1
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Zhang H, Lu KH, Ebbini M, Huang P, Lu H, Li L. Mass spectrometry imaging for spatially resolved multi-omics molecular mapping. NPJ IMAGING 2024; 2:20. [PMID: 39036554 PMCID: PMC11254763 DOI: 10.1038/s44303-024-00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
The recent upswing in the integration of spatial multi-omics for conducting multidimensional information measurements is opening a new chapter in biological research. Mapping the landscape of various biomolecules including metabolites, proteins, nucleic acids, etc., and even deciphering their functional interactions and pathways is believed to provide a more holistic and nuanced exploration of the molecular intricacies within living systems. Mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) stands as a forefront technique for spatially mapping the metabolome, lipidome, and proteome within diverse tissue and cell samples. In this review, we offer a systematic survey delineating different MSI techniques for spatially resolved multi-omics analysis, elucidating their principles, capabilities, and limitations. Particularly, we focus on the advancements in methodologies aimed at augmenting the molecular sensitivity and specificity of MSI; and depict the burgeoning integration of MSI-based spatial metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics, encompassing the synergy with other imaging modalities. Furthermore, we offer speculative insights into the potential trajectory of MSI technology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Kelly H. Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Malik Ebbini
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Penghsuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Haiyan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
- Lachman Institute for Pharmaceutical Development, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
- Wisconsin Center for NanoBioSystems, School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705 USA
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2
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Bai Y, Zhu B, Oliveria JP, Cannon BJ, Feyaerts D, Bosse M, Vijayaragavan K, Greenwald NF, Phillips D, Schürch CM, Naik SM, Ganio EA, Gaudilliere B, Rodig SJ, Miller MB, Angelo M, Bendall SC, Rovira-Clavé X, Nolan GP, Jiang S. Expanded vacuum-stable gels for multiplexed high-resolution spatial histopathology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4013. [PMID: 37419873 PMCID: PMC10329015 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39616-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular organization and functions encompass multiple scales in vivo. Emerging high-plex imaging technologies are limited in resolving subcellular biomolecular features. Expansion Microscopy (ExM) and related techniques physically expand samples for enhanced spatial resolution, but are challenging to be combined with high-plex imaging technologies to enable integrative multiscaled tissue biology insights. Here, we introduce Expand and comPRESS hydrOgels (ExPRESSO), an ExM framework that allows high-plex protein staining, physical expansion, and removal of water, while retaining the lateral tissue expansion. We demonstrate ExPRESSO imaging of archival clinical tissue samples on Multiplexed Ion Beam Imaging and Imaging Mass Cytometry platforms, with detection capabilities of > 40 markers. Application of ExPRESSO on archival human lymphoid and brain tissues resolved tissue architecture at the subcellular level, particularly that of the blood-brain barrier. ExPRESSO hence provides a platform for extending the analysis compatibility of hydrogel-expanded biospecimens to mass spectrometry, with minimal modifications to protocols and instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhao Bai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John-Paul Oliveria
- Department of Translational Medicine, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan J Cannon
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dorien Feyaerts
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marc Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Darci Phillips
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christian M Schürch
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital and Comprehensive Cancer Center Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Samuel M Naik
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward A Ganio
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brice Gaudilliere
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott J Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael B Miller
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Angelo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sean C Bendall
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Xavier Rovira-Clavé
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Sizun Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Liu M, Miao D, Qin S, Liu H, Bai Y. Mass tags-based mass spectrometric immunoassay and its bioanalysis applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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4
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Targeting out of range biomolecules: Chemical labeling strategies for qualitative and quantitative MALDI MS-based detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Stevens KG, McFarlane LO, Platts K, O'Brien-Simpson N, Li W, Blencowe A, Trim PJ, Pukala TL. Retro Diels-Alder Fragmentation of Fulvene-Maleimide Bioconjugates for Mass Spectrometric Detection of Biomolecules. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12204-12212. [PMID: 34461717 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Diels-Alder chemistry is a well-explored avenue for the synthesis of bioactive materials; however, its potential applications have recently expanded following the development of reactions that can be performed in buffered aqueous environments at low temperatures, including fulvene-maleimide [4 + 2] cycloadditions. In this study, we synthesized two novel amine-reactive fulvene linkers to demonstrate the application of this chemistry for generating mass spectrometry-cleavable labels ("mass tags"), which can be used for the labeling and detection of proteins. Successful conjugation of these linkers to maleimide-labeled peptides was observed at low temperatures in phosphate-buffered saline, allowing the non-destructive modification of proteins with such mass tags. The labile nature of fulvene-maleimide adducts in the gas phase also makes them suitable for both matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometric analysis. Unlike previous examples of MALDI mass tags, we show that fulvene-maleimide cycloaddition adducts fragment predictably upon gas-phase activation without the need for bulky photocleavable groups. Further exploration of this chemistry could therefore lead to new approaches for mass spectrometry-based bioassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine G Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Lewis O McFarlane
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Kirsten Platts
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Neil O'Brien-Simpson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wenyi Li
- Centre for Oral Health Research, The Melbourne Dental School and the Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 720 Swanston Street, Carlton, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Anton Blencowe
- Applied Chemistry and Translational Biomaterials Group, Clinical and Health Sciences, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Paul J Trim
- Proteomics, Metabolomics and MS Imaging, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Tara L Pukala
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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6
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Akasaka M, Nishi T, Niidome Y. Gold-Silver and Gold-Palladium Alloy Nanoparticles as Mass-Probes for Immunosensing. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:1305-1307. [PMID: 33678727 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.21n001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Silver or palladium shelled gold nanoparticles were fused into alloy nanoparticles by pulsed-laser irradiation. The alloy nanoparticles could carry antibodies on their surfaces without affecting their immune functionalities and interact selectively with antigens on a blotting membrane. Silver or palladium ions desorbed from the alloy nanoparticles as reporter ions upon the UV laser irradiation in a mass spectrometer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiko Akasaka
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - Tomoki Nishi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
| | - Yasuro Niidome
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University
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7
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Yagnik G, Liu Z, Rothschild KJ, Lim MJ. Highly Multiplexed Immunohistochemical MALDI-MS Imaging of Biomarkers in Tissues. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2021; 32:977-988. [PMID: 33631930 PMCID: PMC8033562 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.0c00473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry (IHC) combined with fluorescence microscopy provides an important and widely used tool for researchers and pathologists to image multiple biomarkers in tissue specimens. However, multiplex IHC using standard fluorescence microscopy is generally limited to 3-5 different biomarkers, with hyperspectral or multispectral methods limited to 8. We report the development of a new technology based on novel photocleavable mass-tags (PC-MTs) for facile antibody labeling, which enables highly multiplexed IHC based on MALDI mass spectrometric imaging (MALDI-IHC). This approach significantly exceeds the multiplexity of both fluorescence- and previous cleavable mass-tag-based methods. Up to 12-plex MALDI-IHC was demonstrated on mouse brain, human tonsil, and breast cancer tissues specimens, reflecting the known molecular composition, anatomy, and pathology of the targeted biomarkers. Novel dual-labeled fluorescent PC-MT antibodies and label-free small-molecule mass spectrometric imaging greatly extend the capability of this new approach. MALDI-IHC shows promise for use in the fields of tissue pathology, tissue diagnostics, therapeutics, and precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gargey Yagnik
- AmberGen,
Inc., 313 Pleasant Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Ziying Liu
- AmberGen,
Inc., 313 Pleasant Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
| | - Kenneth J. Rothschild
- AmberGen,
Inc., 313 Pleasant Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics Laboratory, Department of Physics and Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Mark J. Lim
- AmberGen,
Inc., 313 Pleasant Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, United States
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8
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Stevens KG, Pukala TL. Conjugating immunoassays to mass spectrometry: Solutions to contemporary challenges in clinical diagnostics. Trends Analyt Chem 2020; 132:116064. [PMID: 33046944 PMCID: PMC7539833 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Developments in immunoassays and mass spectrometry have independently influenced diagnostic technology. However, both techniques possess unique strengths and limitations, which define their ability to meet evolving requirements for faster, more affordable and more accurate clinical tests. In response, hybrid techniques, which combine the accessibility and ease-of-use of immunoassays with the sensitivity, high throughput and multiplexing capabilities of mass spectrometry are continually being explored. Developments in antibody conjugation methodology have expanded the role of these biomolecules to applications outside of conventional colorimetric assays and histology. Furthermore, the range of different mass spectrometry ionisation and analysis technologies has enabled its successful adaptation as a detection method for numerous clinically relevant immunological assays. Several recent examples of combined mass spectrometry-immunoassay techniques demonstrate the potential of these methods as improved diagnostic tests for several important human diseases. The present challenges are to continue technological advancements in mass spectrometry instrumentation and develop improved bioconjugation methods, which can overcome their existing limitations and demonstrate the clinical significance of these hybrid approaches.
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9
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Nishi T, Muko D, Rabor JB, Niidome Y. Reproducible Ionization of Gold Nanospheres and Nanostars in Gelatin Sections. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Nishi
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 2-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Daiki Muko
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 2-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Janice B. Rabor
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 2-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
| | - Yasuro Niidome
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 2-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-0065, Japan
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10
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Inoue Y, Niihara O, Rabor JB, Ikenaga T, Kasai M, Niidome Y. Gold Nanorod-tags in Mucous Membrane of a Zebrafish. CHEM LETT 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Inoue
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Ohji Niihara
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Janice B. Rabor
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Takanori Ikenaga
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Masanori Kasai
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Yasuro Niidome
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
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11
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Cheng YH, Cheung YF, Siu-Chung Tam T, Lok CN, Sun H, Ng KM. Plasmonic metal nanoparticles as efficient mass tags for ion signal amplification and ultrasensitive detection of protein markers. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1055:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Han J, Permentier H, Bischoff R, Groothuis G, Casini A, Horvatovich P. Imaging of protein distribution in tissues using mass spectrometry: An interdisciplinary challenge. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Muko
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Yasuro Niidome
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Kagoshima University, 1-21-35 Korimoto, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
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14
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Ayrton ST, Cooks RG, Pugia M. Molecular labels for analysis of amines and diols by spray based ionization-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:5398-403. [PMID: 27352128 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00907g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A family of imidazolium and pyridinium salts was synthesized for the purpose of labeling amines and 1,2-diols for highly sensitivite analysis by mass spectrometry. The chosen mass labels are shown to serve as effective reporters when bound to particles functionalized with amines or 1,2-diols and the binding is reversible. The straightforward synthetic route allows analogous internal standards to be generated quickly. Solvents amenable to electrospray ionization facilitate the rapid liberation of imidazolium and pyridinium mass labels from particles by hydrolysis in aqueous acid, while the acetal bond remains stable in anhydrous or buffered aqueous solution. Detection of the labels is demonstrated at 1 nM and quantitation of mass labels released from particles is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Ayrton
- Purdue University Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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15
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Kang N, Lee JM, Jeon A, Oh HB, Moon B. Design and synthesis of new mass tags for matrix-free laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) based on 6,11-dihydrothiochromeno[4,3-b]indole. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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16
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Sonawane MD, Nimse SB, Song KS, Kim T. Detection, quantification, and profiling of PSA: current microarray technologies and future directions. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20313a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The death rate of 13% among the men diagnosed with prostate cancer makes it a second leading cause of cancer death. This critical review evaluates DNA and protein microarray based methods for detection, quantification, and profiling of PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Satish Balasaheb Nimse
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry
- Hallym University
- Chuncheon
- Korea
| | | | - Taisun Kim
- Institute for Applied Chemistry and Department of Chemistry
- Hallym University
- Chuncheon
- Korea
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18
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Lorey M, Adler B, Yan H, Soliymani R, Ekström S, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Laurell T, Baumann M. Mass-Tag Enhanced Immuno-Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry for Sensitive Detection of Intact Protein Antigens. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5255-62. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Lorey
- Meilahti
Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- Institute
of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
- Unit
of Systems Toxicology, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Topeliuksenkatu 41 b, FI-00250 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Belinda Adler
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-21100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Hong Yan
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-21100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Rabah Soliymani
- Meilahti
Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Simon Ekström
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-21100 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Division
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 5 E, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Laurell
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-21100 Lund, Sweden
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Dongguk University, 202 Science Building Phildong 3ga. Joong-Gu Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Marc Baumann
- Meilahti
Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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19
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Abstract
Enriched by a decade of remarkable developments, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI IMS) has witnessed a phenomenal expansion. Initially introduced for the mapping of peptides and intact proteins from mammalian tissue sections, MALDI IMS applications now extend to a wide range of molecules including peptides, lipids, metabolites and xenobiotics. Technology and methodology are quickly evolving to push the limits of the technique forward. Within a short period of time, numerous protocols and concepts have been developed and introduced in tissue section preparation, nonexhaustively including in situ tissue chemistries and solvent-free matrix depositions. Considering the past progress and current capabilities, this Review aims to cover the different aspects and challenges of tissue section preparation for MALDI IMS.
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20
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Fournaise E, Chaurand P. Increasing specificity in imaging mass spectrometry: high spatial fidelity transfer of proteins from tissue sections to functionalized surfaces. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:2159-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8300-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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21
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Hong R, True J, Bieniarz C. Enzymatically Amplified Mass Tags for Tissue Mass Spectrometry Imaging. Anal Chem 2014; 86:1459-67. [DOI: 10.1021/ac402718f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Hong
- Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., Technology and Applied Research, 1910 E. Innovation Park Drive, Oro Valley, Arizona 85755, United States
| | - Jan True
- Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., Technology and Applied Research, 1910 E. Innovation Park Drive, Oro Valley, Arizona 85755, United States
| | - Christopher Bieniarz
- Ventana Medical Systems, Inc., Technology and Applied Research, 1910 E. Innovation Park Drive, Oro Valley, Arizona 85755, United States
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22
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Draganov A, Wang D, Wang B. The Future of Boron in Medicinal Chemistry: Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2014_65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Applications of organoboron compounds in carbohydrate chemistry and glycobiology: analysis, separation, protection, and activation. Carbohydr Res 2013; 381:112-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Abstract
Lectins are proteins of non-immune origin that bind specific carbohydrates without chemical modification. Coupled with the emerging biological and pathological significance of carbohydrates, lectins have become extensively used as research tools in glycobiology. However, lectin-based drug development has been impeded by high manufacturing costs, low chemical stability, and the potential risk of initiating an unfavorable immune response. As alternatives to lectins, non-protein small molecules having carbohydrate-binding properties (lectin mimics) are currently attracting a great deal of attention because of their ease of preparation and chemical modification. Lectin mimics of synthetic origin are divided roughly into two groups, boronic acid-dependent and boronic acid-independent lectin mimics. This article outlines their representative architectures and carbohydrate-binding properties, and discusses their therapeutic potential by reviewing recent attempts to develop antiviral and antimicrobial agents using their architectures. We also focus on the naturally occurring lectin mimics, pradimicins and benanomicins. They are the only class of non-protein natural products having a C-type lectin-like ability to recognize d-mannopyranosides in the presence of Ca2 + ions. Their molecular basis of carbohydrate recognition and therapeutic potential are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Nakagawa
- Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
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Lavenant GT, Zavalin AI, Caprioli RM. Targeted multiplex imaging mass spectrometry in transmission geometry for subcellular spatial resolution. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2013; 24:609-14. [PMID: 23397138 PMCID: PMC3624063 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Targeted multiplex imaging mass spectrometry utilizes several different antigen-specific primary antibodies, each directly labeled with a unique photocleavable mass tag, to detect multiple antigens in a single tissue section. Each photocleavable mass tag bound to an antibody has a unique molecular weight and can be readily ionized by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. This article describes a mass spectrometry method that allows imaging of targeted single cells within tissue using transmission geometry laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. Transmission geometry focuses the laser beam on the back side of the tissue placed on a glass slide, providing a 2 μm diameter laser spot irradiating the biological specimen. This matrix-free method enables simultaneous localization at the sub-cellular level of multiple antigens using specific tagged antibodies. We have used this technology to visualize the co-expression of synaptophysin and two major hormones peptides, insulin and somatostatin, in duplex assays in beta and delta cells contained in a human pancreatic islet.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrey I. Zavalin
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
- Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, Pharmacology and Medicine, and the National Resource For Imaging Mass Spectrometry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN
- author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Vanderbilt University Mass Spectrometry Research Center 9160 MRB III-465 21 St Ave. So. Nashville, TN, 37232-8575.
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Abstract
Carbohydrate biomarkers play very important roles in a wide range of biological and pathological processes. Compounds that can specifically recognize a carbohydrate biomarker are useful for targeted delivery of imaging agents and for development of new diagnostics. Furthermore, such compounds could also be candidates for the development of therapeutic agents. A tremendous amount of active work on synthetic lectin mimics has been reported in recent years. Amongst all the synthetic lectins, boronic-acid-based lectins (boronolectins) have shown great promise. Along this line, four classes of boronolectins including peptide-, nucleic-acid-, polymer-, and small-molecule-based ones are discussed with a focus on the design principles and recent advances. We hope that by presenting the potentials of this field, this review will stimulate more research in this area.
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Thiery G, Mernaugh RL, Yan H, Spraggins JM, Yang J, Parl FF, Caprioli RM. Targeted multiplex imaging mass spectrometry with single chain fragment variable (scfv) recombinant antibodies. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:1689-96. [PMID: 22869296 PMCID: PMC3525520 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-012-0423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant scfv antibodies specific for CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 P450 enzymes were combined with targeted imaging mass spectrometry to simultaneously detect the P450 enzymes present in archived, paraffin-embedded, human breast cancer tissue sections. By using CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 specific scfv, each coupled to a unique reporter molecule (i.e., a mass tag) it was possible to simultaneously detect multiple antigens within a single tissue sample with high sensitivity and specificity using mass spectrometry. The capability of imaging multiple antigens at the same time is a significant advance that overcomes technical barriers encountered when using present day approaches to develop assays that can simultaneously detect more than a single antigen in the same tissue sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendoline Thiery
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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28
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TARGETED MASS spectrometry Imaging: Specific Targeting Mass Spectrometry imaging technologies from history to perspective. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 47:133-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proghi.2012.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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29
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Probe-based chemical modulations of tissues for IMS. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4921-4930. [PMID: 22634403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chemical modulation imaging over a tissue is gaining momentum in the field of mass spectrometry. Some endogenous or exogenous compounds present in a tissue can be visualized by imaging mass spectrometry after chemical derivatization. This approach gives researchers the possibility to elude chemical interferences in components of the tissues, such as lipids or salts, as well as interferences caused by the matrix. The use of primary and secondary antibodies, the chemical derivatization of peptides and small molecules, and the use of (18)O labeling are various examples reviewed in this article to demonstrate the importance and potential of this emerging aspect of imaging mass spectrometry.
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30
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Yang J, Chaurand P, Norris JL, Porter NA, Caprioli RM. Activity-based probes linked with laser-cleavable mass tags for signal amplification in imaging mass spectrometry: analysis of serine hydrolase enzymes in mammalian tissue. Anal Chem 2012; 84:3689-95. [PMID: 22424244 PMCID: PMC3328658 DOI: 10.1021/ac300203v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A novel functional imaging mass spectrometry technology is described that utilizes activity-based probes for imaging enzyme active sites in tissue sections. We demonstrate this technology using an activity-based probe (fluorophosphate) that is specific for serine hydrolases. A dendrimer containing multiple mass tags that is attached to the activity-based probe is used to analyze the binding sites of the probe through release and measurement of the mass tags on laser irradiation. A generation 8 poly(amido amine) dendrimer with 1024 amino groups was labeled with an azide group, and then, more than 900 mass tags were attached in order to achieve signal amplification of nearly 3 orders of magnitude. The experimental protocol first involves binding of the activity-based probe containing an alkyne group to serine hydrolases in the tissue section followed by attachment of the dendrimer labeled with mass tags to the bound probe by Click chemistry. On irradiation of the labeled tissue by the laser beam in a raster pattern, the mass tags are liberated and recorded by the mass analyzer; consequently, the ion image of the mass tag reveals the distribution of serine hydrolases in the tissue. This process was shown using rat brain and mouse embryo sections. Targeted imaging has the advantage of providing high spatial resolution and high sensitivity through the use of signal amplification chemistry with high target specificity through the use of an enzyme activity probe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhai Yang
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Pierre Chaurand
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jeremy L. Norris
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Richard M. Caprioli
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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31
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Imaging mass spectrometry of thin tissue sections: a decade of collective efforts. J Proteomics 2012; 75:4883-4892. [PMID: 22525544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry (MS) allows to monitor the spatial distribution and abundance of endogenous and administered compounds present within tissue specimens. Several different but complementary imaging MS technologies have been developed allowing the analysis of a wide variety of compounds including inorganic elementals, metabolites, lipids, peptides, proteins and xenobiotics with spatial resolutions from micrometer to nanometer scales. In the past decade, an enormous collective body of work has been done to develop and improve the imaging MS technology. This article gives a historical perspective, an overview of the principle and status of the technology and lists the main fields of applications. It also enumerates some of the critical challenges we need to collectively address for imaging MS to be considered a mainstream analytical method.
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32
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Probing neuropeptide signaling at the organ and cellular domains via imaging mass spectrometry. J Proteomics 2012; 75:5014-5026. [PMID: 22465716 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) has evolved to be a promising technology due to its ability to detect a broad mass range of molecular species and create density maps for selected compounds. It is currently one of the most useful techniques to determine the spatial distribution of neuropeptides in cells and tissues. Although IMS is conceptually simple, sample preparation steps, mass analyzers, and software suites are just a few of the factors that contribute to the successful design of a neuropeptide IMS experiment. This review provides a brief overview of IMS sampling protocols, instrumentation, data analysis tools, technological advancements and applications to neuropeptide localization in neurons and endocrine tissues. Future perspectives in this field are also provided, concluding that neuropeptide IMS would greatly facilitate studies of neuronal network and biomarker discovery.
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Dai C, Cazares LH, Wang L, Chu Y, Wang SL, Troyer DA, Semmes OJ, Drake RR, Wang B. Using boronolectin in MALDI-MS imaging for the histological analysis of cancer tissue expressing the sialyl Lewis X antigen. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10338-40. [PMID: 21853197 DOI: 10.1039/c1cc11814e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Certain carbohydrate-based biomarkers are known to correlate with cancer formation and progression. By targeting sialyl Lewis X, we have developed the first boronolectin-MS tag conjugate, which allows for MALDI-based imaging of cancer based on its cell surface carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302-4098, USA
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34
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MALDI imaging mass spectrometry for direct tissue analysis: technological advancements and recent applications. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:227-44. [PMID: 21805154 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0843-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a method that allows the investigation of the molecular content of tissues within its morphological context. Since it is able to measure the distribution of hundreds of analytes at once, while being label free, this method has great potential which has been increasingly recognized in the field of tissue-based research. In the last few years, MALDI-IMS has been successfully used for the molecular assessment of tissue samples mainly in biomedical research and also in other scientific fields. The present article will give an update on the application of MALDI-IMS in clinical and preclinical research. It will also give an overview of the multitude of technical advancements of this method in recent years. This includes developments in instrumentation, sample preparation, computational data analysis and protein identification. It will also highlight a number of emerging fields for application of MALDI-IMS like drug imaging where MALDI-IMS is used for studying the spatial distribution of drugs in tissues.
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35
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Cazares LH, Troyer DA, Wang B, Drake RR, Semmes OJ. MALDI tissue imaging: from biomarker discovery to clinical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:17-27. [PMID: 21541816 PMCID: PMC6037172 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) is a powerful tool for the generation of multidimensional spatial expression maps of biomolecules directly from a tissue section. From a clinical proteomics perspective, this method correlates molecular detail to histopathological changes found in patient-derived tissues, enhancing the ability to identify candidates for disease biomarkers. The unbiased analysis and spatial mapping of a variety of molecules directly from clinical tissue sections can be achieved through this method. Conversely, targeted IMS, by the incorporation of laser-reactive molecular tags onto antibodies, aptamers, and other affinity molecules, enables analysis of specific molecules or a class of molecules. In addition to exploring tissue during biomarker discovery, the integration of MALDI-IMS methods into existing clinical pathology laboratory practices could prove beneficial to diagnostics. Querying tissue for the expression of specific biomarkers in a biopsy is a critical component in clinical decision-making and such markers are a major goal of translational research. An important challenge in cancer diagnostics will be to assay multiple parameters in a single slide when tissue quantities are limited. The development of multiplexed assays that maximize the yield of information from a small biopsy will help meet a critical challenge to current biomarker research. This review focuses on the use of MALDI-IMS in biomarker discovery and its potential as a clinical diagnostic tool with specific reference to our application of this technology to prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa H Cazares
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA
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36
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Kudo T, Macht M, Kuroda M. Laser Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Analysis of Perfluoropolyether Monolayer Directly from Hard Disk Medium Surface. Anal Chem 2011; 83:5563-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2005422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiji Kudo
- Bruker Daltonics K.K., 9-B-6F, Moriya-cho 3-chome, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 221-0022, Japan
| | - Marcus Macht
- Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Fahrenheitstrasse 4, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Masami Kuroda
- Fuji Electric Co., Ltd., 4-18-1, Tsukama, Matsumoto, Nagano 390-0821, Japan
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37
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Drake RR, Cazares LH, Jones EE, Fuller TW, Semmes OJ, Laronga C. Challenges to developing proteomic-based breast cancer diagnostics. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2011; 15:251-9. [PMID: 21332380 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2010.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, multiple genetic and histological approaches have accelerated development of new breast cancer diagnostics and treatment paradigms. Multiple distinct genetic subtypes of breast cancers have been defined, and this has progressively led toward more personalized medicine in regard to treatment options. There still remains a deficiency in the development of molecular diagnostic assays that can be used for breast cancer detection and pretherapy clinical decisions. In particular, the type of cancer-specific biomarker typified by a serum or tissue-derived protein. Progress in this regard has been minimal, especially in comparison to the rapid advancements in genetic and histological assays for breast cancers. In this review, some potential reasons for this large gap in developing protein biomarkers will be discussed, as well as new strategies for improving these approaches. Improvements in the study design of protein biomarker discovery strategies in relation to the genetic subtypes and histology of breast cancers is also emphasized. The current successes in use of genetic and histological assays for breast cancer diagnostics are summarized, and in that context, the current limitations of the types of breast cancer-related clinical samples available for protein biomarker assay development are discussed. Based on these limitations, research strategies emphasizing identification of glycoprotein biomarkers in blood and MALDI mass spectrometry imaging of tissues are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard R Drake
- Cancer Biology and Infectious Disease Research Center, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia 23507, USA.
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38
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Abstract
MALDI imaging as a molecular mass spectrometry imaging technique (MSI) can provide accurate information about molecular composition on a surface. The last decade of MSI development has brought the technology to clinical and biomedical applications as a complementary technique of MRI and other molecular imaging. Then, this IMS technique is used for endogenous and exogenous molecule detection in pharmaceutical and biomedical fields. However, some limitations still exist due to physical and chemical aspects, and sensitivity of certain compounds is very low. Thus, we developed a multiplex technique for fast detection of different compound natures. The multiplex MALDI imaging technique uses a photocleavable group that can be detect easily by MALDI instrument. These techniques of targeted imaging using Tag-Mass molecules allow the multiplex detection of compounds like antibodies or oligonucleotides. Here, we describe how we used this technique to detect huge proteins and mRNA by MALDI imaging in rat brain and in a model for regeneration; the leech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Stauber
- Laboratoire de Neuroimmunologie et Neurochimie Evolutives, FRE CNRS 3249, MALDI Imaging Team, Université Lille Nord de France, Université Lille 1, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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39
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Ustinov AV, Shmanai VV, Patel K, Stepanova IA, Prokhorenko IA, Astakhova IV, Malakhov AD, Skorobogatyi MV, Bernad PL, Khan S, Shahgholi M, Southern EM, Korshun VA, Shchepinov MS. Reactive trityl derivatives: stabilised carbocation mass-tags for life sciences applications. Org Biomol Chem 2008; 6:4593-608. [DOI: 10.1039/b810600b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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