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Lozano ML, Garabet L, Fernandez-Perez MP, De Los Reyes-García AM, Diaz-Lozano P, Garcia-Barbera N, Aguila S, Vicente V, Ghanima W, Martinez C, Gonzalez-Conejero R. Platelet activation and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in immune thrombocytopenia: is there an association? Platelets 2019; 31:906-912. [PMID: 31762368 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1696456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
No biological predictors for the increased risk of thrombosis in patients with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) have been identified. The aim of the study was to investigate platelet and neutrophil activation as well neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation in 63 ITP patients and 30 healthy volunteers. Platelet and neutrophil activation was assessed during steady state using flow cytometry analysis, and NETs were evaluated by quantitation of cell free DNA (cfDNA), and citrullinated histone-3-DNA (CitH3-DNA). Patient platelets and neutrophils showed increased CD62 and CD11b expression compared to controls (p = .038, and p = .022, respectively). In patients, platelet activation inversely correlated with platelet count and platelet size (p < .001), and positively correlated with neutrophil degranulation (p = .024). More NET formation, both CitH3-DNA (p = .025) and cfDNA(p < .001), were present in ITP patients compared to controls. CitH3-DNA inversely correlated with CD62 expression on platelets (p = .042), but higher levels of cfDNA were observed in individuals with classical cardiovascular risk factors for thrombosis, and in those with a previous history of thrombotic events. In this disease, the increased platelet activation and plasma NET levels seem to be separable processes that associate (either positively or inversely in the case of CitH3-DNA or platelet degranulation, respectively) to platelet mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria L Lozano
- Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia, Spain.,Grupo de investigación CB15/00055 del Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Lamya Garabet
- Multidisciplinary Laboratory Medicine and Medical Biochemistry, Akershus University Hospital , Lørenskog, Norway.,Center for Laboratory Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trust , Grålum, Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Piedad Fernandez-Perez
- Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia, Spain
| | - Ascension M De Los Reyes-García
- Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Diaz-Lozano
- Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria Garcia-Barbera
- Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia, Spain
| | - Sonia Aguila
- Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia, Spain.,Grupo de investigación CB15/00055 del Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Waleed Ghanima
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo , Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research, Østfold Hospital Trust , Grålum, Norway.,Department of Medicine, Østfold Hospital Trus , Grålum, Norway
| | - Constantino Martinez
- Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia, Spain
| | - Rocio Gonzalez-Conejero
- Hospital Universitario Morales Meseguer, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, Universidad de Murcia , Murcia, Spain
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Aguila S, O'Donnell JS. Novel therapies for hemophilia A - the role of the von Willebrand factor chaperone. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:426-428. [PMID: 30652400 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Aguila
- Haemostasis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
| | - James S O'Donnell
- Haemostasis Research Group, Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- National Coagulation Centre, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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O'Sullivan JM, Aguila S, McRae E, Ward SE, Rawley O, Fallon PG, Brophy TM, Preston RJS, Brady L, Sheils O, Chion A, O'Donnell JS. N-linked glycan truncation causes enhanced clearance of plasma-derived von Willebrand factor. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:2446-2457. [PMID: 27732771 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Essentials von Willebrands factor (VWF) glycosylation plays a key role in modulating in vivo clearance. VWF glycoforms were used to examine the role of specific glycan moieties in regulating clearance. Reduction in sialylation resulted in enhanced VWF clearance through asialoglycoprotein receptor. Progressive VWF N-linked glycan trimming resulted in increased macrophage-mediated clearance. Click to hear Dr Denis discuss clearance of von Willebrand factor in a free presentation from the ISTH Academy SUMMARY: Background Enhanced von Willebrand factor (VWF) clearance is important in the etiology of both type 1 and type 2 von Willebrand disease (VWD). In addition, previous studies have demonstrated that VWF glycans play a key role in regulating in vivo clearance. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying VWF clearance remain poorly understood. Objective To define the molecular mechanisms through which VWF N-linked glycan structures influence in vivo clearance. Methods By use of a series of exoglycosidases, different plasma-derived VWF (pd-VWF) glycoforms were generated. In vivo clearance of these glycoforms was then assessed in VWF-/- mice in the presence or absence of inhibitors of asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), or following clodronate-induced macrophage depletion. Results Reduced amounts of N-linked and O-linked sialylation resulted in enhanced pd-VWF clearance modulated via ASGPR. In addition to this role of terminal sialylation, we further observed that progressive N-linked glycan trimming also resulted in markedly enhanced VWF clearance. Furthermore, these additional N-linked glycan effects on clearance were ASGPR-independent, and instead involved enhanced macrophage clearance that was mediated, at least in part, through LDL receptor-related protein 1. Conclusion The carbohydrate determinants expressed on VWF regulate susceptibility to proteolysis by ADAMTS-13. In addition, our findings now further demonstrate that non-sialic acid carbohydrate determinants expressed on VWF also play an unexpectedly important role in modulating in vivo clearance through both hepatic ASGPR-dependent and macrophage-dependent pathways. In addition, these data further support the hypothesis that variation in VWF glycosylation may be important in the pathophysiology underlying type 1C VWD.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M O'Sullivan
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Haemostasis Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S Aguila
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Haemostasis Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - E McRae
- Haemostasis Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S E Ward
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Haemostasis Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - O Rawley
- Haemostasis Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - P G Fallon
- Inflammation and Immunity Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - T M Brophy
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Haemostasis Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R J S Preston
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- National Children's Research Centre, Our Lady's Children's Hospital, Crumlin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Brady
- Department of Histopathology, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - O Sheils
- Department of Histopathology, Sir Patrick Dun Research Laboratory, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Chion
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Haemostasis Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J S O'Donnell
- Irish Centre for Vascular Biology, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
- Haemostasis Research Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- National Centre for Hereditary Coagulation Disorders, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Izaguirre G, Aguila S, Qi L, Swanson R, Roth R, Rezaie AR, Gettins PGW, Olson ST. Conformational activation of antithrombin by heparin involves an altered exosite interaction with protease. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34049-64. [PMID: 25331949 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.611707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparin allosterically activates antithrombin as an inhibitor of factors Xa and IXa by enhancing the initial Michaelis complex interaction of inhibitor with protease through exosites. Here, we investigate the mechanism of this enhancement by analyzing the effects of alanine mutations of six putative antithrombin exosite residues and three complementary protease exosite residues on antithrombin reactivity with these proteases in unactivated and heparin-activated states. Mutations of antithrombin Tyr(253) and His(319) exosite residues produced massive 10-200-fold losses in reactivity with factors Xa and IXa in both unactivated and heparin-activated states, indicating that these residues made critical attractive interactions with protease independent of heparin activation. By contrast, mutations of Asn(233), Arg(235), Glu(237), and Glu(255) exosite residues showed that these residues made both repulsive and attractive interactions with protease that depended on the activation state and whether the critical Tyr(253)/His(319) residues were mutated. Mutation of factor Xa Arg(143), Lys(148), and Arg(150) residues that interact with the exosite in the x-ray structure of the Michaelis complex confirmed the importance of all residues for heparin-activated antithrombin reactivity and Arg(150) for native serpin reactivity. These results demonstrate that the exosite is a key determinant of antithrombin reactivity with factors Xa and IXa in the native as well as the heparin-activated state and support a new model of allosteric activation we recently proposed in which a balance between attractive and repulsive exosite interactions in the native state is shifted to favor the attractive interactions in the activated state through core conformational changes induced by heparin binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Izaguirre
- From the Department of Periodontics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and
| | - Sonia Aguila
- the Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Murcia 30003, Spain, and
| | - Lixin Qi
- From the Department of Periodontics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and
| | - Richard Swanson
- From the Department of Periodontics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and
| | - Ryan Roth
- From the Department of Periodontics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and
| | - Alireza R Rezaie
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, St. Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63104
| | - Peter G W Gettins
- the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Steven T Olson
- From the Department of Periodontics, Center for Molecular Biology of Oral Diseases and
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Aguila S, Navarro-Fernández J, Bohdan N, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, de la Morena-Barrio ME, Vicente V, Corral J, Martínez-Martínez I. Role of the C-sheet in the maturation of N-glycans on antithrombin: functional relevance of pleiotropic mutations. J Thromb Haemost 2014; 12:1131-40. [PMID: 24824609 DOI: 10.1111/jth.12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The characterization of natural mutants identified in patients with antithrombin deficiency has helped to identify functional domains or regions of this key anticoagulant and the mechanisms involved in the deficiency, as well as to define the clinical prognosis. Recently, we described an abnormal glycosylation in a pleiotropic mutant (K241E) that explained the impaired heparin affinity and the mild risk of thrombosis in carriers. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effects of different natural pleiotropic mutations on the glycosylation of antithrombin and their functional effects. METHODS Five pleiotropic mutations identified in patients with antithrombin deficiency and located at each one of the strands of the C-sheet were selected (K241E, M251I, M315K, F402L, and P429L). Recombinant mutants were generated and purified. Glycoform heterogeneity and conformational sensitivity were studied with electrophoresis, proteomic analysis, and glycomic analysis. Heparin affinity was evaluated from intrinsic fluorescence. Reactivity assays with factor Xa, thrombin and neutrophil elastase in the presence or absence of heparin were also performed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Pleiotropic mutants, except for that with the M315K mutation, which affects a non-exposed residue, showed two glycoforms. Variant 1, with abnormal glycosylation, had reduced heparin affinity and severely affected reactivity with the target proteases. In contrast, variant 2, with similar electrophoretic mobility and heparin affinity to wild-type antithrombin, had impaired inhibitory activity that was partially compensated for by activation with heparin. Our results suggest the C-sheet of antithrombin as a new region that is relevant for proper maturation of the N-glycans. Therefore, pleiotropic mutations lead to glycosylation defects that are responsible for the reduced heparin affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aguila
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica HU Morales Meseguer, University of Murcia, IMIB, Murcia, Spain
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Aguila S, Martínez-Martínez I, Bohdan N, de la Morena-Barrio M, Vicente V, Corral J. C0229: Mutations Creating New Glycosylation Sites Cause Different Types of Antithrombin Deficiency. Role of an N-Glycan at the Reactive Centre Loop. Thromb Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(14)50072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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de la Morena-Barrio ME, Buil A, Antón AI, Martínez-Martínez I, Miñano A, Gutiérrez-Gallego R, Navarro-Fernández J, Aguila S, Souto JC, Vicente V, Soria JM, Corral J. Identification of antithrombin-modulating genes. Role of LARGE, a gene encoding a bifunctional glycosyltransferase, in the secretion of proteins? PLoS One 2013; 8:e64998. [PMID: 23705025 PMCID: PMC3660365 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The haemostatic relevance of antithrombin together with the low genetic variability of SERPINC1, and the high heritability of plasma levels encourage the search for modulating genes. We used a hypothesis-free approach to identify these genes, evaluating associations between plasma antithrombin and 307,984 polymorphisms in the GAIT study (352 individuals from 21 Spanish families). Despite no SNP reaching the genome wide significance threshold, we verified milder positive associations in 307 blood donors from a different cohort. This validation study suggested LARGE, a gene encoding a protein with xylosyltransferase and glucuronyltransferase activities that forms heparin-like linear polysaccharides, as a potential modulator of antithrombin based on the significant association of one SNPs, rs762057, with anti-FXa activity, particularly after adjustment for age, sex and SERPINC1 rs2227589 genotype, all factors influencing antithrombin levels (p = 0.02). Additional results sustained this association. LARGE silencing inHepG2 and HEK-EBNA cells did not affect SERPINC1 mRNA levels but significantly reduced the secretion of antithrombin with moderate intracellular retention. Milder effects were observed on α1-antitrypsin, prothrombin and transferrin. Our study suggests LARGE as the first known modifier of plasma antithrombin, and proposes a new role for LARGE in modulating extracellular secretion of certain glycoproteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia de la Morena-Barrio
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonso Buil
- Unitat de Genòmica de Malalties Complexes, Institutd'Investigació Sant Pau (IIB-Sant), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Antón
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Irene Martínez-Martínez
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonia Miñano
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ricardo Gutiérrez-Gallego
- Bio-analysis group, Neurosciences Research Program, IMIM Parc Salut Mar, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, PRBB, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Navarro-Fernández
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sonia Aguila
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Juan Carlos Souto
- Unitat d'Hemostasia i Trombosis. Institut d'Investigació Sant Pau (IIB-Sant), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Manuel Soria
- Unitat de Genòmica de Malalties Complexes, Institutd'Investigació Sant Pau (IIB-Sant), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Javier Corral
- Centro Regional de Hemodonación, Servicio de Hematología y Oncología Médica, HU Morales Meseguer, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum" University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Aguila S, Martínez-Martínez I, Collado M, Llamas P, Miñano A, Antón AI, de la Morena-Barrio ME, Vicente V, Corral J. C0094 High incidence of compound heterozygosity in antithrombin deficiency: Diagnostic and prognostic relevance. Thromb Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2012.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Aguila S, Castillo-Briceño P, Sánchez M, Cabas I, García-Alcázar A, Meseguer J, Mulero V, García-Ayala A. Specific and non-overlapping functions of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone in the regulation of professional phagocyte responses in the teleost fish gilthead seabream. Mol Immunol 2012; 53:218-26. [PMID: 22960553 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex hormones, both estrogens and androgens, have a strong impact on immunity in mammals. In fish, the role of androgens in immunity has received little attention and contradictory conclusions have been obtained. However, it is well known that sex steroids are involved in fish growth, osmoregulation and gonad remodelation. In this study, we examine the in vitro effects of testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone, the two main fish androgens, on the professional phagocytes of the teleost fish gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). Although both testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone failed to modulate the respiratory burst of seabream phagocytes, testosterone but not 11-ketotestosterone was able to increase the phagocytic ability of non-activated phagocytes. Curiously, 11-ketotestosterone was more powerful than testosterone at inducing the expression of its own receptor, namely androgen receptor b (ARb), in acidophilic granulocytes (AGs), but none of them affected the basal ARb expression levels in macrophages (MØ). Furthermore, although physiological concentrations of testosterone exerted a pro-inflammatory effect on both AGs and MØs, 11-ketotestosterone showed an anti-inflammatory effect in AGs and a strong pro-inflammatory effect in MØs. Interestingly, both androgens modulated the expression of toll-like receptors in these two immune cell types, suggesting that androgens might regulate the sensitivity of phagocytes to pathogens and damage signals. Testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone have a competitive effect, at least, on the modulation of the expression of some genes. Therefore, our results show for the first time a non-overlapping role for testosterone and 11-ketotestosterone in the regulation of professional phagocyte functions in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aguila
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Martínez-Martínez I, Navarro-Fernández J, Aguila S, Miñano A, Bohdan N, De La Morena-Barrio ME, Ordóñez A, Martínez C, Vicente V, Corral J. The infective polymerization of conformationally unstable antithrombin mutants may play a role in the clinical severity of antithrombin deficiency. Mol Med 2012; 18:762-70. [PMID: 22481271 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations affecting mobile domains of antithrombin induce conformational instability resulting in protein polymerization that associates with a severe clinical phenotype, probably by an unknown gain of function. By homology with other conformational diseases, we speculated that these variants might infect wild-type (WT) monomers reducing the anticoagulant capacity. Infective polymerization of WT polymers and different P1 mutants (p.R425del, p.R425C and p.R425H) were evaluated by using native gels and radiolabeled WT monomers and functional assays. Human embryonic kidney cells expressing the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (HEK-EBNA) cells expressing inducible (p.R425del) or two novel constitutive (p.F271S and p.M370T) conformational variants were used to evaluate intracellular and secreted antithrombin under mild stress (pH 6.5 and 39°C for 5 h). We demonstrated the conformational sensitivity of antithrombin London (p.R425del) to form polymers under mild heating. Under these conditions purified antithrombin London recruited WT monomers into growing polymers, reducing the anticoagulant activity. This process was also observed in the plasma of patients with p.R425del, p.R425C and p.R425H mutations. Under moderate stress, coexpression of WT and conformational variants in HEK-EBNA cells increased the intracellular retention of antithrombin and the formation of disulfide-linked polymers, which correlated with impaired secretion and reduction of anticoagulant activity in the medium. Therefore, mutations inducing conformational instability in antithrombin allow its polymerization with the subsequent loss of function, which under stress could sequestrate WT monomers, resulting in a new prothrombotic gain of function, particularly relevant for intracellular antithrombin. The in vitro results suggest a temporal and severe plasma antithrombin deficiency that may contribute to the development of the thrombotic event and to the clinical severity of these mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martínez-Martínez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Centro Regional de Hemodonación, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Choi S, Horsley C, Aguila S, Dallman MF. The hypothalamic ventromedial nuclei couple activity in the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis to the morning fed or fasted state. J Neurosci 1996; 16:8170-80. [PMID: 8987842 PMCID: PMC6579201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Function in the adrenocortical system is markedly altered by availability of food. Basal activity is lowest and stress responsivity highest in the morning when nocturnal rats eat approximately 90% of their daily calories during the dark. After an overnight fast, basal corticotrophin and corticosteroid levels are elevated, and responsivity to stressors is decreased. Central neural sites that control these changes are unidentified. The hypothalamic ventromedial nuclei (VMN) appear to signal satiety; lesions result in increased food intake, obesity, and elevated basal insulin and corticosteroids. Thus, the VMN are good candidates for calorically mediated control of adrenocortical system function in satiated rats. We injected colchicine into the VMN to cause reversible inhibition of activity (Avrith and Mogenson, 1978) and tested the effects on basal and stimulated function in the adrenocortical system. Colchicine-injected rats that fed ad libitum exhibited increased basal but reduced corticotrophin and corticosterone responses to restraint in the morning compared with controls. By contrast, after an overnight fast, control rats had increased basal adrenocortical hormones and decreased stress responses that did not differ from colchicine-injected rats. Colchicine was visualized within cells in the VMN for up to 5 d using fluorescein/colchicine, and the treatment did not cause increased gliosis; moreover, the functional effects of the injections were reversed within 15 d. We conclude that (1) the VMN serve to couple activity in the adrenocortical system to energy intake and (2) discrete colchicine injections provide a behaviorally and neuroendocrinologically useful period of inhibition without causing permanent functional damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Choi
- Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0444, USA
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