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Seo Y, Oh MJ, Park JY, Ko JK, Kim JY, An HJ. Comprehensive Characterization of Biotherapeutics by Selective Capturing of Highly Acidic Glycans Using Stepwise PGC-SPE and LC/MS/MS. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6064-6071. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsuk Seo
- Asia
Glycomics
Reference Site, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Myung Jin Oh
- Asia
Glycomics
Reference Site, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Young Park
- Asia
Glycomics
Reference Site, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jae Kyoung Ko
- Asia
Glycomics
Reference Site, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Department of Mass Spectrometry, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang 28119, Korea
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Asia
Glycomics
Reference Site, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
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2
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Abstract
Sialic acids are cytoprotectors, mainly localized on the surface of cell membranes with multiple and outstanding cell biological functions. The history of their structural analysis, occurrence, and functions is fascinating and described in this review. Reports from different researchers on apparently similar substances from a variety of biological materials led to the identification of a 9-carbon monosaccharide, which in 1957 was designated "sialic acid." The most frequently occurring member of the sialic acid family is N-acetylneuraminic acid, followed by N-glycolylneuraminic acid and O-acetylated derivatives, and up to now over about 80 neuraminic acid derivatives have been described. They appeared first in the animal kingdom, ranging from echinoderms up to higher animals, in many microorganisms, and are also expressed in insects, but are absent in higher plants. Sialic acids are masks and ligands and play as such dual roles in biology. Their involvement in immunology and tumor biology, as well as in hereditary diseases, cannot be underestimated. N-Glycolylneuraminic acid is very special, as this sugar cannot be expressed by humans, but is a xenoantigen with pathogenetic potential. Sialidases (neuraminidases), which liberate sialic acids from cellular compounds, had been known from very early on from studies with influenza viruses. Sialyltransferases, which are responsible for the sialylation of glycans and elongation of polysialic acids, are studied because of their significance in development and, for instance, in cancer. As more information about the functions in health and disease is acquired, the use of sialic acids in the treatment of diseases is also envisaged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Schauer
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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3
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Simple and Robust N -Glycan Analysis Based on Improved 2-Aminobenzoic Acid Labeling for Recombinant Therapeutic Glycoproteins. J Pharm Sci 2018; 107:1831-1841. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Lee CG, Oh MJ, Park SY, An HJ, Kim JH. Inhibition of poly-LacNAc biosynthesis with release of CMP-Neu5Ac feedback inhibition increases the sialylation of recombinant EPO produced in CHO cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7273. [PMID: 29740059 PMCID: PMC5940879 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25580-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialylation of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins modulates their pharmacokinetic properties by affecting their in vivo half-life. N-glycan branching on glycoproteins increases the number of potential attachment sites for sialic acid. Here, we introduce a new approach for increasing the sialylation of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) produced in CHO cells by modulating poly-N-acetyllactosamine (poly-LacNAc) biosynthesis. We did not observe an increase in rhEPO sialylation, however, until the feedback inhibition by intracellular cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac), which is a limiting factor for sialylation, was released. Thus, we found that a combined approach inhibiting poly-LacNAc biosynthesis and releasing CMP-Neu5Ac feedback inhibition produces the most significant increase in rhEPO sialylation in metabolically engineered CHO cells. Furthermore, a detailed analysis of the resulting N-glycan structures using LC/MS revealed increased tri- and tetra- sialylated N-glycan structures accompanied by a reduction of di-sialylated N-glycan structures. These results validate our new approach for glycosylation engineering, and we expect this approach will be useful in future efforts to enhance the efficacy of other therapeutic glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Geun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jin Oh
- Graduate School of Analytical Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Asia-pacific Glycomics Reference Site, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Hyun Joo An
- Graduate School of Analytical Science & Technology, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.,Asia-pacific Glycomics Reference Site, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hoe Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Kwak CY, Park SY, Lee CG, Okino N, Ito M, Kim JH. Enhancing the sialylation of recombinant EPO produced in CHO cells via the inhibition of glycosphingolipid biosynthesis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13059. [PMID: 29026192 PMCID: PMC5638827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13609-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialylation regulates the in vivo half-life of recombinant therapeutic glycoproteins, affecting their therapeutic efficacy. Levels of the precursor molecule cytidine monophospho-N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac) are considered a limiting factor in the sialylation of glycoproteins. Here, we show that by reducing the amount of intracellular CMP-Neu5Ac consumed for glycosphingolipid (GSL) biosynthesis, we can increase the sialylation of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) produced in CHO cells. Initially, we found that treating CHO cells with a potent inhibitor of GSL biosynthesis increases the sialylation of the rhEPO they produce. Then, we established a stable CHO cell line that produces rhEPO in the context of repression of the key GSL biosynthetic enzyme UDP-glucose ceramide glucosyltransferase (UGCG). These UGCG-depleted cells show reduced levels of gangliosides and significantly elevated levels of rhEPO sialylation. Upon further analysis of the resulting N-glycosylation pattern, we discovered that the enhanced rhEPO sialylation could be attributed to a decrease in neutral and mono-sialylated N-glycans and an increase in di-sialylated N-glycans. Our results suggest that the therapeutic efficacy of rhEPO produced in CHO cells can be improved by shunting intracellular CMP-Neu5Ac away from GSL biosynthesis and toward glycoprotein sialylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan-Yeong Kwak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Yeol Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Chung-Geun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1, Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8581, Japan
| | - Jung Hoe Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Hybrid mass spectrometry approaches in glycoprotein analysis and their usage in scoring biosimilarity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13397. [PMID: 27824045 PMCID: PMC5105167 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many biopharmaceutical products exhibit extensive structural micro-heterogeneity due to an array of co-occurring post-translational modifications. These modifications often effect the functionality of the product and therefore need to be characterized in detail. Here, we present an integrative approach, combining two advanced mass spectrometry-based methods, high-resolution native mass spectrometry and middle-down proteomics, to analyse this micro-heterogeneity. Taking human erythropoietin and the human plasma properdin as model systems, we demonstrate that this strategy bridges the gap between peptide- and protein-based mass spectrometry platforms, providing the most complete profiling of glycoproteins. Integration of the two methods enabled the discovery of three undescribed C-glycosylation sites on properdin, and revealed in addition unexpected heterogeneity in occupancies of C-mannosylation. Furthermore, using various sources of erythropoietin we define and demonstrate the usage of a biosimilarity score to quantitatively assess structural similarity, which would also be beneficial for profiling other therapeutic proteins and even plasma protein biomarkers. Many biopharmaceuticals exhibit mixed heterogeneity in their post-translational modifications (PTMs) that are essential for their function. Here the authors use a combination of mass spectrometry techniques to analyse human erythropoietin (EPO) and properdin to discover new PTMs on properdin and derive a biosimilarity score for various sources of EPO.
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7
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Okano M, Sato M, Kageyama S. Mass spectrometric characterisation of darbepoetin alfa biosimilars withC-terminal arginine residues. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:1138-1146. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masato Okano
- Anti-Doping Laboratory; LSI Medience Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | - Mitsuhiko Sato
- Anti-Doping Laboratory; LSI Medience Corporation; Tokyo Japan
| | - Shinji Kageyama
- Anti-Doping Laboratory; LSI Medience Corporation; Tokyo Japan
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8
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Jefferis R. Posttranslational Modifications and the Immunogenicity of Biotherapeutics. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:5358272. [PMID: 27191002 PMCID: PMC4848426 DOI: 10.1155/2016/5358272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Whilst the amino acid sequence of a protein is determined by its gene sequence, the final structure and function are determined by posttranslational modifications (PTMs), including quality control (QC) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and during passage through the Golgi apparatus. These processes are species and cell specific and challenge the biopharmaceutical industry when developing a production platform for the generation of recombinant biologic therapeutics. Proteins and glycoproteins are also subject to chemical modifications (CMs) both in vivo and in vitro. The individual is naturally tolerant to molecular forms of self-molecules but nonself variants can provoke an immune response with the generation of anti-drug antibodies (ADA); aggregated forms can exhibit enhanced immunogenicity and QC procedures are developed to avoid or remove them. Monoclonal antibody therapeutics (mAbs) are a special case because their purpose is to bind the target, with the formation of immune complexes (ICs), a particular form of aggregate. Such ICs may be removed by phagocytic cells that have antigen presenting capacity. These considerations may frustrate the possibility of ameliorating the immunogenicity of mAbs by rigorous exclusion of aggregates from drug product. Alternate strategies for inducing immunosuppression or tolerance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Jefferis
- Institute of Immunology & Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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9
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Balmant KM, Zhang T, Chen S. Protein Phosphorylation and Redox Modification in Stomatal Guard Cells. Front Physiol 2016; 7:26. [PMID: 26903877 PMCID: PMC4742557 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modification (PTM) is recognized as a major process accounting for protein structural variation, functional diversity, and the dynamics and complexity of the proteome. Since PTMs can change the structure and function of proteins, they are essential to coordinate signaling networks and to regulate important physiological processes in eukaryotes. Plants are constantly challenged by both biotic and abiotic stresses that reduce productivity, causing economic losses in crops. The plant responses involve complex physiological, cellular, and molecular processes, with stomatal movement as one of the earliest responses. In order to activate such a rapid response, stomatal guard cells employ cellular PTMs of key protein players in the signaling pathways to regulate the opening and closure of the stomatal pores. Here we discuss two major types of PTMs, protein phosphorylation and redox modification that play essential roles in stomatal movement under stress conditions. We present an overview of PTMs that occur in stomatal guard cells, especially the methods and technologies, and their applications in PTM identification and quantification. Our focus is on PTMs that modify molecular components in guard cell signaling at the stages of signal perception, second messenger production, as well as downstream signaling events and output. Improved understanding of guard cell signaling will enable generation of crops with enhanced stress tolerance, and increased yield and bioenergy through biotechnology and molecular breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Balmant
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Department of Biology, Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Plant Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
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Savinova IN, Lobanova NV, Bykova NN, Finogeeva YV, Starodubtseva LI, Klishin AA, Nurbakov AA, Shukurov RR, Seryogin YA. The efficiency of fatty acids, N-acetyl-D-mannosamine, and N-acetylneuraminic acid for a change in the sialylation profile of recombinant darbepoetin alfa in CHO cell culture. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683815080049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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11
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Defaus S, Gupta P, Andreu D, Gutiérrez-Gallego R. Mammalian protein glycosylation--structure versus function. Analyst 2015; 139:2944-67. [PMID: 24779027 DOI: 10.1039/c3an02245e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrates fulfil many common as well as extremely important functions in nature. They show a variety of molecular displays--e.g., free mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, glycolipids, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, etc.--with particular roles and localizations in living organisms. Structure-specific peculiarities are so many and diverse that it becomes virtually impossible to cover them all from an analytical perspective. Hence this manuscript, focused on mammalian glycosylation, rather than a complete list of analytical descriptors or recognized functions for carbohydrate structures, comprehensively reviews three central issues in current glycoscience, namely (i) structural analysis of glycoprotein glycans, covering both classical and novel approaches for teasing out the structural puzzle as well as potential pitfalls of these processes; (ii) an overview of functions attributed to carbohydrates, covering from monosaccharide to complex, well-defined epitopes and full glycans, including post-glycosylational modifications, and (iii) recent technical advances allowing structural identification of glycoprotein glycans with simultaneous assignation of biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Defaus
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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13
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A simple MALDI plate functionalization by Vmh2 hydrophobin for serial multi-enzymatic protein digestions. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:487-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Aguila S, Navarro-Fernández J, Bohdan N, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, de la Morena-Barrio ME, Vicente V, Corral J, Martínez-Martínez I. Role of the C-sheet in the maturation of N-glycans on antithrombin: functional relevance of pleiotropic mutations. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1131-40. [PMID: 24824609 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characterization of natural mutants identified in patients with antithrombin deficiency has helped to identify functional domains or regions of this key anticoagulant and the mechanisms involved in the deficiency, as well as to define the clinical prognosis. Recently, we described an abnormal glycosylation in a pleiotropic mutant (K241E) that explained the impaired heparin affinity and the mild risk of thrombosis in carriers. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of different natural pleiotropic mutations on the glycosylation of antithrombin and their functional effects. METHODS Five pleiotropic mutations identified in patients with antithrombin deficiency and located at each one of the strands of the C-sheet were selected (K241E, M251I, M315K, F402L, and P429L). Recombinant mutants were generated and purified. Glycoform heterogeneity and conformational sensitivity were studied with electrophoresis, proteomic analysis, and glycomic analysis. Heparin affinity was evaluated from intrinsic fluorescence. Reactivity assays with factor Xa, thrombin and neutrophil elastase in the presence or absence of heparin were also performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Pleiotropic mutants, except for that with the M315K mutation, which affects a non-exposed residue, showed two glycoforms. Variant 1, with abnormal glycosylation, had reduced heparin affinity and severely affected reactivity with the target proteases. In contrast, variant 2, with similar electrophoretic mobility and heparin affinity to wild-type antithrombin, had impaired inhibitory activity that was partially compensated for by activation with heparin. Our results suggest the C-sheet of antithrombin as a new region that is relevant for proper maturation of the N-glycans. Therefore, pleiotropic mutations lead to glycosylation defects that are responsible for the reduced heparin affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aguila
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica HU Morales Meseguer, University of Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
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15
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Jayo RG, Thaysen-Andersen M, Lindenburg PW, Haselberg R, Hankemeier T, Ramautar R, Chen DDY. Simple Capillary Electrophoresis–Mass Spectrometry Method for Complex Glycan Analysis Using a Flow-Through Microvial Interface. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6479-86. [DOI: 10.1021/ac5010212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roxana G. Jayo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Morten Thaysen-Andersen
- Department
of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Petrus W. Lindenburg
- Division
of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333
CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division
of BioAnalytical Chemistry, AIMMS research group BioMolecular Analysis, VU University 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Hankemeier
- Division
of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333
CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Rawi Ramautar
- Division
of Analytical Biosciences, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2311 EZ Leiden, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Metabolomics Centre, 2333
CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - David D. Y. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, British Columbia, Canada
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Rosati S, van den Bremer ETJ, Schuurman J, Parren PWHI, Kamerling JP, Heck AJR. In-depth qualitative and quantitative analysis of composite glycosylation profiles and other micro-heterogeneity on intact monoclonal antibodies by high-resolution native mass spectrometry using a modified Orbitrap. MAbs 2013; 5:917-24. [PMID: 23995615 PMCID: PMC3896605 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a fast, easy-to-use, and sensitive method to profile in-depth structural micro-heterogeneity, including intricate N-glycosylation profiles, of monoclonal antibodies at the native intact protein level by means of mass spectrometry using a recently introduced modified Orbitrap Exactive Plus mass spectrometer. We demonstrate the versatility of our method to probe structural micro-heterogeneity by describing the analysis of three types of molecules: (1) a non-covalently bound IgG4 hinge deleted full-antibody in equilibrium with its half-antibody, (2) IgG4 mutants exhibiting highly complex glycosylation profiles, and (3) antibody-drug conjugates. Using the modified instrument, we obtain baseline separation and accurate mass determination of all different proteoforms that may be induced, for example, by glycosylation, drug loading and partial peptide backbone-truncation. We show that our method can handle highly complex glycosylation profiles, identifying more than 20 different glycoforms per monoclonal antibody preparation and more than 30 proteoforms on a single highly purified antibody. In analyzing antibody-drug conjugates, our method also easily identifies and quantifies more than 15 structurally different proteoforms that may result from the collective differences in drug loading and glycosylation. The method presented here will aid in the comprehensive analytical and functional characterization of protein micro-heterogeneity, which is crucial for successful development and manufacturing of therapeutic antibodies
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rosati
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center; Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Johannis P Kamerling
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics; Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Utrecht, the Netherlands; Netherlands Proteomics Center; Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Giménez E, Sanz-Nebot V, Rizzi A. Relative quantitation of glycosylation variants by stable isotope labeling of enzymatically released N-glycans using [12C]/[13C] aniline and ZIC-HILIC-ESI-TOF-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:7307-19. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7178-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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18
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Desialylation improves the detection of recombinant erythropoietins in urine samples analyzed by SDS-PAGE. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:870-6. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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de la Morena-Barrio ME, Buil A, Antón AI, Martínez-Martínez I, Miñano A, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Navarro-Fernández J, Aguila S, Souto JC, Vicente V, Soria JM, Corral J. Identification of antithrombin-modulating genes. Role of LARGE, a gene encoding a bifunctional glycosyltransferase, in the secretion of proteins? PLoS One 2013; 8:e64998. [PMID: 23705025 PMCID: PMC3660365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The haemostatic relevance of antithrombin together with the low genetic variability of SERPINC1, and the high heritability of plasma levels encourage the search for modulating genes. We used a hypothesis-free approach to identify these genes, evaluating associations between plasma antithrombin and 307,984 polymorphisms in the GAIT study (352 individuals from 21 Spanish families). Despite no SNP reaching the genome wide significance threshold, we verified milder positive associations in 307 blood donors from a different cohort. This validation study suggested LARGE, a gene encoding a protein with xylosyltransferase and glucuronyltransferase activities that forms heparin-like linear polysaccharides, as a potential modulator of antithrombin based on the significant association of one SNPs, rs762057, with anti-FXa activity, particularly after adjustment for age, sex and SERPINC1 rs2227589 genotype, all factors influencing antithrombin levels (p = 0.02). Additional results sustained this association. LARGE silencing inHepG2 and HEK-EBNA cells did not affect SERPINC1 mRNA levels but significantly reduced the secretion of antithrombin with moderate intracellular retention. Milder effects were observed on α1-antitrypsin, prothrombin and transferrin. Our study suggests LARGE as the first known modifier of plasma antithrombin, and proposes a new role for LARGE in modulating extracellular secretion of certain glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia de la Morena-Barrio
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Buil
- Unitat de Genòmica de Malalties Complexes, Institutd'Investigació Sant Pau (IIB-Sant), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Antón
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez-Martínez
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonia Miñano
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez-Gallego
- Bio-analysis group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM Parc Salut Mar, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Navarro-Fernández
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sonia Aguila
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Souto
- Unitat d'Hemostasia i Trombosis. Institut d'Investigació Sant Pau (IIB-Sant), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Soria
- Unitat de Genòmica de Malalties Complexes, Institutd'Investigació Sant Pau (IIB-Sant), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Corral
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Analytical platform for glycomic characterization of recombinant erythropoietin biotherapeutics and biosimilars by MS. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:545-59. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Erythropoietin is a therapeutic glycoprotein that stimulates red blood cell production. The quality, safety and potency of recombinant erythropoietins are determined largely by their glycosylation. Small variations in cell culture conditions can significantly affect the glycosylation, and therefore the efficacy, of recombinant erythropoietins. Thus, detailed glycomic analyses are necessary to assess biotherapeutic quality. We have developed a platform for qualitative and quantitative glycomic analysis of recombinant erythropoietins. Results: The platform was used to profile native N-glycans from three production batches of darbepoetin alfa (also known as NESP), a common form of recombinant erythropoietin. Darbepoetin alfa was found to contain an abundance of large, multi-antennary N-glycans with high levels of sialylation, O-acetylation and dehydration. Results were verified by independent orthogonal analysis with both MALDI-TOF and nano-LC/Q-TOF MS. Conclusion: This platform may be applied to QC and batch analysis of not only recombinant erythropoietin, but also other complex, glycosylated biotherapeutics and biosimilars.
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Kálmán-Szekeres Z, Olajos M, Ganzler K. Analytical aspects of biosimilarity issues of protein drugs. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 69:185-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: an update for 2007-2008. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:183-311. [PMID: 21850673 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is the fifth update of the original review, published in 1999, on the application of MALDI mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2008. The first section of the review covers fundamental studies, fragmentation of carbohydrate ions, use of derivatives and new software developments for analysis of carbohydrate spectra. Among newer areas of method development are glycan arrays, MALDI imaging and the use of ion mobility spectrometry. The second section of the review discusses applications of MALDI MS to the analysis of different types of carbohydrate. Specific compound classes that are covered include carbohydrate polymers from plants, N- and O-linked glycans from glycoproteins, biopharmaceuticals, glycated proteins, glycolipids, glycosides and various other natural products. There is a short section on the use of MALDI mass spectrometry for the study of enzymes involved in glycan processing and a section on the use of MALDI MS to monitor products of the chemical synthesis of carbohydrates with emphasis on carbohydrate-protein complexes and glycodendrimers. Corresponding analyses by electrospray ionization now appear to outnumber those performed by MALDI and the amount of literature makes a comprehensive review on this technique impractical. However, most of the work relating to sample preparation and glycan synthesis is equally relevant to electrospray and, consequently, those proposing analyses by electrospray should also find material in this review of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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Girard M, Puerta A, Diez-Masa JC, de Frutos M. High resolution separation methods for the determination of intact human erythropoiesis stimulating agents. A review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 713:7-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Giménez E, Ramos-Hernan R, Benavente F, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. Analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin glycopeptides by capillary electrophoresis electrospray–time of flight-mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 709:81-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Boonyapranai K, Tsai HY, Chen MCM, Sriyam S, Sinchaikul S, Phutrakul S, Chen ST. Glycoproteomic analysis and molecular modeling of haptoglobin multimers. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1422-32. [PMID: 21692080 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Extra-thiol groups on the α-subunit allow haptoglobin (Hp) to form a variety of native multimers which influence the biophysical and biological properties of Hp. In this work, we demonstrated how differences of multimeric conformation alter the glycosylation of Hp. The isoform distributions of different multimers were examined by an alternative approach, i.e. 3-D-(Native/IEF/SDS)-PAGE, which revealed differences in N-glycosylation among individual multimers of the same Hp sample. Glycomic mapping of permethylated N-glycan indicated that the assembled monomer and multimeric conformation modulate the degree of glycosylation, especially the reduction in terminal sialic acid residues on the bi-antennary glycan. Loss of the terminal sialic acid in the higher order multimers increases the number of terminal galactose residues, which may contribute to conformation of Hp. A molecular model of the glycosylated Hp multimer was constructed, suggesting that the effect of steric hindrance on multimeric formation is critical for the enlargement of the glycan moieties on either side of the monomer. In addition, N241 of Hp was partially glycosylated, even though this site is unaffected by steric consideration. Thus, the present study provides evidence for the alteration of glycan structures on different multimeric conformations of Hp, improving our knowledge of conformation-dependent function of this glycoprotein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongsak Boonyapranai
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Reichel C. Recent developments in doping testing for erythropoietin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:463-81. [PMID: 21637931 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5116-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The constant development of new erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs), since the first introduction of recombinant erythropoietin (rhEpo) for clinical use, has also necessitated constant development of methods for detecting the abuse of these substances. Doping with ESAs is prohibited according to the World Anti-Doping Code and its prohibited list of substances and methods. Since the first publication of a direct and urine-based detection method in 2000, which uses changes in the Epo isoform profile as detected by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide slab gels (IEF-PAGE), the method has been constantly adapted to the appearance of new ESAs (e.g., Dynepo, Mircera). Blood had to be introduced as an additional matrix, because Mircera (a PEGylated Epo) is best confirmed in serum or plasma after immunoaffinity purification. A Mircera ELISA was developed for fast screening of sera. With the appearance of Dynepo and copy epoetins, the additional application of sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE or equivalent) became necessary. The haematological module of the Athlete Biological Passport is the latest development in multivariable indirect testing for ESA doping. The article summarizes the main strategies currently used in Epo anti-doping testing with special focus on new developments made between 2009 and 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Doping Control Laboratory, AIT Seibersdorf Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria.
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27
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Surface plasmon resonance in doping analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:389-403. [PMID: 21448606 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Doping analysis relies on the determination of prohibited substances that should not be present in the body of an athlete or that should be below a threshold value. In the case of xenobiotics their mere presence is sufficient to establish a doping offence. However, in the case of human biotics the analytical method faces the difficulty of distinguishing between endogenous and exogenous origin. For this purpose ingenious strategies have been implemented, often aided by state-of-the-art technological advancements such as mass spectrometry in all its possible forms. For larger molecules, i.e. protein hormones, the innate structural complexity, the heterogeneous nature, and the extremely low levels in biological fluids have rendered the analytical procedures heavily dependent of immunological approaches. Although approaches these confer specificity and sensitivity to the applications, most rely on the use of two, or even three, antibody incubations with the consequent increment in assay variability. Moreover, the requirement for different antibodies that separately recognise different epitopes in screening and confirmation assays further contributes to differences encountered in either measurement. The development of analytical techniques to measure interactions directly, such as atomic force microscopy, quartz crystal microbalance or surface plasmon resonance, have greatly contributed to the accurate evaluation of molecular interactions in all fields of biology, and expectations are that this will only increase. Here, an overview is provided of surface plasmon resonance, and its particular value in application to the field of doping analysis.
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Son YD, Jeong YT, Park SY, Kim JH. Enhanced sialylation of recombinant human erythropoietin in Chinese hamster ovary cells by combinatorial engineering of selected genes. Glycobiology 2011; 21:1019-28. [PMID: 21436238 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic glycoproteins with exposed galactose (Gal) residues are cleared rapidly from the bloodstream by asialoglycoprotein receptors in hepatocytes. Various approaches have been used to increase the content of sialic acid, which occupies terminal sites of N- or O-linked glycans and thereby increases the half-life of therapeutic glycoproteins. We enhanced sialylation of human erythropoietin (EPO) by genetic engineering of the sialylation pathway in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. The enzyme GNE (uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl glucosamine 2-epimerase)/MNK (N-acetyl mannosamine kinase), which plays a key role in the initial two steps of sialic acid biosynthesis, is regulated by cytidine monophosphate (CMP)-sialic acid through a feedback mechanism. Since sialuria patient cells fail in regulating sialic acid biosynthesis by feedback mechanism, various sialuria-like mutated rat GNEs were established and subjected to in vitro activity assay. GNE/MNK-R263L-R266Q mutant showed 93.6% relative activity compared with wild type and did not display feedback inhibition. Genes for sialuria-mutated rat GNE/MNK, Chinese hamster CMP-sialic acid transporter and human α2,3-sialyltransferase (α2,3-ST) were transfected simultaneously into recombinant human (rh) EPO-producing CHO cells. CMP-sialic acid concentration of engineered cells was significantly (>10-fold) increased by sialuria-mutated GNE/MNK (R263L-R266Q) expression. The sialic acid content of rhEPO produced from engineered cells was 43% higher than that of control cells. Ratio of tetra-sialylated glycan of rhEPO produced from engineered cells was increased ∼32%, but ratios of asialo- and mono-sialylated glycans were decreased ∼50%, compared with control. These findings indicate that sialuria-mutated rat GNE/MNK effectively increases the intracellular CMP-sialic acid level. The newly constructed host CHO cell lines produced more highly sialylated therapeutic glycoproteins through overexpression of sialuria-mutated GNE/MNK, CMP-SAT and α2,3-ST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Dok Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 335 Gwahangno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
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Shahrokh Z, Royle L, Saldova R, Bones J, Abrahams JL, Artemenko NV, Flatman S, Davies M, Baycroft A, Sehgal S, Heartlein MW, Harvey DJ, Rudd PM. Erythropoietin Produced in a Human Cell Line (Dynepo) Has Significant Differences in Glycosylation Compared with Erythropoietins Produced in CHO Cell Lines. Mol Pharm 2010; 8:286-96. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100353a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Shahrokh
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Louise Royle
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Radka Saldova
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jonathan Bones
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jodie L. Abrahams
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Natalia V. Artemenko
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Steve Flatman
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Mike Davies
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Alison Baycroft
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Surinder Sehgal
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Michael W. Heartlein
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - David J. Harvey
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
| | - Pauline M. Rudd
- Shire Human Genetic Therapies, Cambridge, MA, USA, Lonza Biologics, plc, Slough, U.K., NIBRT Dublin Oxford Glycobiology Laboratory, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland, and Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K
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An improved protocol for N-glycosylation analysis of gel-separated sialylated glycoproteins by MALDI-TOF/TOF. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15096. [PMID: 21124746 PMCID: PMC2994013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Different glycoforms of some proteins have been identified as differential spots for certain diseases in 2-DE, indicating disease-related glycosylation changes. It is routine to determine the site-specific glycosylation of nonsialylated N-glycoproteins from a single gel spot, but some obstacles still exist in analyzing sialylated glycoproteins due to the lability and higher detection limit of acid glycans in MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis. Thus, we present an improved protocol here. Tryptic glycopeptides were separated and subjected to MALDI-TOF/TOF analysis, resulting in the identification of site-specific glycosylation of high-intensity glycopeptides. Sequential deglycosylation and desialylation were used to improve the identification of glycosylation sites and desialylated glycans. The site-specific glycosylation of large glycopeptides and low-intensity glycopeptides was deduced based on the masses of glycopeptides, deglycosylated peptides and desialylated glycans. By applying it to 2-DE separated human serum, the difference of N-glycosylation was successfully determined for α1-antitrypsin between different gel spots.
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Bioanalysis and Analytical Services Research Group at The Municipal Institute for Medical Research IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Spain. Bioanalysis 2010; 1:1403-9. [PMID: 21083089 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Analytical laboratories involved in health-related research are becoming a fundamental part of the advancement of science in this field. Of particular interest to clinical, legal, toxicological, forensic and environmental matters is the analysis of drugs and medications present in biological fluids of consumers or exposed subjects. The established sensitive and reliable work of sports drug-testing laboratories represents an interesting example of a multidisciplinarity approach toward widespread bioanalytical problems. The experiences reported in this article will be of general interest, especially for analysts studying the determination of substances in biological material.
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Barrabés S, Sarrats A, Fort E, De Llorens R, Rudd PM, Peracaula R. Effect of sialic acid content on glycoprotein pI analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:2903-12. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Mallorquí J, Llop E, de Bolòs C, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Segura J, Pascual J. Purification of erythropoietin from human plasma samples using an immunoaffinity well plate. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2117-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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McDonald AG, Tipton KF, Stroop CJ, Davey GP. GlycoForm and Glycologue: two software applications for the rapid construction and display of N-glycans from mammalian sources. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:173. [PMID: 20565879 PMCID: PMC2904795 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The display of N-glycan carbohydrate structures is an essential part of glycoinformatics. Several tools exist for building such structures graphically, by selecting from a palette of symbols or sugar names, or else by specifying a structure in one of the chemical naming schemes currently available. Findings In the present work we present two tools for displaying N-glycans found in the mammalian CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) cell line, both of which take as input a 9-digit identifier that uniquely defines each structure. The first of these, GlycoForm, is designed to display a single structure automatically from an identifier entered by the user. The display is updated in real time, using symbols for the sugar residues, or in text-only form. Structures can be added to a library, which is recorded in a preference file and loaded automatically at start. Individual structures can be saved in a variety of bitmap image formats. The second program, Glycologue, reads a file containing columnar data of nine-digit codes, which can be displayed on-screen and printed at high resolution. Conclusion A key advantage of both programs is the speed and facility with which carbohydrate structures can be drawn. It is anticipated that these programs will be useful to glycobiologists, systems biologists and biotechnologists interested in N-glycosylation systems in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G McDonald
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
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Jiménez-Castells C, Defaus S, Andreu D, Gutiérrez-Gallego R. Recent progress in the field of neoglycoconjugate chemistry. Biomol Concepts 2010; 1:85-96. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractGlycosylation is probably the most complex secondary gene event that affects the vast majority of proteins in nature resulting in the occurrence of a heterogeneous mixture of glycoforms for a single protein. Many functions are exerted by single monosaccharides, well-defined oligosaccharides, or larger glycans present in these glycoproteins. To unravel these functions it is of the utmost importance to prepare well-defined single glycans conjugated to the underlying aglycon. In this review, the most recent developments are described to address the preparation of carbohydrate-amino acid (glyco-conjugates). Naturally occurring N- and O-linked glycosylation are described and the preparation of non-natural sugar-amino acid linkages are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Jiménez-Castells
- 1Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sira Defaus
- 1Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- 1Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of glycosylated insulin using a GlcNAc tag. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 18:1259-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2009] [Revised: 12/08/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), a glycoprotein hormone, stimulates the growth of red blood cells and as a consequence it increases tissue oxygenation. This performance enhancing effect is responsible for the ban of erythropioetin in sports since 1990. Especially its recombinant synthesis led to the abuse of this hormone, predominatly in endurance sports. The analytical differentiation of endogenously produced erythropoietin from its recombinant counterpart by using isoelectric focusing and double blotting is a milestone in the detection of doping with recombinant erythropoietin. However, various analogous of the initial recombinant products, not always easily detectable by the standard IEF-method, necessitate the development of analytical alternatives for the detection of EPO doping. The following chapter summarizes its mode of action, the various forms of recombinant erythropoietin, the main analytical procedures and strategies for the detection of EPO doping as well as a typical case report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reichel
- Austrian Research Centers GmbH - ARC, Doping Control Laboratory, A-2444, Seibersdorf, Austria.
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38
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New screening protocol for recombinant human erythropoietins based on differential elution after immunoaffinity purification. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:255-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Dodds ED, Seipert RR, Clowers BH, German JB, Lebrilla CB. Analytical performance of immobilized pronase for glycopeptide footprinting and implications for surpassing reductionist glycoproteomics. J Proteome Res 2009; 8:502-12. [PMID: 19072223 DOI: 10.1021/pr800708h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A fully developed understanding of protein glycosylation requires characterization of the modifying oligosaccharides, elucidation of their covalent attachment sites, and determination of the glycan heterogeneity at specific sites. Considering the complexity inherent to protein glycosylation, establishing these features for even a single protein can present an imposing challenge. To meet the demands of glycoproteomics, the capability to screen far more complex systems of glycosylated proteins must be developed. Although the proteome wide examination of carbohydrate modification has become an area of keen interest, the intricacy of protein glycosylation has frustrated the progress of large-scale, systems oriented research on site-specific protein-glycan relationships. Indeed, the analytical obstacles in this area have been more instrumental in shaping the current glycoproteomic paradigm than have the diverse functional roles and ubiquitous nature of glycans. This report describes the ongoing development and analytically salient features of bead immobilized pronase for glycosylation site footprinting. The present work bears on the ultimate goal of providing analytical tools capable of addressing the diversity of protein glycosylation in a more comprehensive and efficient manner. In particular, this approach has been assessed with respect to reproducibility, sensitivity, and tolerance to sample complexity. The efficiency of pronase immobilization, attainable pronase loading density, and the corresponding effects on glycoprotein digestion rate were also evaluated. In addition to being highly reproducible, the immobilized enzymes retained a high degree of proteolytic activity after repeat usage for up to 6 weeks. This method also afforded a low level of chemical background and provided favorable levels of sensitivity with respect to traditional glycoproteomic strategies. Thus, the application of immobilized pronase shows potential to contribute to the advancement of more comprehensive glycoproteomic research methods that are capable of providing site-specific glycosylation and microheterogeneity information across many proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Dodds
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
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Giménez E, Benavente F, de Bolós C, Nicolás E, Barbosa J, Sanz-Nebot V. Analysis of recombinant human erythropoietin and novel erythropoiesis stimulating protein digests by immunoaffinity capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:2574-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Llop E, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Segura J, Mallorquí J, Pascual JA. Structural analysis of the glycosylation of gene-activated erythropoietin (epoetin delta, Dynepo). Anal Biochem 2008; 383:243-54. [PMID: 18804089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2008.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Revised: 08/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, a novel recombinant human erythropoietin (epoetin delta, Dynepo) has been marketed in the European Union for the treatment of chronic kidney disease, cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and so forth. Epoetin delta is engineered in cultures of the human fibrosarcoma cell line HT-1080 by homologous recombination and "gene activation." Unlike recombinant erythropoietins produced in other mammalian cells, epoetin delta is supposed to have a human-type glycosylation profile. However, the isoelectric focusing profile of epoetin delta differs from that of endogenous erythropoietin (both urinary and plasmatic). In this work, structural and quantitative analysis of the O- and N-glycans of epoetin delta was performed and compared with glycosylation from recombinant erythropoietin produced in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. From the comparison, significant differences in the sialylation of O-glycans were found. Furthermore, the N-glycan analysis indicated a lower heterogeneity from epoetin delta when compared with its CHO homologue, being predominantly tetraantennary without N-acetyllactosamine repeats in the former. The sialic acid characterization revealed the absence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid. The overall sugar profiles of both glycoproteins appeared to be significantly different and could be useful for maintaining pharmaceutical quality control, detecting the misuse of erythropoietin in sports, and establishing new avenues to link glycosylation with biological activity of glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Llop
- Bioanalysis Research Group, Neuropsycho-pharmacology Program, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Ramírez-Llanelis R, Llop E, Ventura R, Segura J, Gutiérrez-Gallego R. Can glycans unveil the origin of glycoprotein hormones? - human chorionic gonadotrophin as an example -. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:936-948. [PMID: 18563855 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Doping with (glyco)protein hormones represent an extremely challenging, analytical problem as nearly all are constitutively present at low concentrations that fluctuate according to circadian or alternative periodical, or external stimuli. Thus the mere concentration in a biological sample is only resolutive when this surpasses extreme values. As the vast majority of these molecules are produced by recombinant DNA technology it is believed that the exogenous molecules could bear the signature of the host cell. In particular, these could comprise structural differences originated from co or post-translational differences. In this study we have employed both proteomics and glycomics strategies to compare recombinant and urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin in order to evaluate this hypothesis. As anticipated the recombinant hormone could be shown to contain N-glycolyl neuraminic acid, a sialic acid that cannot be produced by humans. Furthermore, differences were observed in the overall glycosylation, in particular the presence of abundant hybrid-type glycans that were much less pronounced in the recombinant species. These differences were determined to occur predominantly in the alpha-subunit for which antidoping strategies focussed on these elements could be used for both chorionic gonadotrophin and lutrophin as they share the same alpha-subunit.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ramírez-Llanelis
- Neurophsycopharmacology program, Bio-analysis group, Municipal Institute of Medical Research, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Biomedical Research Park, Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Hemmersbach P. History of mass spectrometry at the Olympic Games. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:839-853. [PMID: 18570181 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry has played a decisive role in doping analysis and doping control in human sport for almost 40 years. The standard of qualitative and quantitative determinations in body fluids has always attracted maximum attention from scientists. With its unique sensitivity and selectivity properties, mass spectrometry provides state-of-the-art technology in analytical chemistry. Both anti-doping organizations and the athletes concerned expect the utmost endeavours to prevent false-positive and false-negative results of the analytical evidence. The Olympic Games play an important role in international sport today and are milestones for technical development in doping analysis. This review of the part played by mass spectrometry in doping control from Munich 1972 to Beijing 2008 Olympics gives an overview of how doping analysis has developed and where we are today. In recognizing the achievements made towards effective doping control, it is of the utmost importance to applaud the joint endeavours of the World Anti-Doping Agency, the International Olympic Committee, the international federations and national anti-doping agencies to combat doping. Advances against the misuse of prohibited substances and methods, which are performance-enhancing, dangerous to health and violate the spirit of sport, can be achieved only if all the stakeholders work together.
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Groleau PE, Desharnais P, Coté L, Ayotte C. Low LC-MS/MS detection of glycopeptides released from pmol levels of recombinant erythropoietin using nanoflow HPLC-chip electrospray ionization. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:924-935. [PMID: 18563860 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The test used by anti-doping laboratories to detect the misuse of recombinant erythropoietin (rhEPO) is based on its different migration pattern on isoelectric focusing (IEF) gel compared with the endogenous human erythropoietin (hEPO) that can possibly be explained by structural differences. While there is definitely a need to identify those differences by LC-MS/MS, the extensive characterization that was achieved for the rhEPO was never performed on human endogenous EPO because its standard is not available in sufficient amount. The goal of this study was to develop an analytical method to detect pmol amounts of N-linked and O-linked glycopeptides of the recombinant hormone as a model. Using a nanoflow HPLC-Chip electrospray ionization/ion trap mass spectrometer, the diagnostic ion at m/z 366 of oligosaccharides was monitored in the product ion spectra to identify the four theoretical glycosylation sites, Asn24, Asn38, Asn83 and Ser126, respectively, on glycopeptides 22-37, 38-55, 73-96 and 118-136. With 3 pmol of starting material applied on Chip, only the desialylated N-glycopeptides 22-37 and 38-55/38-43 could be observed, and of all the glycan isoforms, those with the smaller structures were predominantly detected. While the preservation of the sialic acid moieties decreased the detection of all the N-glycopeptides, it allowed a more extensive characterization of the O-linked glycopeptide 118-136. The technique described herein provides a mean to detect glycopeptides from commercially available pharmaceutical preparations of rhEPO with the sensitivity required to analyze pmol amounts of hEPO, which could ultimately lead to the identification of structural differences between the recombinant and the human forms of the hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paule Emilie Groleau
- Laboratoire de contrôle du dopage, INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boulevard des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada.
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