1
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Adnane M, de Almeida AM, Chapwanya A. Unveiling the power of proteomics in advancing tropical animal health and production. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:182. [PMID: 38825622 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Proteomics, the large-scale study of proteins in biological systems has emerged as a pivotal tool in the field of animal and veterinary sciences, mainly for investigating local and rustic breeds. Proteomics provides valuable insights into biological processes underlying animal growth, reproduction, health, and disease. In this review, we highlight the key proteomics technologies, methodologies, and their applications in domestic animals, particularly in the tropical context. We also discuss advances in proteomics research, including integration of multi-omics data, single-cell proteomics, and proteogenomics, all of which are promising for improving animal health, adaptation, welfare, and productivity. However, proteomics research in domestic animals faces challenges, such as sample preparation variation, data quality control, privacy and ethical considerations relating to animal welfare. We also provide recommendations for overcoming these challenges, emphasizing the importance of following best practices in sample preparation, data quality control, and ethical compliance. We therefore aim for this review to harness the full potential of proteomics in advancing our understanding of animal biology and ultimately improve animal health and productivity in local breeds of diverse animal species in a tropical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mounir Adnane
- Department of Biomedicine, Institute of Veterinary Sciences, University of Tiaret, Tiaret, 14000, Algeria.
| | - André M de Almeida
- LEAF-Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associate Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, Lisboa, 1349-017, Portugal
| | - Aspinas Chapwanya
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, 00265, Saint Kitts and Nevis
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2
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Oshima S, Namai F, Sato T, Shimosato T. Development of a Single-Chain Fragment Variable that Binds to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Produced by Genetically Modified Lactic Acid Bacteria. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:151-160. [PMID: 37060514 PMCID: PMC10105526 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00741-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 enters cells via binding of the surface-exposed spike protein RBD to host cell ACE2 receptors. Therefore, in this study, we designed a scFv (single-chain fragment variable) based on the amino acid sequence of CC12.1, a neutralizing antibody found in the serum of patients with COVID-19. scFv is a low-molecular-weight antibody designed based on the antibody-antigen recognition site. Compared with the original antibody, scFv has the advantages of high tissue penetration and low production cost. In this study, we constructed gmLAB (genetically modified lactic acid bacteria) by incorporating the designed scFv into a gene expression vector and introducing it into lactic acid bacteria, aiming to develop microbial therapeutics against COVID-19. In addition, gmLAB were also constructed to produce GFP-fused scFv as a means of visualizing scFv. Expression of each scFv was confirmed by Western blotting, and the ability to bind to the RBD was investigated by ELISA. This study is the first to design a scFv against the RBD of SARS-CoV-2 using gmLAB and could be applied in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzuka Oshima
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Fu Namai
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Shimosato
- Department of Biomolecular Innovation, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Kamiina, Nagano, 399-4598, Japan.
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3
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Hudson M. Why do the Numbers of Laboratory Animal Procedures Conducted Continue to Rise? An Analysis of the Home Office Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Great Britain 2005. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 35:177-87. [PMID: 17411364 DOI: 10.1177/026119290703500110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The publication of the Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Great Britain 2005 once again provides evidence that the levels of animal experimentation in Great Britain are rising, the underlying reason for this being the continued and increasing reliance on genetically modified animals as model systems. There has been a gradual increase in fundamental research, as applied toxicological studies have declined. Of particular concern is the impact that the forthcoming REACH legislation will have and the apparent lack of urgency in facing up to this challenge. The major issues arising from the Statistics are discussed, including the increases in rabbit and primate procedures. The potential of newly validated and emerging techniques to counteract these worrying trends are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Hudson
- FRAME, Russell & Burch House, 96-98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham, NG1 4EE, UK.
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4
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Zhang H, Song C, Xie J, Ge X, Liu B, Zhang Y, Sun C, Zhou Q, Yang Z. Comparative proteomic analysis of hepatic mechanisms of Megalobrama amblycephala infected by Aeromonas hydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:339-349. [PMID: 30081179 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Hemorrhage syndrome is one of the most prevalent and epidemic diseases that is mainly caused by Aeromonas hydrophila invasion in Megalobrama amblycephala. Recent studies have uncovered a number of immune enzymes and transcripts that are differently expressed in this disease, but the molecular mechanism elicited still remain largely unknown. Here, we constructed an in vivo A. hydrophila infection to investigate the immune mechanism in M. amblycephala using comparative proteomic approach at the one day after infection. 30 altered protein spots were found to undergo differential expression against A. hydrophila infection in the hepatopancreas of M. amblycephala based on 2-DE and were all successfully identified using MALDI-TOF/TOF, representing 18 unique proteins. These proteins were functionally classified into metabolism, antioxidant, cofactors and vitamins, chaperone and signal transduction. Network interaction and Gene Ontology annotation indicated 13 unique proteins were closely related to immune response and directly regulated by each other. Compared with the control group, A. hydrophila infection significantly decreased the metabolism-related mRNA expressions of ENO3, APOA1, CAT and FASN, but increased the mRNA expressions of MDH, ALDOB and RSP12, which was consistent with the protein expression. Nevertheless, FAH was down-regulated at both levels but had no significant difference in mRNA level, ALDH8a1 was down-regulated at protein level but non-significantly up-regulated at the mRNA level. GSTm was up-regulated at protein level but down-regulated at the mRNA level. Consequently, these results revealed that A. hydrophila infection altered the related antioxidative proteins via complex regulatory mechanisms and reduced the immune ability of M. amblycephala at the one day after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Changyou Song
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Xianping Ge
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Cunxin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Qunlan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, 214081, China
| | - Zhenfei Yang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, 214081, China
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5
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Specific Recognition of a Single-Stranded RNA Sequence by a Synthetic Antibody Fragment. J Mol Biol 2016; 428:4100-4114. [PMID: 27593161 PMCID: PMC5178103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2016.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies that bind RNA represent an unrealized source of reagents for synthetic biology and for characterizing cellular transcriptomes. However, facile access to RNA-binding antibodies requires the engineering of effective Fab libraries guided by the knowledge of the principles that govern RNA recognition. Here, we describe a Fab identified from a minimalist synthetic library during phage display against a branched RNA target. The Fab (BRG) binds with 20nM dissociation constant to a single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) sequence adjacent to the branch site and can block the action of debranchase enzyme. We report the crystal structure in complex with RNA target at 2.38Å. The Fab traps the RNA in a hairpin conformation that contains a 2-bp duplex capped by a tetraloop. The paratope surface consists of residues located in four complementarity-determining regions including a major contribution from H3, which adopts a helical structure that projects into a deep, wide groove formed by the RNA. The amino acid composition of the paratope reflects the library diversity, consisting mostly of tyrosine and serine residues and a small but significant contribution from a single arginine residue. This structure, involving the recognition of ssRNA via a stem-loop conformation, together with our two previous structures involving the recognition of an RNA hairpin loop and an RNA tertiary structure, reveals the capacity of minimalist libraries biased with tyrosine, serine, glycine, and arginine to form binding surfaces for specific RNA conformations and distinct levels of RNA structural hierarchy.
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6
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Foerster A, Hołowacz I, Sunil Kumar GB, Anandakumar S, Wall JG, Wawrzyńska M, Paprocka M, Kantor A, Kraskiewicz H, Olsztyńska-Janus S, Hinder SJ, Bialy D, Podbielska H, Kopaczyńska M. Stainless steel surface functionalization for immobilization of antibody fragments for cardiovascular applications. J Biomed Mater Res A 2015; 104:821-32. [PMID: 26566715 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Stainless steel 316 L material is commonly used for the production of coronary and peripheral vessel stents. Effective biofunctionalization is a key to improving the performance and safety of the stents after implantation. This paper reports the method for the immobilization of recombinant antibody fragments (scFv) on stainless steel 316 L to facilitate human endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) growth and thus improve cell viability of the implanted stents for cardiovascular applications. The modification of stent surface was conducted in three steps. First the stent surface was coated with titania based coating to increase the density of hydroxyl groups for successful silanization. Then silanization with 3 aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTS) was performed to provide the surface with amine groups which presence was verified using FTIR, XPS, and fluorescence microscopy. The maximum density of amine groups (4.8*10(-5) mol/cm(2)) on the surface was reached after reaction taking place in ethanol for 1 h at 60 °C and 0.04M APTS. On such prepared surface the glycosylated scFv were subsequently successfully immobilized. The influence of oxidation of scFv glycan moieties and the temperature on scFv coating were investigated. The fluorescence and confocal microscopy study indicated that the densest and most uniformly coated surface with scFv was obtained at 37 °C after oxidation of glycan chain. The results demonstrate that the scFv cannot be efficiently immobilized without prior aminosilanization of the surface. The effect of the chemical modification on the cell viability of EPC line 55.1 (HucPEC-55.1) was performed indicating that the modifications to the 316 L stainless steel are non-toxic to EPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Foerster
- Departament of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
| | - I Hołowacz
- Departament of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
| | - G B Sunil Kumar
- Microbiology and Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - S Anandakumar
- Microbiology and Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - J G Wall
- Microbiology and Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), NUI Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - M Wawrzyńska
- Department of Medical Emergency, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - M Paprocka
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - A Kantor
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - S Olsztyńska-Janus
- Departament of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
| | - S J Hinder
- Department of Mechanical Engineering Sciences, University of Surrey, England
| | - D Bialy
- Clinic of Cardiology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
| | - H Podbielska
- Departament of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
| | - M Kopaczyńska
- Departament of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Fundamental Problems of Technology, Wroclaw University of Technology, Poland
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7
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Ayoglu B, Chaouch A, Lochmüller H, Politano L, Bertini E, Spitali P, Hiller M, Niks EH, Gualandi F, Pontén F, Bushby K, Aartsma-Rus A, Schwartz E, Le Priol Y, Straub V, Uhlén M, Cirak S, 't Hoen PAC, Muntoni F, Ferlini A, Schwenk JM, Nilsson P, Al-Khalili Szigyarto C. Affinity proteomics within rare diseases: a BIO-NMD study for blood biomarkers of muscular dystrophies. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:918-36. [PMID: 24920607 PMCID: PMC4119355 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201303724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent progress in the broad-scaled analysis of proteins in body fluids, there is still a lack in protein profiling approaches for biomarkers of rare diseases. Scarcity of samples is the main obstacle hindering attempts to apply discovery driven protein profiling in rare diseases. We addressed this challenge by combining samples collected within the BIO-NMD consortium from four geographically dispersed clinical sites to identify protein markers associated with muscular dystrophy using an antibody bead array platform with 384 antibodies. Based on concordance in statistical significance and confirmatory results obtained from analysis of both serum and plasma, we identified eleven proteins associated with muscular dystrophy, among which four proteins were elevated in blood from muscular dystrophy patients: carbonic anhydrase III (CA3) and myosin light chain 3 (MYL3), both specifically expressed in slow-twitch muscle fibers and mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2) and electron transfer flavoprotein A (ETFA). Using age-matched sub-cohorts, 9 protein profiles correlating with disease progression and severity were identified, which hold promise for the development of new clinical tools for management of dystrophinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Ayoglu
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Amina Chaouch
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Luisa Politano
- Cardiomiology and Medical Genetics, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesú Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Pietro Spitali
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Monika Hiller
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eric H Niks
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Gualandi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fredrik Pontén
- SciLifeLab, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kate Bushby
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Annemieke Aartsma-Rus
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Volker Straub
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebahattin Cirak
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Childrens National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Peter A C 't Hoen
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Ferlini
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Jochen M Schwenk
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Raina M, Sharma R, Deacon SE, Tiede C, Tomlinson D, Davies AG, McPherson MJ, Wälti C. Antibody mimetic receptor proteins for label-free biosensors. Analyst 2015; 140:803-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01418a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Small synthetic antibody mimetic receptor proteins which offer high stability, specificity and affinity are presented as capture molecules in solid-state electro-chemical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Raina
- Bioelectronics
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - R. Sharma
- Bioelectronics
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - S. E. Deacon
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - C. Tiede
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - D. Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
| | - A. G. Davies
- Bioelectronics
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
| | - M. J. McPherson
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology
| | - C. Wälti
- Bioelectronics
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering
- University of Leeds
- Leeds
- UK
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9
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Frenzel A, Kügler J, Wilke S, Schirrmann T, Hust M. Construction of human antibody gene libraries and selection of antibodies by phage display. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1060:215-243. [PMID: 24037844 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-586-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Antibody phage display is the most commonly used in vitro selection technology and has yielded thousands of useful antibodies for research, diagnostics, and therapy.The prerequisite for successful generation and development of human recombinant antibodies using phage display is the construction of a high-quality antibody gene library. Here, we describe the methods for the construction of human immune and naive scFv gene libraries.The success also depends on the panning strategy for the selection of binders from these libraries. In this article, we describe a panning strategy that is high-throughput compatible and allows parallel selection in microtiter plates.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Frenzel
- Abteilung Biotechnologie Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Braunschweig, Germany
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10
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Off-rate screening for selection of high-affinity anti-drug antibodies. Anal Biochem 2013; 441:208-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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11
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Phage display antibodies for diagnostic applications. Biologicals 2013; 41:209-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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12
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Mousavi MZ, Chen HY, Wu SH, Peng SW, Lee KL, Wei PK, Cheng JY. Magnetic nanoparticle-enhanced SPR on gold nanoslits for ultra-sensitive, label-free detection of nucleic acid biomarkers. Analyst 2013; 138:2740-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36655c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Finlay WJJ, Almagro JC. Natural and man-made V-gene repertoires for antibody discovery. Front Immunol 2012; 3:342. [PMID: 23162556 PMCID: PMC3498902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibodies are the fastest-growing segment of the biologics market. The success of antibody-based drugs resides in their exquisite specificity, high potency, stability, solubility, safety, and relatively inexpensive manufacturing process in comparison with other biologics. We outline here the structural studies and fundamental principles that define how antibodies interact with diverse targets. We also describe the antibody repertoires and affinity maturation mechanisms of humans, mice, and chickens, plus the use of novel single-domain antibodies in camelids and sharks. These species all utilize diverse evolutionary solutions to generate specific and high affinity antibodies and illustrate the plasticity of natural antibody repertoires. In addition, we discuss the multiple variations of man-made antibody repertoires designed and validated in the last two decades, which have served as tools to explore how the size, diversity, and composition of a repertoire impact the antibody discovery process.
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14
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Carta F, Lobina O, Mannu F, Ferru E, Pantaleo A, Orrù M, Turrini F. A 2DE approach for high-throughput antigen separation applicable to mAb production. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2546-52. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Omar Lobina
- Department of Genetic; Biological and Medical Chemistry; University of Turin; Turin; Italy
| | | | - Emanuela Ferru
- Department of Genetic; Biological and Medical Chemistry; University of Turin; Turin; Italy
| | - Antonella Pantaleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Sassari; Sassari; Italy
| | | | - Francesco Turrini
- Department of Genetic; Biological and Medical Chemistry; University of Turin; Turin; Italy
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15
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Gustavsson E, Ek S, Steen J, Kristensson M, Älgenäs C, Uhlén M, Wingren C, Ottosson J, Hober S, Borrebaeck CA. Surrogate antigens as targets for proteome-wide binder selection. N Biotechnol 2011; 28:302-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2010] [Revised: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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16
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Colwill K, Gräslund S. A roadmap to generate renewable protein binders to the human proteome. Nat Methods 2011; 8:551-8. [PMID: 21572409 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wealth of commercially available antibodies to human proteins, research is often hindered by their inconsistent validation, their poor performance and the inadequate coverage of the proteome. These issues could be addressed by systematic, genome-wide efforts to generate and validate renewable protein binders. We report a multicenter study to assess the potential of hybridoma and phage-display technologies in a coordinated large-scale antibody generation and validation effort. We produced over 1,000 antibodies targeting 20 SH2 domain proteins and evaluated them for potency and specificity by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), protein microarray and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). We also tested selected antibodies in immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting and immunofluorescence assays. Our results show that high-affinity, high-specificity renewable antibodies generated by different technologies can be produced quickly and efficiently. We believe that this work serves as a foundation and template for future larger-scale studies to create renewable protein binders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Colwill
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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17
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Hust M, Meyer T, Voedisch B, Rülker T, Thie H, El-Ghezal A, Kirsch MI, Schütte M, Helmsing S, Meier D, Schirrmann T, Dübel S. A human scFv antibody generation pipeline for proteome research. J Biotechnol 2010; 152:159-70. [PMID: 20883731 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2010.09.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The functional decryption of the human proteome is the challenge which follows the sequencing of the human genome. Specific binders to every human protein are key reagents for this purpose. In vitro antibody selection using phage display offers one possible solution that can meet the demand for 25,000 or more antibodies, but needs substantial standardisation and minimalisation. To evaluate this potential, three human, naive antibody gene libraries (HAL4/7/8) were constructed and a standardised antibody selection pipeline was set up. The quality of the libraries and the selection pipeline was validated with 110 antigens, including human, other mammalian, fungal or bacterial proteins, viruses or haptens. Furthermore, the abundance of VH, kappa and lambda subfamilies during library cloning and the E. coli based phage display system on library packaging and the selection of scFvs was evaluated from the analysis of 435 individual antibodies, resulting in the first comprehensive comparison of V gene subfamily use for all steps of an antibody phage display pipeline. Further, a compatible cassette vector set for E. coli and mammalian expression of antibody fragments is described, allowing in vivo biotinylation, enzyme fusion and Fc fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hust
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Abstract
Phage display has been extensively used to study protein-protein interactions, receptor- and antibody-binding sites, and immune responses, to modify protein properties, and to select antibodies against a wide range of different antigens. In the format most often used, a polypeptide is displayed on the surface of a filamentous phage by genetic fusion to one of the coat proteins, creating a chimeric coat protein, and coupling phenotype (the protein) to genotype (the gene within). As the gene encoding the chimeric coat protein is packaged within the phage, selection of the phage on the basis of the binding properties of the polypeptide displayed on the surface simultaneously results in the isolation of the gene encoding the polypeptide. This unit describes the background to the technique, and illustrates how it has been applied to a number of different problems, each of which has its neurobiological counterparts. Although this overview concentrates on the use of filamentous phage, which is the most popular platform, other systems are also described.
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Weigel I, Schulze G, Pischetsrieder M. Immunochemical detection of tissue from the central nervous system via myelin proteolipid protein: adaptation for food inspection and development of recombinant bivalent Fab mini-antibodies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2010; 58:6587-6593. [PMID: 20476754 DOI: 10.1021/jf100625g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is transmitted by the ingestion of central nervous system (CNS) tissue of infected animals. Food inspection must, therefore, test for the presence of CNS tissue in meat and meat products. A Western blot assay for the specific CNS tissue marker myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) was optimized with considerably reduced analysis time, solvent consumption, and detection limit (0.001% CNS tissue in minced beef). Further, a PLP-specific recombinant bivalent fragment antigen binding mini-antibody (anti-PLP Fab) was obtained from a commercial phage display library. Western blot analysis with the anti-PLP Fab selectively detected CNS tissue in minced beef with a detection limit of 0.025%. Model experiments for meat processing revealed that assay sensitivity decreased with increasing temperature and prolonged heating time. A market survey with 687 sausage samples was performed using PLP-Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Five samples were tested clearly positive by both assay systems, whereas in an additional six samples, CNS tissue was detected only by GFAP ELISA and in two samples only by PLP-Western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Weigel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Food Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schuhstrasse 19, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
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20
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Dübel S, Stoevesandt O, Taussig MJ, Hust M. Generating recombinant antibodies to the complete human proteome. Trends Biotechnol 2010; 28:333-9. [PMID: 20538360 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro antibody generation technologies have now been available for two decades. Research reagents prepared via phage display are becoming available and several recent studies have demonstrated that these technologies are now sufficiently advanced to facilitate generation of a comprehensive renewable resource of antibodies for any protein encoded by the approximately 22,500 human protein-coding genes. Antibody selection in vitro offers properties not available in animal-based antibody generation methods. By adjusting the biochemical milieu during selection, it is possible to control the antigen conformation recognized, the antibody affinity or unwanted cross-reactivity. For larger-scale antibody generation projects, the handling, transport and storage logistics and bacterial production offer cost benefits. Because the DNA sequence encoding the antibody is available, modifications, such as site-specific in vivo biotinylation and multimerization, are only a cloning step away. This opinion article summarizes opportunities for the generation of antibodies for proteome research using in vitro technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, D-38106 Braunschweig, Germany.
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21
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Mersmann M, Meier D, Mersmann J, Helmsing S, Nilsson P, Gräslund S, Colwill K, Hust M, Dübel S. Towards proteome scale antibody selections using phage display. N Biotechnol 2009; 27:118-28. [PMID: 19883803 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2009.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2009] [Revised: 10/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In vitro antibody generation by panning a large universal gene library with phage display was employed to generate antibodies to more than 60 different antigens. Of particular interest was a comparison of pannings on 20 different SH2 domains provided by the Structural Genomics Consortium (SGC). Streamlined methods for high throughput antibody generation developed within the 'Antibody Factory' of the German National Genome Research Network (NGFN) were demonstrated to minimise effort and provide a reliable and robust source for antibodies. For the SH2 domains, in two successive series of selections, 2668 clones were analysed, resulting in 347 primary hits in ELISA. Half of these hits were further analysed, and more than 90 different scFv antibodies to all antigens were identified. The validation of selected antibodies by cross-reactivity ELISA, western blot and on protein microarrays demonstrated the versatility of the in vitro antibody selection pipeline to generate a renewable resource of highly specific monoclonal binders in proteome scale numbers with substantially reduced effort and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mersmann
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Braunschweig, Germany
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22
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Jung SM, Tsuji K, Moroi M. Glycoprotein (GP) VI dimer as a major collagen-binding site of native platelets: direct evidence obtained with dimeric GPVI-specific Fabs. J Thromb Haemost 2009; 7:1347-55. [PMID: 19486274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2009.03496.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI is suggested to exist as a dimer on the platelet surface, but no direct proof of the functional importance of dimer formation has been provided. OBJECTIVES To obtain direct evidence for GPVI dimers on the platelet membrane and their functional importance, Fab antibodies were developed that bind to GPVI dimer (GPVI-Fc2) but not to GPVI monomer (GPVIex) through a phage display method. RESULTS Six Fabs were found: B-F, only reactive with GPVI-Fc2, and A, mainly reactive with GPVI-Fc2, with some reactivity towards GPVIex; each Fab (Fab-dHLX-MH) forms a bivalent dimer (b-Fab) by dimerizing the dHLX domains from two Fab molecules. Fab F was subcloned to a monovalent format by deleting its dHLX domain. All b-Fabs induced platelet aggregation, but the monomeric form of Fab F (m-Fab-F) specifically inhibited collagen-induced aggregation. All b-Fabs and m-Fab-F inhibited GPVI-Fc2 binding to fibrous collagen. Immunoblotting showed that b-Fab-F and m-Fab-F bound weakly to GPVI-Fc2. Adding the anti-GPVI monoclonal antibody 204-11 increased the B(max) of m-Fab-F binding to GPVI-Fc2, suggesting that 204-11 binds to GPVI-Fc2 molecules not already in the appropriate conformation to recognize the Fab, converting them to a conformation reactive to the Fab. CONCLUSIONS GPVI forms a specific structure by dimerization that is necessary for the binding of this receptor to collagen fibrils. The binding of m-Fab-F to platelets directly demonstrates that GPVI is present as a functionally relevant dimer on the platelet surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Jung
- Department of Protein Biochemistry, Institute of Life Science, Kurume University, Kurume-shi, Fukuoka-ken, Japan.
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Saerens D, Huang L, Bonroy K, Muyldermans S. Antibody Fragments as Probe in Biosensor Development. SENSORS 2008; 8:4669-4686. [PMID: 27873779 PMCID: PMC3705465 DOI: 10.3390/s8084669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Today's proteomic analyses are generating increasing numbers of biomarkers, making it essential to possess highly specific probes able to recognize those targets. Antibodies are considered to be the first choice as molecular recognition units due to their target specificity and affinity, which make them excellent probes in biosensor development. However several problems such as difficult directional immobilization, unstable behavior, loss of specificity and steric hindrance, may arise from using these large molecules. Luckily, protein engineering techniques offer designed antibody formats suitable for biomarker analysis. Minimization strategies of antibodies into Fab fragments, scFv or even single-domain antibody fragments like VH, VL or VHHs are reviewed. Not only the size of the probe but also other issues like choice of immobilization tag, type of solid support and probe stability are of critical importance in assay development for biosensing. In this respect, multiple approaches to specifically orient and couple antibody fragments in a generic one-step procedure directly on a biosensor substrate are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Saerens
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, VIB, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Lieven Huang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Molecular Biology, Technologiepark 927, B-9052 Zwijnaarde, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Serge Muyldermans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Interactions, VIB, Brussels, Belgium
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Saerens D, Ghassabeh GH, Muyldermans S. Antibody technology in proteomics. BRIEFINGS IN FUNCTIONAL GENOMICS AND PROTEOMICS 2008; 7:275-82. [DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/eln028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Antibody Phage Display. SPRINGER PROTOCOLS HANDBOOKS 2008. [PMCID: PMC7123299 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-375-6_34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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The human combinatorial antibody library HuCAL GOLD combines diversification of all six CDRs according to the natural immune system with a novel display method for efficient selection of high-affinity antibodies. J Mol Biol 2007; 376:1182-200. [PMID: 18191144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2007] [Revised: 10/25/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
This article describes the generation of the Human Combinatorial Antibody Library HuCAL GOLD. HuCAL GOLD is a synthetic human Fab library based on the HuCAL concept with all six complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) diversified according to the sequence and length variability of naturally rearranged human antibodies. The human antibody repertoire was analyzed in-depth, and individual CDR libraries were designed and generated for each CDR and each antibody family. Trinucleotide mixtures were used to synthesize the CDR libraries in order to ensure a high quality within HuCAL GOLD, and a beta-lactamase selection system was employed to eliminate frame-shifted clones after successive cloning of the CDR libraries. With these methods, a large, high-quality library with more than 10 billion functional Fab fragments was achieved. By using CysDisplay, the antibody fragments are displayed on the tip of the phage via a disulfide bridge between the phage coat protein pIII and the heavy chain of the antibody fragment. Efficient elution of specific phages is possible by adding reducing agents. HuCAL GOLD was challenged with a variety of different antigens and proved to be a reliable source of high-affinity human antibodies with best affinities in the picomolar range, thus functioning as an excellent source of antibodies for research, diagnostic, and therapeutic applications. Furthermore, the data presented in this article demonstrate that CysDisplay is a robust and broadly applicable display technology even for high-throughput applications.
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Stoevesandt O, Taussig MJ. Affinity reagent resources for human proteome detection: initiatives and perspectives. Proteomics 2007; 7:2738-50. [PMID: 17639606 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Essential to the ambition of characterising fully the human proteome are systematic and comprehensive collections of specific affinity reagents directed against all human proteins, including splice variants and modifications. Although a large number of affinity reagents are available commercially, their quality is often questionable and only a fraction of the proteome is covered. In order for more targets to be examined, there is a need for broad availability of panels of affinity reagents, including binders against proteins of unknown functions. The most familiar affinity reagents are antibodies and their fragments, but engineered forms of protein scaffolds and nucleic acid aptamers with similar diversity and binding properties are becoming viable alternatives. Recent initiatives in Europe and the USA have been established to improve both the availability and quality of reagents for affinity proteomics, with the ultimate aim of creating standardised collections of well-validated binding molecules for proteome analysis. As well as coordinating affinity reagent production through existing resources and technology providers, these projects aim to benchmark key molecular entities, tools, and applications, and establish the bioinformatics framework and databases needed. The benefits of such reagent resources will be seen in basic research, medicine and the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oda Stoevesandt
- Technology Research Group, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge, UK
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28
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Germain S, Halsby O. Rapid Generation of Recombinant Monoclonal Antibodies using in vitro Selection Technology. Ann Pathol 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0242-6498(07)92863-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Jeong KJ, Seo MJ, Iverson BL, Georgiou G. APEx 2-hybrid, a quantitative protein-protein interaction assay for antibody discovery and engineering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8247-52. [PMID: 17494738 PMCID: PMC1895937 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702650104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed a bacterial system for the discovery of interacting proteins that, unlike other two-hybrid technologies, allows for the selection of protein pairs on the basis of affinity or expression. This technology relies on the anchored periplasmic expression (APEx) of one protein (bait) on the periplasmic side of the inner membrane of Escherichia coli and its interacting partner (prey) as a soluble, epitope-tagged, periplasmic protein. Upon removal of the outer membrane by spheroplasting, periplasmic proteins, including any unbound epitope-tagged prey, are released into the extracellular fluid. However, if the epitope-tagged prey can bind to the membrane-anchored bait, it remains associated with the cell and can be detected quantitatively by using fluorescent anti-epitope tag antibodies. Cells expressing prey:bait pairs exhibiting different affinities can be readily distinguished by flow cytometry. The utility of this technology, called APEx two-hybrid, was demonstrated in two demanding antibody engineering applications: First, single-chain variable fragment (scFvs) with increased affinity to the protective antigen of Bacillus anthracis were isolated from cells coexpressing libraries of scFv random mutants, together with endogenously expressed antigen. Second, APEx two-hybrid coupled with multicolor FACS analysis to account for protein expression was used for the selection of mutant Fab antibody fragments exhibiting improved expression in the bacterial periplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Jun Jeong
- Departments of *Chemical Engineering
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and
| | - Min Jeong Seo
- Departments of *Chemical Engineering
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, and
| | | | - George Georgiou
- Departments of *Chemical Engineering
- Biomedical Engineering
- Section of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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30
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Josic D, Clifton JG. Use of monolithic supports in proteomics technology. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1144:2-13. [PMID: 17174320 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Revised: 11/26/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An overview on the utilization of monoliths in proteomics technology will be given. Both silica- and polymer-based monoliths have broad use for microseparation of tryptic peptides in reversed-phase (RP) mode before identification by mass spectrometry (MS) or by MS/MS. For two-dimensional (2D) LC separation of peptides before MS or MS/MS analysis, a combination of ion-exchange, usually cation-exchange (CEX) chromatography with RP chromatography on monolithic supports can be employed. Immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography monoliths with immobilized Fe3+-ions are used for the isolation of phosphopeptides. Monoliths with immobilized affinity ligands are usually applied to the rapid separation of proteins and peptides. Miniaturized reactors with immobilized proteolytic enzymes are utilized for rapid on- or offline digestion of isolated proteins or protein mixtures prior to identification by LC-MS/MS. Monoliths also have broad potential for application in sample preparation, prior to further proteomic analyses. Monolithic supports with large pore sizes can be exploited for the isolation of nanoparticles, such as cells, organelles, viruses and protein aggregates. The potential for further adoption of monolithic supports in protein separation and enrichment of low abundance proteins prior to proteolytic digestion and final LC-MS/MS protein identification will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djuro Josic
- Proteomics Core, COBRE Center for Cancer Research Development, Rhode Island Hospital, CORO West, One Hoppin St., Providence, RI 02903, USA.
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31
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Abstract
Biologists often claim that they follow a rational design strategy when their research is based on molecular knowledge of biological systems. This claim implies that their knowledge of the innumerable causal connections present in biological systems is sufficient to allow them to deduce and predict the outcome of their experimental interventions. The design metaphor is shown to originate in human intentionality and in the anthropomorphic fallacy of interpreting objects, events, and the behavior of all living organisms in terms of goals and purposes. Instead of presenting rational design as an effective research strategy, it would be preferable to acknowledge that advances in biomedicine are nearly always derived from empirical observations based on trial and error experimentation. The claim that rational design is an effective research strategy was tested in the case of current attempts to develop synthetic vaccines, in particular against human immunodeficiency virus. It was concluded that in this field of biomedicine, trial and error experimentation is more likely to succeed than a rational design approach. Current developments in systems biology may give us eventually a better understanding of the immune system and this may enable us in the future to develop improved vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H V Van Regenmortel
- Ecole Supérieure de Biotechnologie de Strasbourg, Centre de la Recherche Scientifique, Illkirch, France.
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