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A Critical Review of Bottom-Up Proteomics: The Good, the Bad, and the Future of this Field. Proteomes 2020; 8:proteomes8030014. [PMID: 32640657 PMCID: PMC7564415 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes8030014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteomics is the field of study that includes the analysis of proteins, from either a basic science prospective or a clinical one. Proteins can be investigated for their abundance, variety of proteoforms due to post-translational modifications (PTMs), and their stable or transient protein–protein interactions. This can be especially beneficial in the clinical setting when studying proteins involved in different diseases and conditions. Here, we aim to describe a bottom-up proteomics workflow from sample preparation to data analysis, including all of its benefits and pitfalls. We also describe potential improvements in this type of proteomics workflow for the future.
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Lee JG, McKinney KQ, Lee YY, Chung HN, Pavlopoulos AJ, Jung KY, Kim WK, Kuroda MJ, Han DK, Hwang S. A draft map of rhesus monkey tissue proteome for biomedical research. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126243. [PMID: 25974132 PMCID: PMC4431823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Though the rhesus monkey is one of the most valuable non-human primate animal models for various human diseases because of its manageable size and genetic and proteomic similarities with humans, proteomic research using rhesus monkeys still remains challenging due to the lack of a complete protein sequence database and effective strategy. To investigate the most effective and high-throughput proteomic strategy, comparative data analysis was performed employing various protein databases and search engines. The UniProt databases of monkey, human, bovine, rat and mouse were used for the comparative analysis and also a universal database with all protein sequences from all available species was tested. At the same time, de novo sequencing was compared to the SEQUEST search algorithm to identify an optimal work flow for monkey proteomics. Employing the most effective strategy, proteomic profiling of monkey organs identified 3,481 proteins at 0.5% FDR from 9 male and 10 female tissues in an automated, high-throughput manner. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001972. Based on the success of this alternative interpretation of MS data, the list of proteins identified from 12 organs of male and female subjects will benefit future rhesus monkey proteome research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Gyun Lee
- Proteomics Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Q. McKinney
- Proteomics Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Yong-Yook Lee
- Proteomics Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Hae-Na Chung
- Proteomics Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Antonis J. Pavlopoulos
- Proteomics Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kook Y. Jung
- Proteomics Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Woong-Ki Kim
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Marcelo J. Kuroda
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - David K. Han
- Department of Cell Biology and Center for Vascular Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Sunil Hwang
- Proteomics Laboratory for Clinical and Translational Research, Carolinas HealthCare System, Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Y, Fang C, Bao H, Fan H, Shen H, Yang P. Nuclear proteome profile of C57BL/6J mouse liver. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2013; 56:513-23. [PMID: 23737002 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4488-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The liver proteome can serve as a reference to better understand both disease mechanisms and possible therapeutics, since the liver is an important organ in the body that performs a large number of tasks. Here we identify the organelle proteome of C57BL/6J mouse liver nuclei as a promising strategy to enrich low abundance proteins, in the sense that analysis of whole liver cells is rather complex for current techniques and may not be suitable for proteins with low abundance. Evaluation of nucleus integrity and purity was performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the optimized isolation procedure. The extracted nuclear proteins were identified by 2-DE MS analyses, and a total of 748 proteins were identified. Bioinformatic analyses were performed to demonstrate the physicochemical properties, cellular locations and functions of the proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Fania C, Vasso M, Torretta E, Robach P, Cairo G, Lundby C, Gelfi C. Setup for human sera MALDI profiling: the case of rhEPO treatment. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1715-27. [PMID: 21706496 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of high-throughput technologies based on qualitative and quantitative methodologies for the characterization of complex protein mixtures is increasingly required in clinical laboratories. MALDI profiling is a robust and sensitive technology although the serum high dynamic range imposes a major limitation hampering the identification of less abundant species decreasing the quality of MALDI profiling. A setup to improve these parameters has been performed for recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) monitoring in serum, analyzing the effects of two commercially available columns (MARS Hu7 and Hu14) for immunodepletion, and two matrices (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid and 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone) for peak quality improvement. The immunodepletion capability of both columns was determined by 2-D DIGE, which precisely revealed the efficacy of Hu14 in protein removal and the serum dynamic range decrement. In addition, the type of matrix, the sample dilution, and the efficacy of optimized parameters were used for serum profiling of ten healthy subjects before and after rhEPO treatment. The principal component analysis indicates that a combination of Hu14 column and 2',4'-dihydroxyacetophenone matrix increases data quality allowing the discrimination between treated and untreated samples, making serum MALDI profiling suitable for clinical monitoring of rhEPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Fania
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biomediche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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Plasma proteomic alterations in non-human primates and humans after chronic alcohol self-administration. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2011; 14:899-911. [PMID: 21303580 PMCID: PMC3107900 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145711000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective diagnostics of excessive alcohol use are valuable tools in the identification and monitoring of subjects with alcohol use disorders. A number of potential biomarkers of alcohol intake have been proposed, but none have reached widespread clinical usage, often due to limited diagnostic sensitivity and specificity. In order to identify novel potential biomarkers, we performed proteomic biomarker target discovery in plasma samples from non-human primates that chronically self-administer high levels of ethanol. Two-dimensional difference in-gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) was used to quantify plasma proteins from within-subject samples collected before exposure to ethanol and after 3 months of excessive ethanol self-administration. Highly abundant plasma proteins were depleted from plasma samples to increase proteomic coverage. Altered plasma levels of serum amyloid A4 (SAA4), retinol-binding protein, inter-alpha inhibitor H4, clusterin, and fibronectin, identified by 2D-DIGE analysis, were confirmed in unmanipulated, whole plasma from these animals by immunoblotting. Examination of these target plasma proteins in human subjects with excessive alcohol consumption (and control subjects) revealed increased levels of SAA4 and clusterin and decreased levels of fibronectin compared to controls. These proteins not only serve as targets for further development as biomarker candidates or components of biomarker panels, but also add to the growing understanding of dysregulated immune function and lipoprotein metabolism with chronic, excessive alcohol consumption.
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Kadowaki M, Sangai T, Nagashima T, Sakakibara M, Yoshitomi H, Takano S, Sogawa K, Umemura H, Fushimi K, Nakatani Y, Nomura F, Miyazaki M. Identification of vitronectin as a novel serum marker for early breast cancer detection using a new proteomic approach. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2011; 137:1105-15. [PMID: 21253761 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-010-0974-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy in women. However, no useful serum markers with high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of early breast cancer have been identified. The search for biological markers of early breast cancer is of continual interest in experimental and clinical breast cancer research. We recently described a simple and highly reproducible three-step proteome analysis for identifying potential disease-marker candidates among the low-abundance serum proteins. METHODS Serum samples from breast ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) patients and normal controls were subjected to a three-step serum proteome analysis. The steps were the following: first, immunodepletion of most abundant proteins; second, fractionation using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography; and third, separation using two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Differences revealed by protein staining were further confirmed by Western blotting, immunohistochemical staining, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). RESULTS Twenty-two upregulated and 26 downregulated spots were detected on the 2-DE gels, and a total of 33 proteins were identified by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Western blotting confirmed that the level of vitronectin was significantly increased in DCIS patients compared with that of normal controls. Immunohistochemical staining of vitronectin in breast cancer tissue revealed high expression in small vessel walls surrounding cancer cells and the extracellular matrix of stroma. Moreover, vitronectin serum concentrations, as measured by ELISA, were significantly increased in patients with DCIS or more advanced breast cancer compared with those of normal controls. CONCLUSIONS Vitronectin could serve as a promising serum marker for the detection of primary breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Kadowaki
- Department of General Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
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Ly L, Wasinger VC. Protein and peptide fractionation, enrichment and depletion: Tools for the complex proteome. Proteomics 2011; 11:513-34. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kim K, Yu J, Min H, Kim H, Kim B, Yu HG, Kim Y. Online monitoring of immunoaffinity-based depletion of high-abundance blood proteins by UV spectrophotometry using enhanced green fluorescence protein and FITC-labeled human serum albumin. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:62. [PMID: 21122139 PMCID: PMC3012035 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The removal of high-abundance proteins from plasma is an efficient approach to investigating flow-through proteins for biomarker discovery studies. Most depletion methods are based on multiple immunoaffinity methods available commercially including LC columns and spin columns. Despite its usefulness, high-abundance depletion has an intrinsic problem, the sponge effect, which should be assessed during depletion experiments. Concurrently, the yield of depletion of high-abundance proteins must be monitored during the use of the depletion column. To date, there is no reasonable technique for measuring the recovery of flow-through proteins after depletion and assessing the capacity for capture of high-abundance proteins. Results In this study, we developed a method of measuring recovery yields of a multiple affinity removal system column easily and rapidly using enhanced green fluorescence protein as an indicator of flow-through proteins. Also, we monitored the capture efficiency through depletion of a high-abundance protein, albumin labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate. Conclusion This simple method can be applied easily to common high-abundance protein depletion methods, effectively reducing experimental variations in biomarker discovery studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyunggon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Jiyoung Yu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Hophil Min
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Byungwook Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Hyeong Gon Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799, Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799, Korea.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 28 Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Polaskova V, Kapur A, Khan A, Molloy MP, Baker MS. High-abundance protein depletion: comparison of methods for human plasma biomarker discovery. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:471-82. [PMID: 20119956 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Affinity depletion of abundant proteins from human plasma has become a routine sample preparation strategy in proteomics used prior to protein identification and quantitation. To date, there have been limited published studies comparing the performance of commercially available depletion products. We conducted a thorough evaluation of six depletion columns using 2-DE combined with sophisticated image analysis software, examining the following criteria: (i) efficiency of high-abundance protein depletion, (ii) non-specific removal of other than the targeted proteins and (iii) total number of protein spots detected on the gels following depletion. From all the products investigated, the Seppro IgY system provided the best results. It displayed the greatest number of protein spots on the depleted plasma gels, minimal non-specific binding and high efficiency of abundant protein removal. Nevertheless, the increase in the number of detected spots compared with the second best performing and cheaper multiple affinity removal column (MARC) was not shown to be statistically significant. The ProteoPrep spin column, considered to be the "deepest" depletion technique available at the time of conducting the study, surprisingly displayed significantly fewer spots on the flow-through fraction gels compared with both the Seppro and the MARC. The spin column format and low plasma capacity were also found to be impractical for 2-DE. To conclude, we succeeded in providing an overview of the depletion columns performances with regard to the three examined areas. Our study will serve as a reference to other scientists when deciding on the optimal product for their particular projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Polaskova
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
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10
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Lull ME, Erwin MS, Morgan D, Roberts DC, Vrana KE, Freeman WM. Persistent proteomic alterations in the medial prefrontal cortex with abstinence from cocaine self-administration. Proteomics Clin Appl 2009; 3:462-472. [PMID: 20161123 PMCID: PMC2742427 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200800055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Neuroproteomic studies of drug abuse offer the potential for a systems-level understanding of addiction. Understanding cocaine-responsive alterations in brain protein expression that persist even with extended abstinence may provide insight into relapse liability. In the current study, protein changes in the medial prefrontal cortex of cocaine self-administering rats following 1 and 100 days of enforced abstinence were quantified by 2D-DIGE. We have previously reported increased drug-seeking and drug-taking, as well as mRNA and epigenetic changes in this model even after 100 days of enforced abstinence. A number of statistically-significant changes in proteins relating to synapse function and neuronal remodeling were evident, including neurofilament medium and heat shock protein 73 (Hsp73) which increased at 1 day of abstinence, but returned to normal levels following 100 days of abstinence. -1 and synaptosome-associated protein 25 kDa (SNAP-25) were unchanged at 1 day of abstinence, but were significantly decreased after 100 days. These data demonstrate that while some protein changes return to normal levels following enforced cocaine abstinence, a number remain or become altered after long periods, up to 100 days, of cocaine abstinence. Those protein expression changes that do not reset to pre-cocaine exposure levels may contribute to the persistent relapse potential that occurs in response to cocaine abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mandi S. Erwin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine
| | | | - David C.S. Roberts
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine
| | - Kent E. Vrana
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine
| | - Willard M. Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine
- Functional Genomics Facility, Penn State College of Medicine
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Umstead TM, Freeman WM, Chinchilli VM, Phelps DS. Age-related changes in the expression and oxidation of bronchoalveolar lavage proteins in the rat. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2009; 296:L14-29. [DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.90366.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and severity of many lung diseases change with age. Some diseases, such as pneumonia, occur with increased frequency in children and the elderly. Proteins obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) serve as the first line of defense against inhaled toxins and pathogens. Age-related changes in BAL protein expression and oxidative modification were examined in juvenile (1 mo), young adult (2 mo), and aged (18 mo) F344 rats using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE), matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/time of flight (MALDI-ToF/ToF) tandem mass spectrometry, and carbonyl immunoblotting. Using 2D-DIGE, we detected 563 protein spots, and MALDI-ToF/ToF identified 204 spots comprising 31 proteins; 21 changed significantly (17 increases) between juvenile and young adult or aged rats, but for 12 of these proteins, levels had a biphasic pattern, and levels in aged rats were less than in young adults. Relative carbonylation was determined by comparison of immunostaining with total protein staining on each oxidized protein blot. We found that aged rats had significantly increased oxidation in 13 proteins compared with juvenile rats. Many of the proteins altered in expression or oxidation level had functions in host defense, redox regulation, and protein metabolism. We speculate that low levels of expression of host defense proteins in juvenile rats and decreases in levels of these proteins between young adult and aged rats may predispose these groups to pneumonia. In addition, we have shown age-related increases in protein oxidation that may compromise host defense function in aged rats.
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Hannan NJ, Stoikos CJ, Stephens AN, Salamonsen LA. Depletion of High-Abundance Serum Proteins from Human Uterine Lavages Enhances Detection of Lower-Abundance Proteins. J Proteome Res 2008; 8:1099-103. [DOI: 10.1021/pr800811y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J. Hannan
- Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, 3168 Australia
| | - Chelsea J. Stoikos
- Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, 3168 Australia
| | - Andrew N. Stephens
- Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, 3168 Australia
| | - Lois A. Salamonsen
- Prince Henry’s Institute of Medical Research, and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Monash University, Clayton, 3168 Australia
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Freeman WM, VanGuilder HD, Bennett C, Sonntag WE. Cognitive performance and age-related changes in the hippocampal proteome. Neuroscience 2008; 159:183-95. [PMID: 19135133 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2008] [Revised: 11/06/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Declining cognitive performance is associated with increasing age, even in the absence of overt pathological processes. We and others have reported that declining cognitive performance is associated with age-related changes in brain glucose utilization, long-term potentiation and paired-pulse facilitation, protein expression, neurotransmitter levels, and trophic factors. However, it is unclear whether these changes are causes or symptoms of the underlying alterations in dendritic and synaptic morphology that occur with age. In this study, we examined the hippocampal proteome for age- and cognition-associated changes in behaviorally stratified young and old rats, using two-dimensional in-gel electrophoresis and MS/MS. Comparison of old cognitively intact with old cognitively impaired animals revealed additional changes that would not have been detected otherwise. Interestingly, not all age-related changes in protein expression were associated with cognitive decline, and distinct differences in protein expression were found when comparing old cognitively intact with old cognitively impaired rats. A large number of protein changes with age were related to the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathway. In total, the proteomic changes suggest that age-related alterations act synergistically with other perturbations to result in cognitive decline. This study also demonstrates the importance of examining behaviorally-defined animals in proteomic studies, as comparison of young to old animals regardless of behavioral performance would have failed to detect many cognitive impairment-specific protein expression changes evident when behavioral stratification data were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology, R130, Hershey Center for Applied Research, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
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Abstract
Nuclear proteomics provides an opportunity to examine protein effectors that contribute to cellular phenotype. Both the quality and sensitivity of gel-based nuclear proteomics are limited, however, by the over-representation of histones in the protein mixture. These highly charged proteins overshadow rare species and interfere with IEF. A nuclear isolation and protein extraction procedure, tested on human embryonic stem cells, is reported that effectively isolates intact nuclei and then depletes the sample of histones by taking advantage of their ability to form an insoluble complex with DNA at lower pH (even under denaturing conditions). Ubiquitous histones and abundant nuclear actin, are depleted up to 99 +/- 0.02 and 42 +/- 5%, respectively. This technique greatly improves electrofocusing efficacy and nearly doubles the number of detected protein spots. This approach to nuclear protein isolation for 2-D PAGE opens the door to better investigation of nuclear protein dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Barthéléry
- Department of Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, PA, USA
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15
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Lull ME, Carkaci-Salli N, Freeman WM, Myers JL, Midgley FM, Thomas NJ, Kimatian SJ, Vrana KE, Undar A. Plasma biomarkers in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Pediatr Res 2008; 63:638-44. [PMID: 18317239 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e31816e391f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is critical to identify at-risk patients and minimize the deleterious effects of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) procedures in pediatric populations. The present study screened the plasma proteome of pediatric patients undergoing CPB procedures to identify potential clinical biomarkers related to tissue damage, inflammation, or other pathologies. Blood samples were collected at five different time points from 10 children undergoing a CPB procedure. Plasma was isolated and analyzed using two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. Levels of differentially regulated proteins identified by two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis, and related proteins were then measured in all time points and patients. As well, associated small molecules and ions were measured. The present study identified 13 proteins and protein isoforms altered in expression, including hemopexin, ceruloplasmin, inter-alpha inhibitor H4, and alpha-2-macroglobulin. Immunoblot analysis revealed significant decreases in each of these proteins during the CPB procedure. Significant changes in the levels of copper, iron, Hb, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin were observed. The potential markers of pathology (inflammation, oxidative stress) identified during this preliminary study may illuminate opportunities for preventative measures and/or treatments during and following CPB procedures in pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda E Lull
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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Barthelery M, Salli U, Vrana KE. Nuclear proteomics and directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2008; 16:905-19. [PMID: 17999636 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2007.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade, regenerative medicine has been the subject of intense interest due, in large part, to our growing knowledge of embryonic stem (ES) cell biology. ES cells give rise to cell lineages from the three primordial germ layers--endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm. This process needs to be channeled if these cells are to be differentiated efficiently and used subsequently for therapeutic purposes. Indeed, an important area of investigation involves directed differentiation to influence the lineage commitment of these pluripotent cells in vitro. Various strategies involving timely growth factor supplementation, cell co-cultures, and gene transfection are used to drive lineage specific emergence. The underlying goal is to control directly the center of gene expression and cellular programming--the nucleus. Gene expression is enabled, managed, and sustained by the collective actions and interactions of proteins found in the nucleus--the nuclear proteome--in response to extracellular signaling. Nuclear proteomics can inventory these nuclear proteins in differentiating cells and decipher their dynamics during cellular phenotypic commitment. This review details what is currently known about nuclear effectors of stem cell differentiation and describes emerging techniques in the discovery of nuclear proteomics that will illuminate new transcription factors and modulators of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Barthelery
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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Smith JC, Lambert JP, Elisma F, Figeys D. Proteomics in 2005/2006: developments, applications and challenges. Anal Chem 2007; 79:4325-43. [PMID: 17477510 DOI: 10.1021/ac070741j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Smith
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology and Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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Freeman WM, Gooch RS, Lull ME, Worst TJ, Walker SJ, Xu ASL, Green H, Pierre PJ, Grant KA, Vrana KE. Apo-AII is an elevated biomarker of chronic non-human primate ethanol self-administration. Alcohol Alcohol 2006; 41:300-5. [PMID: 16581821 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agl021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Serum protein profiles were examined in naïve, ethanol self-administering and ethanol abstinent cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fasicularis) to search for differences in protein expression which could possibly serve as biomarkers of heavy ethanol consumption. METHODS Surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight (SELDI-ToF) mass spectrometry was used for proteomic profiling of serum. RESULTS Two proteins were identified by SELDI-ToF to be increased in ethanol self-administering compared with abstinent animals. These proteins were identified to be apolipoprotein AI (Apo-AI) and apolipoprotein AII (Apo-AII) by peptide mass fingerprinting and comparison with spectra of purified human Apo-AI and AII proteins. Immunoblot analysis of Apo-AI and Apo-AII was performed on a separate group of animals (within-animal ethanol-naïve and self-administering) and confirmed a statistically significant increase in Apo-AII, while Apo-AI was unchanged. CONCLUSIONS An open proteomic screen of serum and confirmation in a separate set of animals found Apo-AII to be increased in the serum of ethanol self-administering monkeys. These results are consistent with previous clinical studies of human ethanol consumption and serum apolipoprotein expression. Moreover, these results validate the use of non-human primates as a model organism for proteomic analysis of ethanol self-administration biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willard M Freeman
- Department of Pharmacology, H078, Penn State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, PO Box 850, Hershey, PA 17033-0850, USA.
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