PMID: 26332097 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of human CD4(+) T cells into T helper cell subtypes and regulatory T cells is crucial to the immune response. Among subtypes, Th1 cells are dominant, representing approximately 50% of all lymphocytes. Thus far, most global proteomic studies have used only partially purified T helper cell subpopulations and/or have employed artificial protocols for inducing specific T helper cell subtypes and/or used gel-based approaches. These studies have shed light on molecular details of certain aspects of the proteome; nevertheless a global analysis of high purity primary naïve and Th1 cells by LC-MS/MS is required to provide a reference dataset for proteome-based T cell subtype characterization. The utilization of highly purified Th1 cells for a global proteome assessment and the bioinformatic comparison to naïve cells reveals changes in cell metabolism and the ubiquitination pathway upon T cell differentiation. All MS data have been deposited in the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001066 (http://proteomecentral.proteomexchange.org/dataset/PXD001066).
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Pagani
- Integrative Biology Program, INGM - National Institute for Molecular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Maxie Rockstroh
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maj Schuster
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Grazisa Rossetti
- Integrative Biology Program, INGM - National Institute for Molecular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Monica Moro
- Integrative Biology Program, INGM - National Institute for Molecular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariacristina Crosti
- Integrative Biology Program, INGM - National Institute for Molecular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Janina M Tomm
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
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10
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Rossi R, De Palma A, Benazzi L, Riccio AM, Canonica GW, Mauri P. Biomarker discovery in asthma and COPD by proteomic approaches. Proteomics Clin Appl 2014; 8:901-15. [PMID: 25186471 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are multifactorial respiratory diseases, characterized by reversible and irreversible airway obstruction, respectively. Even if the primary causes of these diseases remain unknown, inflammation is a central feature that leads to progressive and permanent pulmonary tissue damage (airway remodeling) up to the total loss of lung function. Therefore, the elucidation of the inflammation mechanisms and the characterization of the biological pathways, involved in asthma and COPD pathogenesis, are relevant in finding new possible diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers and for the validation of new drug targets. In this context, current advances in proteomic approaches, especially those based on MS, provide new tools to facilitate the discovery-driven studies of new biomarkers in respiratory diseases and improve the clinical reliability of the next generation of biomarkers for these diseases consisting of multiple phenotypes. This review will report an overview of the current proteomic methods applied to the discovery of candidate biomarkers for asthma and COPD, giving a special emphasis to emerging MS-based techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossana Rossi
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies (ITB-CNR), Proteomics and Metabolomics Unit, Segrate, MI, Italy
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11
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Polkinghorne VR, Standeven KF, Schroeder V, Carter AM. Role of proteomic technologies in understanding risk of arterial thrombosis. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 6:539-50. [DOI: 10.1586/epr.09.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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12
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Zhou J, Zhu Z, Bai C, Sun H, Wang X. Proteomic profiling of lymphocytes in autoimmunity, inflammation and cancer. J Transl Med 2014; 12:6. [PMID: 24397796 PMCID: PMC3895788 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphocytes play important roles in the balance between body defense and noxious agents involved in a number of diseases, e.g. autoimmune diseases, allergic inflammation and cancer. The proteomic analyses have been applied to identify and validate disease-associated and disease-specific biomarkers for therapeutic strategies of diseases. The proteomic profiles of lymphocytes may provide more information to understand their functions and roles in the development of diseases, although proteomic approaches in lymphocytes are still limited. The present review overviewed the proteomics-based studies on lymphocytes to headlight the proteomic profiles of lymphocytes in diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, allergic inflammation and cancer, with a special focus on lung diseases. We will explore the potential significance of diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets from the current status in proteomic studies of lymphocytes and discuss the value of the currently available proteomic methodologies in the lymphocytes research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hongzhi Sun
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.
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13
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Lönnberg T, Chen Z, Lahesmaa R. From a gene-centric to whole-proteome view of differentiation of T helper cell subsets. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 12:471-82. [PMID: 24106101 PMCID: PMC3838199 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper differentiation of naïve T helper cells into functionally distinct subsets is of critical importance to human health. Consequently, the process is tightly controlled by a complex intracellular signalling network. To dissect the regulatory principles of this network, immunologists have early on embraced system-wide transcriptomics tools, leading to identification of large panels of potential regulatory factors. In contrast, the use of proteomics approaches in T helper cell research has been notably rare, and to this date relatively few high-throughput datasets have been reported. Here, we discuss the importance of such research and envision the possibilities afforded by mass spectrometry-based proteomics in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapio Lönnberg
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, United Kingdom.
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14
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Chen Z, Lönnberg T, Lahesmaa R. Holistic systems biology approaches to molecular mechanisms of human helper T cell differentiation to functionally distinct subsets. Scand J Immunol 2013; 78:172-80. [PMID: 23679154 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge of helper T cell differentiation largely relies on data generated from mouse studies. To develop therapeutical strategies combating human diseases, understanding the molecular mechanisms how human naïve T cells differentiate to functionally distinct T helper (Th) subsets as well as studies on human differentiated Th cell subsets is particularly valuable. Systems biology approaches provide a holistic view of the processes of T helper differentiation, enable discovery of new factors and pathways involved and generation of new hypotheses to be tested to improve our understanding of human Th cell differentiation and immune-mediated diseases. Here, we summarize studies where high-throughput systems biology approaches have been exploited to human primary T cells. These studies reveal new factors and signalling pathways influencing T cell differentiation towards distinct subsets, important for immune regulation. Such information provides new insights into T cell biology and into targeting immune system for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Chen
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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15
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Li R, Zheng X, Popov I, Zhang X, Wang H, Suzuki M, Necochea-Campion RD, French PW, Chen D, Siu L, Koos D, Inman RD, Min WP. Gene silencing of IL-12 in dendritic cells inhibits autoimmune arthritis. J Transl Med 2012; 10:19. [PMID: 22289162 PMCID: PMC3293054 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously demonstrated that immune modulation can be accomplished by administration of gene silenced dendritic cells (DC) using siRNA. In this study, we demonstrate the therapeutic utilization of shRNA-modified DC as an antigen-specific tolerogenic vaccine strategy for autoimmune arthritis. Methods A shRNA that specifically targets IL-12 p35 was designed and cloned into a plasmid vectors (IL-12 shRNA). Bone marrow-derived DC from DBA/1 mice were transfected with the IL-12 shRNA construct in vitro. Mice with collagen II (CII)-induced arthritis (CIA) were treated with the modified DCs expressing the shRNA. Recall response and disease progression were assessed. Results After gene silencing of IL-12 in DC, DC were shown to selectively inhibit T cell proliferation on recall responses and in an MLR. In murine CIA, we demonstrated that administration of IL-12 shRNA-expressing DC that were pulsed with CII inhibited progression of arthritis. The therapeutic effects were evidenced by decreased clinical scores, inhibition of inflammatory cell infiltration in the joint, and suppression of T cell and B cell responses to CII. Conclusion We demonstrate a novel tolerance-inducing protocol for the treatment of autoimmune inflammatory joint disease in which the target antigen is known, utilizing DNA-directed RNA interference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Li
- Institute of Immunomodulation and Immunotherapy, Nanchang University Medical School, Nanchang, China
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Park CS, Rhim T. Application of proteomics in asthma research. Expert Rev Proteomics 2011; 8:221-30. [PMID: 21501015 DOI: 10.1586/epr.11.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is caused by allergic airway inflammation, resulting in reversible airway obstruction, characterized by airway hyper-responsiveness, bronchoconstriction, increased mucus secretion and an increase in lung vessel permeability. The pathophysiological changes in asthma have been attributed to the altered expression of biologically plausible proteins associated with transcriptional pathways, inflammatory mediators, chemokines, cytokines, apoptosis and cell proliferation. Such multifactorial diseases characteristically involve an interplay of many genetic variations of molecular and biochemical pathways and their interactions with environmental factors. The complex nature of the asthma phenotype, together with genetic heterogeneity and environmental influences, has made it difficult to uncover the aspects that underlie this common disease. Recently, genomic and proteomic technologies have been developed to identify associations between genes, proteins and disease. This approach, called 'omics biology', aims to recognize early onset of disease, institute preventive treatment and identify new molecular targets for novel drugs in multifactorial diseases. This article reviews examples of how proteomic technology can be used to find asthma marker proteins (from the cell model to clinical samples). Identification of protein changes in different stages of asthma could provide further insights into the complex molecular mechanisms involved in this disease. These studies provide new insights for finding novel pathological mediators and biomarkers of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon-Sik Park
- Genome Research Center for Allergy and Respiratory Disease, Soonchunhyang University Hospital, Bucheon, South Korea
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17
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Abstract
Proteomic approaches have already been successfully implemented in areas such as cancer research. Surprisingly, only a few proteomics analyses have been published reporting on the protein profiles associated with asthma. Although proteomics has its limitations and experimental challenges, it can successfully contribute to the understanding of a complex disease such as asthma. We have reviewed the current literature that has reported the use of proteomic techniques to identify proteins that may contribute to altered lung function in asthma. Only a few of these studies have used proteomic techniques on human tissues associated with asthma, while most research has been performed with animal models of asthma. Proteomic applications have been used as a complimentary technique to verify the suspected candidate proteins involved in asthma. In addition, novel proteins have been identified as potential therapeutic targets. Future collaboration between the different scientific disciplines using proteomic studies of animal models of asthma and confirmation of these findings in human tissues will significantly contribute to the understanding of the etiology of asthma and lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for this highly prevalent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Osei-Kumah
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia.
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Moulder R, Lönnberg T, Elo LL, Filén JJ, Rainio E, Corthals G, Oresic M, Nyman TA, Aittokallio T, Lahesmaa R. Quantitative proteomics analysis of the nuclear fraction of human CD4+ cells in the early phases of IL-4-induced Th2 differentiation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:1937-53. [PMID: 20467038 PMCID: PMC2938108 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900483-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We used stable isotope labeling with 4-plex iTRAQ (isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification) reagents and LC-MS/MS to investigate proteomic changes in the nucleus of activated human CD4+ cells during the early stages of Th2 cell differentiation. The effects of IL-4 stimulation upon activated naïve CD4+ cells were measured in the nuclear fractions from 6 and 24 h in three biological replicates, each using pooled cord blood samples derived from seven or more individuals. In these analyses, in the order of 800 proteins were detected with two or more peptides and quantified in three biological replicates. In addition to consistent differences observed with the nuclear localization/expression of established human Th2 and Th1 markers, there were changes that suggested the involvement of several proteins either only recently reported or otherwise not known in this context. These included SATB1 and among the novel changes detected and validated an IL-4-induced increase in the level of YB1. This unique data set from human cord blood CD4+ T cells details an extensive list of protein determinations that compares with and complements previous data determined from the Jurkat cell nucleus.
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Apweiler R, Aslanidis C, Deufel T, Gerstner A, Hansen J, Hochstrasser D, Kellner R, Kubicek M, Lottspeich F, Maser E, Mewes HW, Meyer HE, Müllner S, Mutter W, Neumaier M, Nollau P, Nothwang HG, Ponten F, Radbruch A, Reinert K, Rothe G, Stockinger H, Tárnok A, Taussig MJ, Thiel A, Thiery J, Ueffing M, Valet G, Vandekerckhove J, Wagener C, Wagner O, Schmitz G. Approaching clinical proteomics: Current state and future fields of application in cellular proteomics. Cytometry A 2009; 75:816-32. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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20
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Tuomela S, Rautajoki KJ, Moulder R, Nyman TA, Lahesmaa R. Identification of novel Stat6 regulated proteins in IL-4-treated mouse lymphocytes. Proteomics 2009; 9:1087-98. [PMID: 19180534 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 4 (IL-4) has an indispensable role in the differentiation of naive T helper (Th) cells toward the Th2 phenotype and induction of B cells to produce the IgE class of Igs. By regulating these two cell types, IL-4 has a pre-eminent role in regulation of allergic inflammation. IL-4-mediated regulation of T and B cell functions is largely transmitted through signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (Stat6). In this study, we have used metabolic labeling and 2-D electrophoresis to detect differences in the proteomes of IL-4 stimulated spleen mononuclear cells of Stat6-/- and wild type mice and MS/MS for protein identification. With this methodology, we identified 49 unique proteins from 21 protein spots to be differentially expressed. Interestingly, in Stat6-/- CD4(+) cells the expression of isoform 2 of core binding factor b (CBFb2) was enhanced. CBFb is a non-DNA binding cofactor for the Runx family of transcription factors, which have been implicated in regulation of Th cell differentiation. We also found cellular nucleic acid protein (CNBP) to be downregulated in Stat6-/- cells. None of the proteins identified in this study have previously been reported to be regulated via Stat6. The results highlight the importance of exploiting proteomics tools to complement the studies on Stat6 target genes identified through transcriptional profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soile Tuomela
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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21
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Blood-related proteomics. J Proteomics 2009; 73:483-507. [PMID: 19567275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Revised: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 06/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Blood-related proteomics is an emerging field, recently gaining momentum. Indeed, a wealth of data is now available and a plethora of groups has contributed to add pieces to the jigsaw puzzle of protein complexity within plasma and blood cells. In this review article we purported to sail across the mare magnum of the actual knowledge in this research endeavour. The main strides in proteomic investigations on red blood cells, platelets, plasma and white blood cells are hereby presented in a chronological order. Moreover, a glance is given at prospective studies which promise to shift the focus of attention from the end product to its provider, the donor, in a sort of Kantian "Copernican revolution". A well-rounded portrait of the usefulness of proteomics in blood-related research is accurately given. In particular, proteomic tools could be adopted to follow the main steps of the blood-banking production processes (a comparison of collection methods, pathogen inactivation techniques, storage protocols). Thus proteomics has been recently transformed from a mere basic-research extremely-expensive toy into a dramatically-sensitive and efficient eye-lens to either delve into the depths of the molecular mechanisms of blood and blood components or to establish quality parameters in the blood-banking production chain totally anew.
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22
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Howes JM, Keen JN, Findlay JB, Carter AM. The application of proteomics technology to thrombosis research: the identification of potential therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2008; 5:205-12. [PMID: 18777494 DOI: 10.3132/dvdr.2008.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombus formation underpins the development of cardiovascular diseases, including acute coronary syndromes and ischaemic stroke. A number of well-characterised cardiovascular risk factors which contribute to the development of the majority of cardiovascular events have been identified, including dyslipidaemia, hypertension and diabetes. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have a 3- to 5-fold increased risk for development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). They may have a cluster of haemostatic abnormalities, including elevated levels of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and fibrinogen, which contribute to acute thrombotic events. It is clear that additional unidentified risk factors contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular events, and so the search for novel biomarkers and effectors, particularly in individuals with T2DM, remains a major challenge of cardiovascular medicine. Plasma and cellular proteins which contribute to thrombus formation have the potential to confer a pro-thrombotic state and represent a link between genotype, environment and disease phenotype. The comprehensive analysis of these proteins is now increasingly facilitated through the continued development of proteomic technologies which provide multifaceted approaches to the identification of novel biomarkers and/or effectors of thrombus formation and on which future anticoagulant and thrombolytic therapies may be based. This review provides an overview of current proteomic technologies. It focuses on the recent studies in which these technologies have been applied in the search for novel proteins that may confer increased risk of acute cardiovascular diseases and therefore that may influence disease progression and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna-Marie Howes
- Division of Cardiovascular & Diabetes Research, The LIGHT Laboratories, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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23
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Filén JJ, Filén S, Moulder R, Tuomela S, Ahlfors H, West A, Kouvonen P, Kantola S, Björkman M, Katajamaa M, Rasool O, Nyman TA, Lahesmaa R. Quantitative proteomics reveals GIMAP family proteins 1 and 4 to be differentially regulated during human T helper cell differentiation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 8:32-44. [PMID: 18701445 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m800139-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper (Th) cells differentiate into functionally distinct effector cell subsets of which Th1 and Th2 cells are best characterized. Besides T cell receptor signaling, IL-12-induced STAT4 and T-bet- and IL-4-induced STAT6 and GATA3 signaling pathways are the major players regulating the Th1 and Th2 differentiation process, respectively. However, there are likely to be other yet unknown factors or pathways involved. In this study we used quantitative proteomics exploiting cleavable ICAT labeling and LC-MS/MS to identify IL-4-regulated proteins from the microsomal fractions of CD4(+) cells extracted from umbilical cord blood. We were able to identify 557 proteins of which 304 were also quantified. This study resulted in the identification of the down-regulation of small GTPases GIMAP1 and GIMAP4 by IL-4 during Th2 differentiation. We also showed that both GIMAP1 and GIMAP4 genes are up-regulated by IL-12 and other Th1 differentiation-inducing cytokines in cells induced to differentiate toward Th1 lineage and down-regulated by IL-4 in cells induced to Th2. Our results indicate that the GIMAP (GTPase of the immunity-associated protein) family of proteins is differentially regulated during Th cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Jonas Filén
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6B, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
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Rautajoki KJ, Kylaniemi MK, Raghav SK, Rao K, Lahesmaa R. An insight into molecular mechanisms of human T helper cell differentiation. Ann Med 2008; 40:322-35. [PMID: 18484344 DOI: 10.1080/07853890802068582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective activation of T helper (Th) cell subsets plays an important role in immune response to pathogens as well as in the pathogenesis of human allergy and inflammatory diseases. Th1 cells along with the recently discovered Th17 cells play a role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Th2 cytokines lead to series of inflammatory processes characteristic for asthma and other atopic diseases. To understand the pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases it is crucial to dissect pathways and regulatory networks leading to the development of distinct Th subsets. Such knowledge may lead to better strategies for developing diagnostics and therapies for these diseases. The differentiation of Th1, Th2, and Th17 effector cells is driven by signals originating from T cell and costimulatory receptors as well as cytokines in the surroundings of activated naive T helper cells. There are several proteins involved in the regulation of this differentiation process. Most of the data on T helper cell differentiation have been acquired using mouse. In this review, we have summarized what is known about human T helper differentiation. In addition, selected differences between human and mouse will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi J Rautajoki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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25
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Grant MM, Scheel-Toellner D, Griffiths HR. Contributions to our understanding of T cell physiology through unveiling the T cell proteome. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:9-15. [PMID: 17488298 PMCID: PMC1942030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03395.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the sequencing of the human genome was completed, attention has turned to examining the functionality of the molecular machinery, in particular of protein expression. Differential proteome analysis by two-dimensional electrophoresis has been adopted to study changes in T cell proteomes during T cell activation, and this work is increasing our understanding of the complexity of signals elicited across multiple pathways. The purpose of this review is to summarize the available evidence in the application of proteomic techniques and methodologies to understand T cell receptor activation from lipid raft and cytoskeletal rearrangements, through to signalling cascades, transcription factor modulation and changes in protein expression patterns. These include post-translational modifications, which are not encoded by the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Grant
- School of Dentistry, The University of Birmingham, St Chads Queensway, Birmingham, UK.
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26
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Rakkola R, Matikainen S, Nyman TA. Proteome analysis of human macrophages reveals the upregulation of manganese-containing superoxide dismutase after toll-like receptor activation. Proteomics 2007; 7:378-84. [PMID: 17211829 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential for the development of innate immune responses against a variety of infectious factors. They detect invading pathogens via their pattern recognition receptors such as toll-like receptors (TLRs). TLR7/8 recognizes ssRNA from various viruses. In the present study, we have used 2-DE gel-based proteomics to find novel TLR7/8 target proteins in human monocyte-derived macrophages in order to improve our understanding of the virus recognition by this TLR. A total of 27 protein spots were found to be reproducibly differentially expressed between control and TLR7/8 activated 2-DE gel pairs, 18 spots being more than two-fold upregulated and nine spots being at least two-fold downregulated. Several proteins involved in defense against toxic superoxide (O2-) and other reactive oxygen species, such as manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (SOD2), glutathione peroxidase, and peroxiredoxins 1 and 6 were highly upregulated after TLR7/8 activation. Western blot analysis showed that activation of macrophages with TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR7/8 ligands also strongly upregulated SOD2 protein expression. In conclusion, our results show that the activation of pattern recognition receptors of the innate immune system results in strong upregulation of SOD2 gene expression suggesting that SOD2 protects macrophages from oxidative stress during microbial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riitta Rakkola
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
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27
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Rautajoki KJ, Marttila EM, Nyman TA, Lahesmaa R. Interleukin-4 Inhibits Caspase-3 by Regulating Several Proteins in the Fas Pathway during Initial Stages of Human T Helper 2 Cell Differentiation. Mol Cell Proteomics 2007; 6:238-51. [PMID: 17114647 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m600290-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is the main cytokine that polarizes activated naïve CD4+ T cells in the T helper 2 (Th2) direction. IL-4 also regulates the subsequent stages of Th2 cell-mediated diseases, such as allergies. We conducted a proteomics study to identify IL-4-induced differences during the initial stages of T helper cell differentiation. Primary CD4+ T lymphocytes were isolated from human cord blood, activated through CD3 and CD28, and cultured in the presence or absence of IL-4. Soluble proteins were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis and visualized by staining with autoradiography, which indicated that at least 20 proteins might be regulated by IL-4. From this minimum of 20 stained proteins, altogether 35 proteins were identified using tandem mass spectrometry. Interestingly the fragmented form of GDP dissociation inhibitor expressed in lymphocytes/Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor 2 (Ly-GDI), a known target of Caspase-3, was observed to be down-regulated in IL-4-treated cells. It was shown in further studies that IL-4 decreases Caspase-3 activity and cell death in these cells. Neutralizing Fas-Fas ligand interaction led to decreased Caspase-3 activity and lowered Ly-GDI fragmentation. We further characterized the effects of IL-4 on the expression of main regulators in the Fas-mediated pathway. We demonstrated that IL-4 decreases expression of Fas receptor and increases expression of Bid, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL. Importantly IL-4 significantly up-regulated the short form of c-FLIP, although the levels of c-FLIP long were unaltered after IL-4 induction. Taken together, our results indicate that IL-4 inhibits caspase activity during the initial stages of human Th2 cell differentiation by regulating expression of several key players in the Fas-induced pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi J Rautajoki
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi, Tykistökatu 6A, 5th floor, FIN-20521 Turku, Finland.
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28
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Filén JJ, Nyman TA, Korhonen J, Goodlett DR, Lahesmaa R. Characterization of microsomal fraction proteome in human lymphoblasts reveals the down-regulation of galectin-1 by interleukin-12. Proteomics 2005; 5:4719-32. [PMID: 16247730 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200402016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
T helper cells (Th) are divided into Th1 and Th2 subsets based upon their cytokine profiles and function. Naïve Th cells differentiate into Th1 and Th2 subsets depending on the antigens, costimulatory molecules, and cytokines they encounter. Cytokine interleukin (IL)-12 enhances the generation of Th1 lymphocytes and inhibits the production of Th2 subset. Many genes involved in Th cell differentiation have already been identified at transcriptomic level in microarray studies. In this study, isotope coded affinity tag labeling combined with chromatographic techniques and tandem mass spectrometry was used to find IL-12 regulated proteins in the microsomal fraction of Th cells. A total of 380 and 275 proteins were initially identified and quantitated in two experiments. After the high-confidence protein identifications were restricted to those where at least two different peptides were identified per protein, and these confirmed by manual inspection of the tandem mass spectra, 147 proteins remained. Of these high-confidence protein identifications 41 had at least 1.5-fold change in expression between IL-12 treated and nontreated cells. Among the differentially regulated proteins were galectin-1 (gal-1) and CD7, and their down-regulation was further corroborated with Western blotting and flow cytometry, respectively. Gal-1 and CD7 are known to interact with each other, and regulate immunity through influencing apoptosis and cytokine production. Our data indicate that IL-12 down-regulates the expression of both gal-1 and CD7 in the microsomal fraction of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and cord blood CD4(+) cells. The down-regulation of these proteins is likely to have a role in specific Th cell selection and cytokine environment creation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Jonas Filén
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Abo Akademi University, PO Box 123, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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