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Wu Q, Gao X, Lin Y, Wu C, Zhang J, Chen M, Wen J, Wu Y, Tian K, Bao W, Sun P, Zhu A. Integrating Epigenetics, Proteomics, and Metabolomics to Reveal the Involvement of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in Oridonin-Induced Reproductive Toxicity. TOXICS 2024; 12:339. [PMID: 38787118 PMCID: PMC11126149 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12050339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Oridonin is the primary active component in the traditional Chinese medicine Rabdosia rubescens, displaying anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and antibacterial effects. It is widely employed in clinical therapy for acute and chronic pharyngitis, tonsillitis, as well as bronchitis. Nevertheless, the clinical application of oridonin is significantly restricted due to its reproductive toxicity, with the exact mechanism remaining unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism of oridonin-induced damage to HTR-8/SVneo cells. Through the integration of epigenetics, proteomics, and metabolomics methodologies, the mechanisms of oridonin-induced reproductive toxicity were discovered and confirmed through fluorescence imaging, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting. Experimental findings indicated that oridonin altered m6A levels, gene and protein expression levels, along with metabolite levels within the cells. Additionally, oridonin triggered oxidative stress and mitochondrial damage, leading to a notable decrease in WNT6, β-catenin, CLDN1, CCND1, and ZO-1 protein levels. This implied that the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway and disruption of tight junction might be attributed to the cytotoxicity induced by oridonin and mitochondrial dysfunction, ultimately resulting in damage to HTR-8/SVneo cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qibin Wu
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children’s Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Women and Children’s Hospital), Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xinyue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yifan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Caijin Wu
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children’s Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Women and Children’s Hospital), Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Mengting Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jiaxin Wen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Yajiao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Kun Tian
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Wenqiang Bao
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Pengming Sun
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Women and Children’s Critical Diseases Research, Fujian Clinical Research Center for Gynecological Oncology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital (Fujian Women and Children’s Hospital), Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - An Zhu
- Laboratory of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Gynecology, Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine for Obstetrics & Gynecology and Pediatrics, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- School of Public Health, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350108, China
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Mi L, Xing Z, Zhang Y, He T, Su A, Wei T, Li Z, Wu W. Unveiling Gambogenic Acid as a Promising Antitumor Compound: A Review. PLANTA MEDICA 2024; 90:353-367. [PMID: 38295847 DOI: 10.1055/a-2258-6663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Gambogenic acid is a derivative of gambogic acid, a polyprenylated xanthone isolated from Garcinia hanburyi. Compared with the more widely studied gambogic acid, gambogenic acid has demonstrated advantages such as a more potent antitumor effect and less systemic toxicity than gambogic acid according to early investigations. Therefore, the present review summarizes the effectiveness and mechanisms of gambogenic acid in different cancers and highlights the mechanisms of action. In addition, drug delivery systems to improve the bioavailability of gambogenic acid and its pharmacokinetic profile are included. Gambogenic acid has been applied to treat a wide range of cancers, such as lung, liver, colorectal, breast, gastric, bladder, and prostate cancers. Gambogenic acid exerts its antitumor effects as a novel class of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 inhibitors. It prevents cancer cell proliferation by inducing apoptosis, ferroptosis, and necroptosis and controlling the cell cycle as well as autophagy. Gambogenic acid also hinders tumor cell invasion and metastasis by downregulating metastasis-related proteins. Moreover, gambogenic acid increases the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapy and has shown effects on multidrug resistance in malignancy. This review adds insights for the prevention and treatment of cancers using gambogenic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Mi
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhichao Xing
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujie Zhang
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting He
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Anping Su
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Wei
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhihui Li
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenshuang Wu
- Division of Thyroid Surgery, Department of General Surgery and Laboratory of Thyroid and Parathyroid Disease, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Banerjee A, Sriramulu S, Catanzaro R, He F, Chabria Y, Balakrishnan B, Hari S, Ayala A, Muñoz M, Pathak S, Marotta F. Natural Compounds as Integrative Therapy for Liver Protection against Inflammatory and Carcinogenic Mechanisms: From Induction to Molecular Biology Advancement. Curr Mol Med 2023; 23:216-231. [PMID: 35297348 DOI: 10.2174/1566524022666220316102310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is exposed to several harmful substances that bear the potential to cause excessive liver damage ranging from hepatitis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to extreme cases of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Liver ailments have been effectively treated from very old times with Chinese medicinal herbal formulations and later also applied by controlled trials in Japan. However, these traditional practices have been hardly well characterized in the past till in the last decades when more qualified studies have been carried out. Modern advances have given rise to specific molecular targets which are specifically good candidates for affecting the intricate mechanisms that play a role at the molecular level. These therapeutic regimens that mainly affect the progression of the disease by inhibiting the gene expression levels or by blocking essential molecular pathways or releasing cytokines may prove to play a vital role in minimizing the tissue damage. This review, therefore, tries to throw light upon the variation in the therapies for the treatment of benign and malignant liver disease from ancient times to the current date. Nonetheless, clinical research exploring the effectiveness of herbal medicines in the treatment of benign chronic liver diseases as well as prevention and treatment of HCC is still warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antara Banerjee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Sushmitha Sriramulu
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Roberto Catanzaro
- Dept of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Fang He
- Dept of Nutrition, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yashna Chabria
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | | | - Sruthi Hari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Antonio Ayala
- Biochemistry and Clinical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Spain
| | - Mario Muñoz
- Centre for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Surajit Pathak
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education (CARE), Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Chennai 603103, India
| | - Francesco Marotta
- ReGenera R&D International for Aging Intervention, Milano, Italy and Vitality and Longevity Medical Science Commission, FEMTEC World Federation
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Dai R, Liu M, Xiang X, Li Y, Xi Z, Xu H. OMICS Applications for Medicinal Plants in Gastrointestinal Cancers: Current Advancements and Future Perspectives. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:842203. [PMID: 35185591 PMCID: PMC8855055 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.842203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers refer to a group of deadly malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract and organs of the digestive system. Over the past decades, considerable amounts of medicinal plants have exhibited potent anticancer effects on different types of gastrointestinal cancers. OMICS, systems biology approaches covering genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics, are broadly applied to comprehensively reflect the molecular profiles in mechanistic studies of medicinal plants. Single- and multi-OMICS approaches facilitate the unravelling of signalling interaction networks and key molecular targets of medicinal plants with anti-gastrointestinal cancer potential. Hence, this review summarizes the applications of various OMICS and advanced bioinformatics approaches in examining therapeutic targets, signalling pathways, and the tumour microenvironment in response to anticancer medicinal plants. Advances and prospects in this field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchen Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengfan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Xincheng Xiang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhichao Xi
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhichao Xi, ; Hongxi Xu,
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Zhichao Xi, ; Hongxi Xu,
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A Study of the Protective Effect of Bushen Huoxue Prescription on Cerebral Microvascular Endothelia Based on Proteomics and Bioinformatics. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2545074. [PMID: 35035499 PMCID: PMC8758271 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2545074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic cognitive dysfunction is a serious complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which can cause neurological and microvascular damage in the brain. At present, there is no effective treatment for this complication. Bushen Huoxue prescription (BSHX) is a newly formulated compound Chinese medicine containing 7 components. Previous research indicated that BSHX was neuroprotective against advanced glycosylation end product (AGE)-induced PC12 cell insult; however, the effect of BSHX on AGE-induced cerebral microvascular endothelia injury has not been studied. In the current research, we investigated the protective effects of BSHX on AGE-induced injury in bEnd.3 cells. Our findings revealed that BSHX could effectively protect bEnd.3 cells from apoptosis. Moreover, we analyzed the network regulation effect of BSHX on AGE-induced bEnd.3 cells injury at the proteomic level. The LC-MS/MS-based shotgun proteomics analysis showed BSHX negatively regulated multiple AGE-elicited proteins. Bioinformatics analysis revealed these differential proteins were involved in multiple processes, such as Foxo signaling pathway. Further molecular biology analysis confirmed that BSHX could downregulate the expression of FoxO1/3 protein and inhibit its nuclear transfer and inhibit the expression of downstream apoptotic protein Bim and the activation of caspase, so as to play a protective role in AGE-induced bEnd.3 injury. Taken together, these findings demonstrated the role of BSHX in the management of diabetic cerebral microangiopathy and provide some insights into the proteomics-guided pharmacological mechanism study of traditional Chinese Medicine.
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A Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies the Telomerase Inhibitor MST-312 for Treating High-STMN1-Expressing Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11050332. [PMID: 33922244 PMCID: PMC8145764 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11050332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a relatively chemo-resistant tumor. Several multi-kinase inhibitors have been approved for treating advanced HCC. However, most HCC patients are highly refractory to these drugs. Therefore, the development of more effective therapies for advanced HCC patients is urgently needed. Stathmin 1 (STMN1) is an oncoprotein that destabilizes microtubules and promotes cancer cell migration and invasion. In this study, cancer genomics data mining identified STMN1 as a prognosis biomarker and a therapeutic target for HCC. Co-expressed gene analysis indicated that STMN1 expression was positively associated with cell-cycle-related gene expression. Chemical sensitivity profiling of HCC cell lines suggested that High-STMN1-expressing HCC cells were the most sensitive to MST-312 (a telomerase inhibitor). Drug-gene connectivity mapping supported that MST-312 reversed the STMN1-co-expressed gene signature (especially BUB1B, MCM2/5/6, and TTK genes). In vitro experiments validated that MST-312 inhibited HCC cell viability and related protein expression (STMN1, BUB1B, and MCM5). In addition, overexpression of STMN1 enhanced the anticancer activity of MST-312 in HCC cells. Therefore, MST-312 can be used for treating STMN1-high expression HCC.
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Zhao Q, Zhong J, Bi Y, Liu Y, Liu Y, Guo J, Pan L, Tan Y, Yu X. Gambogenic acid induces Noxa-mediated apoptosis in colorectal cancer through ROS-dependent activation of IRE1α/JNK. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 78:153306. [PMID: 32854039 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gambogenic acid (GNA), an active component of Garcinia hanburyi Hook.f. (Clusiaceae) (common name gamboge), exerts anti-inflammatory and antitumor properties. However, the underlying mechanism of GNA in colorectal cancer (CRC) is still not well understood. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the antitumor effects and mechanisms of GNA on CRC in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Cell viability, colony formation and cell apoptosis assays were performed to determine the antitumor effects of GNA. qRT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to evaluate the expression of genes or proteins affected by GNA in vitro and in vivo. HCT116 colon cancer xenografts and the APCmin/+ mice model were used to confirm the antitumor effects of GNA on CRC in vivo. RESULTS GNA induced Noxa-mediated apoptosis by inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Moreover, GNA triggered endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which subsequently activated inositol-requiring enzyme-1α (IRE1α) leading to JNK phosphorylation. ROS scavenger attenuated GNA-induced IRE1α activation and JNK phosphorylation. Knockdown of IRE1α also prevented GNA-induced JNK phosphorylation. In vivo, GNA suppressed tumor growth and progression in HCT116 colon cancer xenografts and the APCmin/+ mices model. CONCLUSION These findings revealed that GNA induced Noxa-mediated apoptosis by activating the ROS/IRE1α/JNK signaling pathway in CRC both in vitro and in vivo. GNA is therefore a promising antitumor agent for CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Zhao
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Products Research and Development, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002, China
| | - Yun Bi
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510405, China
| | - Yingxiang Liu
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Jian Guo
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Longrui Pan
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China
| | - Xianjun Yu
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences & Biomedical Research Institute, Hubei University of Medicine, Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China.
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Hatami E, Jaggi M, Chauhan SC, Yallapu MM. Gambogic acid: A shining natural compound to nanomedicine for cancer therapeutics. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1874:188381. [PMID: 32492470 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration has permitted number of therapeutic agents for cancer treatment. Most of them are expensive and have some degree of systemic toxicity which makes overbearing in clinical settings. Although advanced research continuously applied in cancer therapeutics, but drug resistance, metastasis, and recurrence remain unanswerable. These accounts to an urgent clinical need to discover natural compounds with precisely safe and highly efficient for the cancer prevention and cancer therapy. Gambogic acid (GA) is the principle bioactive and caged xanthone component, a brownish gamboge resin secreted from the of Garcinia hanburyi tree. This molecule showed a spectrum of biological and clinical benefits against various cancers. In this review, we document distinct biological characteristics of GA as a novel anti-cancer agent. This review also delineates specific molecular mechanism(s) of GA that are involved in anti-cancer, anti-metastasis, anti-angiogenesis, and chemo-/radiation sensitizer activities. Furthermore, recent evidence, development, and implementation of various nanoformulations of gambogic acid (nanomedicine) have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hatami
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Meena Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Subhash C Chauhan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA
| | - Murali M Yallapu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA; South Texas Center of Excellence in Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, McAllen, TX, USA.
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9
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Jun J, Gim J, Kim Y, Kim H, Yu SJ, Yeo I, Park J, Yoo JJ, Cho YY, Lee DH, Cho EJ, Lee JH, Kim YJ, Lee S, Yoon JH, Kim Y, Park T. Analysis of significant protein abundance from multiple reaction-monitoring data. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:123. [PMID: 30598095 PMCID: PMC6311902 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0656-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Discovering reliable protein biomarkers is one of the most important issues in biomedical research. The ELISA is a traditional technique for accurate quantitation of well-known proteins. Recently, the multiple reaction-monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry has been proposed for quantifying newly discovered protein and has become a popular alternative to ELISA. For the MRM data analysis, linear mixed modeling (LMM) has been used to analyze MRM data. MSstats is one of the most widely used tools for MRM data analysis that is based on the LMMs. However, LMMs often provide various significance results, depending on model specification. Sometimes it would be difficult to specify a correct LMM method for the analysis of MRM data. Here, we propose a new logistic regression-based method for Significance Analysis of Multiple Reaction Monitoring (LR-SAM). Results Through simulation studies, we demonstrate that LMM methods may not preserve type I error, thus yielding high false- positive errors, depending on how random effects are specified. Our simulation study also shows that the LR-SAM approach performs similarly well as LMM approaches, in most cases. However, LR-SAM performs better than the LMMs, particularly when the effects sizes of peptides from the same protein are heterogeneous. Our proposed method was applied to MRM data for identification of proteins associated with clinical responses of treatment of 115 hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib. Of 124 candidate proteins, LMM approaches provided 6 results varying in significance, while LR-SAM, by contrast, yielded 18 significant results that were quite reproducibly consistent. Conclusion As exemplified by an application to HCC data set, LR-SAM more effectively identified proteins associated with clinical responses of treatment than LMM did.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongsu Jun
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jungsoo Gim
- Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yongkang Kim
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hyunsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Su Jong Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Injun Yeo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ju Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Youn Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong Hyeon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun Ju Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoon Jun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seungyeoun Lee
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Sejong University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Yoon
- Department of Internal Medicine and Liver Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.,Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea. .,Interdisciplinary program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Abstract
Garcinia, a kind of dry resin secreted by Garcinia hanburyi Hook. F. G., is a traditional Chinese medicine with various biological functions such as detoxification, anti-inflammatory, and anthelmintic activities. Recent studies suggest that garcinia has potential anticancer activity. Increasing evidences indicate that the main active monomer gambogic acid isolated from garcinia can inhibit the growth of various cancer cells. Neogambogic acid is an isolated compound with a similar chemical structure as gambogic acid. Preliminary studies show that the neogambogic acid can selectively inhibit the growth of various cancer cells, and has a broader antitumor activity and lower toxicity than gambogic acid. In this review, we summarize the advances made in the investigation of the anti-tumor effect of neogambogic acid in recent years.
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11
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Yu J, Hu M, Chen W, Wen Z. Expression of B Cell-Specific Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Integration Site 1 (BMI-1) and WW Domain-Containing Oxidoreductase (WWOX) in Liver Cancer Tissue and Normal Liver Tissue. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:6673-6679. [PMID: 30242144 PMCID: PMC6166521 DOI: 10.12659/msm.909675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to compare the expression levels of mRNA of the B cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (BMI-1) and the WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) genes and their protein products in tissues from patients with liver cancer with normal liver tissues from patients without liver cancer. Material/Methods The liver cancer group (N=56) included patients with available tissue samples of histologically confirmed liver cancer. The control group (N=24) included histologically confirmed normal liver tissue samples. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot were used to detect and compare protein expression of Bmi-1 and WWOX in liver tissues in the liver cancer group and the control group. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect and compare mRNA expression of BMI-1 and WWOX in liver tissues in the liver cancer group and the control group. Expression levels of the protein and mRNA levels and the clinicopathological features including patient prognosis in liver cancer were evaluated statistically using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results There were significant differences in the expression levels of protein and mRNA of BMI-1 and WWOX between the liver cancer group and the control group. BMI-1 mRNA and protein expression were significantly increased, and WWOX mRNA and protein expression were significantly reduced in liver cancer tissue, compared with normal liver tissue (p<0.05). Conclusions In liver cancer tissue compared with normal liver, the expression of BMI-1 and WWOX mRNA and their protein products were upregulated and down-regulated, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yu
- 9th Department of Liver Disease, Qingdao No. 6 Peoples' Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Minlan Hu
- 9th Department of Liver Disease, Qingdao No. 6 Peoples' Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Wenmei Chen
- 9th Department of Liver Disease, Qingdao No. 6 Peoples' Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Zirong Wen
- 9th Department of Liver Disease, Qingdao No. 6 Peoples' Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China (mainland)
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12
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Wang LC, Wei WH, Zhang XW, Liu D, Zeng KW, Tu PF. An Integrated Proteomics and Bioinformatics Approach Reveals the Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of Carnosic Acid. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:370. [PMID: 29713284 PMCID: PMC5911474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Drastic macrophages activation triggered by exogenous infection or endogenous stresses is thought to be implicated in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory diseases. Carnosic acid (CA), a natural phenolic diterpene extracted from Salvia officinalis plant, has been reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity. However, its role in macrophages activation as well as potential molecular mechanism is largely unexplored. In the current study, we sought to elucidate the anti-inflammatory property of CA using an integrated approach based on unbiased proteomics and bioinformatics analysis. CA significantly inhibited the robust increase of nitric oxide and TNF-α, downregulated COX2 protein expression, and lowered the transcriptional level of inflammatory genes including Nos2, Tnfα, Cox2, and Mcp1 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, a murine model of peritoneal macrophage cell line. The LC-MS/MS-based shotgun proteomics analysis showed CA negatively regulated 217 LPS-elicited proteins which were involved in multiple inflammatory processes including MAPK, nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and FoxO signaling pathways. A further molecular biology analysis revealed that CA effectually inactivated IKKβ/IκB-α/NF-κB, ERK/JNK/p38 MAPKs, and FoxO1/3 signaling pathways. Collectively, our findings demonstrated the role of CA in regulating inflammation response and provide some insights into the proteomics-guided pharmacological mechanism study of natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen-Hui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Proteomics Laboratory, Medical and Healthy Analytical Center, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ke-Wu Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng-Fei Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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13
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Xu L, Meng X, Xu N, Fu W, Tan H, Zhang L, Zhou Q, Qian J, Tu S, Li X, Lao Y, Xu H. Gambogenic acid inhibits fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway in erlotinib-resistant non-small-cell lung cancer and suppresses patient-derived xenograft growth. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:262. [PMID: 29449529 PMCID: PMC5833807 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Erlotinib resistance causes a high degree of lethality in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. The high expression and activation of several receptor tyrosine kinases, such as JAK/STAT3, c-Met, and EGFR, play important roles in drug resistance. The development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors is urgently required in the clinic. Our previous study found that Gambogenic acid (GNA), a small molecule derived from the traditional Chinese medicine herb gamboge, induced cell death in several NSCLC cell lines through JAK/STAT3 inhibition. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of action of GNA in erlotinib-resistant NSCLC and patient-derived cells. The inhibition of GNA on FGFR signaling pathway was examined using biochemical kinase assays. NSCLC cell lines (HCC827, HCC827-Erlotinib-resistant, and H1650) and primary cells from patients with NSCLC with clinical resistance to erlotinib were treated with GNA, erlotinib, or their combination. Both kinase assays and cell- based assays showed that GNA inhibits the phosphorylation of multiple kinases in FGFR signaling pathway in NSCLC. The combination of GNA and erlotinib significantly attenuates the tumor growth of HCC827 and erlotinib-resistant HCC827 xenografts with low toxicity. Importantly, GNA significantly suppresses tumor growth in a lung patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model with FGFR fusion and low EGFR expression. Our findings provide preclinical evidence for using GNA as an FGFR signaling pathway inhibitor to overcome erlotinib resistance in NSCLC treatment or to enhance erlotinib efficacy when used as a combined administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Shanghai Chempartner Co., Ltd, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxiao Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Naihan Xu
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Room L410, Building L. Tsinghua Campus, 518055, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Wenwei Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Hongsheng Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qianjun Zhou
- Shanghai Lung Cancer Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jianan Qian
- Shanghai Chempartner Co., Ltd, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shiwei Tu
- Shanghai Chempartner Co., Ltd, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xueting Li
- Shanghai Chempartner Co., Ltd, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuanzhi Lao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China. .,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China. .,Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, 201203, Shanghai, P.R. China.
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14
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Ganesan K, Xu B. Telomerase Inhibitors from Natural Products and Their Anticancer Potential. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010013. [PMID: 29267203 PMCID: PMC5795965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomeres and telomerase are nowadays exploring traits on targets for anticancer therapy. Telomerase is a unique reverse transcriptase enzyme, considered as a primary factor in almost all cancer cells, which is mainly responsible to regulate the telomere length. Hence, telomerase ensures the indefinite cell proliferation during malignancy—a hallmark of cancer—and this distinctive feature has provided telomerase as the preferred target for drug development in cancer therapy. Deactivation of telomerase and telomere destabilization by natural products provides an opening to succeed new targets for cancer therapy. This review aims to provide a fundamental knowledge for research on telomere, working regulation of telomerase and its various binding proteins to inhibit the telomere/telomerase complex. In addition, the review summarizes the inhibitors of the enzyme catalytic subunit and RNA component, natural products that target telomeres, and suppression of transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. This extensive understanding of telomerase biology will provide indispensable information for enhancing the efficiency of rational anti-cancer drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Ganesan
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China.
| | - Baojun Xu
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Zhuhai 519087, China.
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15
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Banik K, Harsha C, Bordoloi D, Lalduhsaki Sailo B, Sethi G, Leong HC, Arfuso F, Mishra S, Wang L, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara AB. Therapeutic potential of gambogic acid, a caged xanthone, to target cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 416:75-86. [PMID: 29246645 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds have enormous biological and clinical activity against dreadful diseases such as cancer, as well as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. In spite of the widespread research carried out in the field of cancer therapeutics, cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases with no perfect treatment till date. Adverse side effects and the development of chemoresistance are the imperative limiting factors associated with conventional chemotherapeutics. For this reason, there is an urgent need to find compounds that are highly safe and efficacious for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Gambogic acid (GA) is a xanthone structure extracted from the dry, brownish gamboge resin secreted from the Garcinia hanburyi tree in Southeast Asia and has inherent anti-cancer properties. In this review, the molecular mechanisms underlying the targets of GA that are liable for its effective anti-cancer activity are discussed that reveal the potential of GA as a pertinent candidate that can be appropriately developed and designed into a capable anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Choudhary Harsha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Devivasha Bordoloi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Bethsebie Lalduhsaki Sailo
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| | - Hin Chong Leong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Srishti Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan P Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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16
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Cirillo L, Gotta M, Meraldi P. The Elephant in the Room: The Role of Microtubules in Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1002:93-124. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57127-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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17
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Wang M, Dong Q, Wang H, He Y, Chen Y, Zhang H, Wu R, Chen X, Zhou B, He J, Kung HF, Huang C, Wei Y, Huang JD, Xu H, He ML. Oblongifolin M, an active compound isolated from a Chinese medical herb Garcinia oblongifolia, potently inhibits enterovirus 71 reproduction through downregulation of ERp57. Oncotarget 2017; 7:8797-808. [PMID: 26848777 PMCID: PMC4891005 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
There is no effective drug to treat EV71 infection yet. Traditional Chinese herbs are great resources for novel antiviral compounds. Here we showed that Oblongifolin M (OM), an active compound isolated from Garcinia oblongifolia, potently inhibited EV71 infection in a dose dependent manner. To identify its potential effectors in the host cells, we successfully identified 18 proteins from 52 differentially expressed spots by comparative proteomics studies. Further studies showed that knockdown of ERp57 inhibited viral replication through downregulating viral IRES (internal ribosome entry site) activities, whereas ectopic expression of ERp57 increased IRES activity and partly rescued the inhibitory effects of OM on viral replication. We demonstrated that OM is an effective antiviral agent; and that ERp57 is one of its cellular effectors against EV71 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qi Dong
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yaqing He
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Shenzhen CDC), Shenzhen, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The 3rd Peoples' Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Boping Zhou
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, The 3rd Peoples' Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jason He
- College of Letter and Sciences, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hsiang-Fu Kung
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.,Stanley Ho Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jian-dong Huang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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18
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Yu XJ, Zhao Q, Wang XB, Zhang JX, Wang XB. Gambogenic acid induces proteasomal degradation of CIP2A and sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to anticancer agents. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3611-3618. [PMID: 27779687 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) is an oncoprotein that is overexpressed in many human malignancies. It regulates phosphorylated AKT and stabilizes c‑Myc in cell proliferation and tumor formation, suggesting that CIP2A plays an essential role in the development of cancer. In the present study, we report that a natural compound, gambogenic acid (GEA), induced the degradation of CIP2A via the ubiquitin‑proteasome pathway. Interestingly, the combination of GEA and proteasome inhibitors potentiated the accumulation of ubiquitinated CIP2A and aggresome formation. In addition, GEA exhibited an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and CIP2A‑downstream signaling molecules (c‑Myc and pAKT). Furthermore, GEA and CIP2A silencing enhanced the chemosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to anticancer agents, suggesting that a combination of a CIP2A inhibitor and anticancer agents could be a valuable clinical therapeutic strategy. These results indicate that GEA is a CIP2A inhibitor that interferes with the ubiquitination and destabilization of CIP2A, providing a promising strategy to enhance the combinational therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Jun Yu
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Xuan-Bin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, Hubei 441300, P.R. China
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19
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Zhang W, Zhang M, Wang Z, Cheng Y, Liu H, Zhou Z, Han B, Chen B, Yao H, Chao J. Neogambogic acid prevents silica-induced fibrosis via inhibition of high-mobility group box 1 and MCP-1-induced protein 1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 309:129-40. [PMID: 27616297 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicosis is a systemic disease caused by inhaling silicon dioxide (SiO2); early stages are characterized by alveolar inflammation, and later stages are characterized by progressive lung fibrosis. Mounting evidence indicates that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is involved in pulmonary fibrosis. Whether neogambogic acid (NGA) inhibits macrophage and fibroblast activation induced by SiO2 by targeting HMGB1 remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments using cultured mouse macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) demonstrated that SiO2 treatment induces the expression of HMGB1 in a time- and dose-dependent manner via mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway; in turn, this expression causes macrophage apoptosis and fibroblast activation. Pretreating macrophages with NGA inhibited the HMGB1 expression induced by SiO2 and attenuated both macrophage apoptosis and fibroblast activation. Moreover, NGA directly inhibited MCP-1-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1) expression, as well as markers of fibroblast activation and migration induced by SiO2. Furthermore, the effects of NGA on macrophages and fibroblasts were confirmed in vivo by exposing mice to SiO2. CONCLUSION NGA can prevent SiO2-induced macrophage activation and apoptosis via HMGB1 inhibition and SiO2-induced fibrosis via the MCPIP1 pathway. Targeting HMGB1 and MCPIP1 with NGA could provide insights into the potential development of a therapeutic approach for alleviating the inflammation and fibrosis induced by SiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Zhongjiang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yusi Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Zewei Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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20
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Molecular targets of gambogic acid in cancer: recent trends and advancements. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12915-12925. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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21
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Zhou Y, Li W, Zhang X, Zhang H, Xiao Y. Global profiling of cellular targets of gambogic acid by quantitative chemical proteomics. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:14035-14038. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07581a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid has shown significant potential as an anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory compound, here we report that the target profiling of gambogic acid in human cancer cells via quantitative chemical proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqing Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Weichao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Xixi Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100039
- China
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
| | - Haibing Zhang
- Institute for Nutritional Sciences
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Youli Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology
- CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology
- Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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22
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Gambogic Acid and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 928:375-395. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Yan SK, Liu RH, Jin HZ, Liu XR, Ye J, Shan L, Zhang WD. "Omics" in pharmaceutical research: overview, applications, challenges, and future perspectives. Chin J Nat Med 2015; 13:3-21. [PMID: 25660284 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(15)60002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the post-genomic era, biological studies are characterized by the rapid development and wide application of a series of "omics" technologies, including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, transcriptomics, lipidomics, cytomics, metallomics, ionomics, interactomics, and phenomics. These "omics" are often based on global analyses of biological samples using high through-put analytical approaches and bioinformatics and may provide new insights into biological phenomena. In this paper, the development and advances in these omics made in the past decades are reviewed, especially genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics; the applications of omics technologies in pharmaceutical research are then summarized in the fields of drug target discovery, toxicity evaluation, personalized medicine, and traditional Chinese medicine; and finally, the limitations of omics are discussed, along with the future challenges associated with the multi-omics data processing, dynamics omics analysis, and analytical approaches, as well as amenable solutions and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Kai Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Run-Hui Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui-Zi Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Xin-Ru Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ji Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200040, China.
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Fu WM, Tang LP, Zhu X, Lu YF, Zhang YL, Lee WYW, Wang H, Yu Y, Liang WC, Ko CH, Xu HX, Kung HF, Zhang JF. MiR-218-targeting-Bmi-1 mediates the suppressive effect of 1,6,7-trihydroxyxanthone on liver cancer cells. Apoptosis 2015; 20:75-82. [PMID: 25416134 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-014-1047-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine is recently emerged as anti-cancer therapy or adjuvant with reduced side-effects and improved quality of life. In the present study, an active ingredient, 1,6,7-trihydroxyxanthone (THA), derived from Goodyera oblongifolia was found to strongly suppress cell growth and induce apoptosis in liver cancer cells. MicroRNAs are a group of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional levels. Our results demonstrated that miR-218 was up-regulated and oncogene Bmi-1 was down-regulated by THA treatment. Further investigation showed that THA-induced-miR-218 up-regulation could lead to activation of tumor suppressor P16(Ink4a) and P14(ARF), the main down-stream targets of Bmi-1. In conclusion, THA might be a potential anti-cancer drug candidate, at least in part, through the activation of miR-218 and suppression of Bmi-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ming Fu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Jia B, Li S, Hu X, Zhu G, Chen W. Recent research on bioactive xanthones from natural medicine: Garcinia hanburyi. AAPS PharmSciTech 2015; 16:742-58. [PMID: 26152816 PMCID: PMC4508296 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Garcinia hanburyi, a tropical plant found in south Asia, has a special long history in the development of both medicine and art. This review mainly focuses on the pharmacy research of the bioactive compounds from the plant in recent years. Preparative and analysis separation methods were introduced. Moreover, the chemical structure of the isolated compounds was included. The studies of biological activities of the caged xanthones from the plant, including antitumor, anti-HIV-1, antibacterial, and neurotrophic activities, were reviewed in detail. Furthermore, the mechanisms of its antitumor activity were also reviewed. As mentioned above, some of the xanthones from G. hanburyi can be promising drug candidates, which is worth studying. However, we still need much evidence to prove their efficacy and safety. So, further research is critical for the future application of xanthones from G. hanburyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buyun Jia
- />School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 001 Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012 Anhui China
| | - Shanshan Li
- />School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 001 Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012 Anhui China
| | - Xuerui Hu
- />School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 001 Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012 Anhui China
| | - Guangyu Zhu
- />School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 001 Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012 Anhui China
- />Ma’anshan Central Hospital, 027 Hudong Road, Ma’anshan, 243000 Anhui China
| | - Weidong Chen
- />School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, 001 Qianjiang Road, Hefei, 230012 Anhui China
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26
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Wang X, Wang N, Cheung F, Lao L, Li C, Feng Y. Chinese medicines for prevention and treatment of human hepatocellular carcinoma: current progress on pharmacological actions and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2015; 13:142-64. [PMID: 26006028 DOI: 10.1016/s2095-4964(15)60171-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of leading causes of death in the world. Although various treatments have been developed, the therapeutic side effects are far from desirable. Chinese medicines (CMs, including plants, animal parts and minerals) have drawn a great deal of attention in recent years for their potential in the treatment of HCC. Most studies have shown that CMs may be able to retard HCC progression with multiple actions, either alone or in combination with other conventional therapies to improve quality of life in HCC patients. Additionally, CMs are used for preventing HCC occurrence. The aim of this study is to review the potential prophylactic and curative effects of CMs on human HCC and the possible mechanisms that underlie these pharmacological actions. Publications were collected and reviewed from PubMed and China National Knowledge Infrastructure from 2000 to 2014. Keywords for literature searches include "Chinese medicine", "Chinese herb", "traditional Chinese Medicine", "hepatocellular carcinoma" and "liver cancer". CMs in forms of pure compounds, isolated fractions, and composite formulas are included. Combination therapies are also considered. Both in vitro and in vivo efficacies of CMs are being discussed and the translational potential to bedside is to be discussed with clinical cases, which show the actions of CMs on HCC may include tumor growth inhibition, antimetastatic activities, anti-inflammation, anti-liver cancer stem cells, reversal on multi-drug resistance and induction/reduction of oxidative stress. Multiple types of molecules are found to contribute in the above actions. The review paper indicated that CMs might have potential to both prevent HCC occurrence and retard HCC progression with several molecular targets involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanbin Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Cheung
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lixing Lao
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Charlie Li
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA 94804, USA
| | - Yibin Feng
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Hou Y, Lu CL, Zeng QH, Jiang JG. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antitumor activities of ingredients of Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:706-13. [PMID: 26648822 PMCID: PMC4669906 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Curcuma phaeocaulis Val. is used in Chinese Pharmacopoeia as health food and folk medicine for removing blood stasis, alleviating pain and tumor therapy. This research was aimed to explore and compare three main bioactivities including anti-oxidant, antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities between the ethanol extract of C. Phaeocaulis and its fractions using different in vitro models. Firstly, 70 % ethanol was used to extract C. Phaeocaulis, and then the crude extract was re-extracted, resulting in petroleum ether (EZ-PE), ethyl acetate (EZ-EA), and water fractions (EZ-W), respectively, and then a series of index was detected. Results showed that all the extracts had medium DPPH radical scavenging activity when the concentration was 200 μg/ml and their DPPH radical scavenging activity was in a concentration-dependent manner. The extracts except ethanol extract of C. Phaeocaulis had almost no cytotoxicity to the survival of RAW264.7 cell when the concentration reached 80 μg/ml, and all of them had medium inhibitory effect on nitrite release. Extracts of C. Phaeocaulis had medium intensity antitumor activity, EZ-PE and EZ-EA fractions significantly inhibited the proliferation of four tumor cells (SMMC-7721 cell lines, HepG-2 cell lines, A549 cell lines and Hela cell lines). C. Phaeocaulis had antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which did not carry out centralized phenomenon when re-extracted. EZ-PE and EZ-EA were active antitumor sites of C. Phaeocaulis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Hou
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Chuan-Li Lu
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- The Second Institute of Clinical Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qiao-Hui Zeng
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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28
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A structured proteomic approach identifies 14-3-3Sigma as a novel and reliable protein biomarker in panel based differential diagnostics of liver tumors. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:641-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Chen J, Zhou M, Zhang Q, Xu J, Ouyang J. Gambogic acid induces death of K562 cells through autophagy and apoptosis mechanisms. Leuk Lymphoma 2015; 56:2953-8. [PMID: 25699654 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2015.1018251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This study was aimed to detect the effects of gambogic acid (GA) on the growth of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) K562 cells. Our results showed that GA induced the accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and up-regulation of two autophagy-related proteins (Beclin 1 and LC3). GA also induced down-regulation of mRNA levels of BCR-ABL fusion gene and SQSTM1/sequestosome 1 (p62) protein levels. After treatment by chloroquine (CQ) and pan caspase inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK (PC), both GA-induced autophagy and apoptosis were inhibited. Our study demonstrates that GA may induce cell death through autophagy and apoptosis pathways in CML K562 cells. A cross-talk mechanism exists between GA-induced autophagy and apoptosis. However, the mechanism of GA for inducing autophagy and apoptosis need further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Chen
- a Department of Hematology , Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Min Zhou
- a Department of Hematology , Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Qian Zhang
- a Department of Hematology , Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Jingyan Xu
- a Department of Hematology , Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- a Department of Hematology , Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School , Nanjing, Jiangsu , China
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30
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Oh S, Han AR, Park HR, Jang EJ, Kim HK, Jeong MG, Song H, Park GH, Seo EK, Hwang ES. Suppression of Inflammatory cytokine production by ar-Turmerone isolated from Curcuma phaeocaulis. Chem Biodivers 2015; 11:1034-41. [PMID: 25044589 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201300397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Rhizomes of Curcuma phaeocaulis Valeton (Zingiberaceae) have traditionally been used for controlling inflammatory conditions. Numerous studies have aimed to isolate and characterize the bioactive constituents of C. phaeocaulis. It has been reported that its anti-inflammatory properties are a result of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition; however, its effect on the T-cell function remains to be elucidated. In this study, four known sesquiterpenoids, viz., ar-turmerone (TM), germacrone (GM), (+)-(4S,5S)-germacrone-4,5-epoxide (GE), and curzerenone (CZ), were isolated from C. phaeocaulis rhizomes and evaluated for their effects on the CD4(+) T-cell function. While GM, GE, and CZ had no effect on the activation of splenic T cells or CD4(+) T cells, TM suppressed the interferon (IFN)-γ production, without affecting the interleukin (IL)-4 expression. TM also decreased the expression of IL-2 in CD4(+) T cells, but did not change their cell-division rates upon stimulation. These results suggest that TM, a major constituent of C. phaeocaulis rhizomes selectively exerts potent anti-inflammatory effects via suppression of the inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sera Oh
- College of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global Top 5 Research Program, Ewha Womans University, 52 Ewhayeodae-gil, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-750, Korea, (phone: +82-2-32774369 (E. S. H.), 3047 (E. K. S.); fax: +82-2-32773760 (E. S. H.), 3051 (E. K. S.))
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31
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Xu P, Wang R, Li J, Ouyang J, Chen B. PEG–PLGA–PLL nanoparticles in combination with gambogic acid for reversing multidrug resistance of K562/A02 cells to daunorubicin. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra10603f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present chemotherapy in malignancy treatment, including leukaemia, is plagued by one main problem: multidrug resistance (MDR) which is often related to excessive expression of adenosine triphosphate-dependent efflux pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xu
- Department of Hematology
- The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School
- Nanjing 210008
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ruju Wang
- Medical School
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210009
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Hematology
- The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School
- Nanjing 210008
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Department of Hematology
- The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School
- Nanjing 210008
- People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Hematology
- The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School
- Nanjing 210008
- People's Republic of China
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32
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Yin D, Yang Y, Cai H, Wang F, Peng D, He L. Gambogic Acid-Loaded Electrosprayed Particles for Site-Specific Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:4107-17. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500214a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Yin
- School
of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R&D of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Ye Yang
- School
of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Key
Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R&D of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Hanxu Cai
- School
of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Fei Wang
- School
of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Daiyin Peng
- School
of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of R&D of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Liqing He
- School
of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
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Wang Y, Xiang W, Wang M, Huang T, Xiao X, Wang L, Tao D, Dong L, Zeng F, Jiang G. Methyl jasmonate sensitizes human bladder cancer cells to gambogic acid-induced apoptosis through down-regulation of EZH2 expression by miR-101. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:618-35. [PMID: 24490857 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Gambogic acid (GA) and methyl jasmonate (MJ) are increasingly being recognized as novel natural anticancer compounds. Here, we investigated the antitumour effects of GA in combination with MJ on human bladder cancer cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell viability was detected by cell counting kit-8 assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by Hoechst 33258 staining and flow cytometry. Protein levels were determined by immunoblotting and expressions of mRNA and miRNAs by RT-PCR. Differential expressions of a group of downstream genes were identified using microarray analysis. KEY RESULTS MJ significantly sensitized bladder cancer cells to GA-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis while sparing normal fibroblasts. MJ enhanced GA-induced activation of caspase-3 and caspase-9, and down-regulated the expression of XIAP. Furthermore, treatment of bladder cancer cells with a combination of GA and MJ induced synergistic inhibition of the enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) expression, whereas miR-101 expression was up-regulated. Conversely, knockdown of miR-101 restored this decreased expression of EZH2 and suppressed the inhibitory effect of GA and MJ on the growth of bladder cancer cells. Microarray analysis showed that genes closely associated with bladder cancer development were significantly down-regulated by GA and MJ. In a s.c. xenograft mouse model of human bladder carcinoma, the combination of GA and MJ exerted an increased antitumour effect compared with GA alone. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS MJ sensitizes bladder cancer cells to GA-induced apoptosis by down-regulating the expression of EZH2 induced by miR-101. Thus, the combination of selective anti-cancer agents MJ and GA could provide a novel strategy for treating human bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China
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Lao Y, Wang X, Xu N, Zhang H, Xu H. Application of proteomics to determine the mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine remedies. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:1-8. [PMID: 24862488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The rationale for using traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is based on the experience that has been gained from its wide use over thousands of years. However, the mechanisms of action of many TCM are still unclear. Proteomics, which mainly characterizes protein functions, protein-protein interactions, and protein modification in tissues or animals, can be used to investigate signaling pathway perturbations in cells or the whole body. Proteomics has improved the discovery process of effective TCM compounds, and has helped to elucidate their possible mechanisms of action. Therefore, a systematic review of the application of proteomics on TCM research is of great importance and necessity. This review strives to describe the literature on the application of proteomics to elucidate the mechanism of action of TCM on various diseases, and provide the essential discussion on the further utilization of proteomics data to accelerate TCM research. MATERIALS AND METHODS Literature survey was performed via electronic search on Pubmed with keywords 'Proteomics' and 'Traditional Chinese Medicine'. The papers written in English were acquired and analyzed in this review. RESULTS This review mainly summarizes the application of proteomics to investigate TCM remedies for neuronal disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and immunology-related disease. CONCLUSIONS Researchers have applied proteomics to study the mechanism of action of TCM and made substantial progresses. Further studies are required to determine the protein targets of the active compounds, analyze the mechanism of actions in patients, compare the clinical effects with western medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhi Lao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Naihan Xu
- Key Lab in Healthy Science and Technology, Division of Life Science, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Hongmei Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, PR China; Engineering Research Center of Shanghai Colleges for TCM New Drug Discovery, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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35
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Kapoor S. Gambogic Acid and Inhibition of Tumor Growth: A Close Association. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2014; 29:265. [DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2012.1432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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36
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Pandey MK, Kale VP, Song C, Sung SS, Sharma AK, Talamo G, Dovat S, Amin SG. Gambogic acid inhibits multiple myeloma mediated osteoclastogenesis through suppression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 signaling pathways. Exp Hematol 2014; 42:883-96. [PMID: 25034231 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2014.07.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bone disease, characterized by the presence of lytic lesions and osteoporosis is the hallmark of multiple myeloma (MM). Stromal cell-derived factor 1α (SDF-1α) and its receptor, CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4), has been implicated as a regulator of bone resorption, suggesting that agents that can suppress SDF1α/CXCR4 signaling might inhibit osteoclastogenesis, a process closely linked to bone resorption. We, therefore, investigated whether gambogic acid (GA), a xanthone, could inhibit CXCR4 signaling and suppress osteoclastogenesis induced by MM cells. Through docking studies we predicted that GA directly interacts with CXCR4. This xanthone down-regulates the expression of CXCR4 on MM cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The down-regulation of CXCR4 was not due to proteolytic degradation, but rather GA suppresses CXCR4 mRNA expression by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) DNA binding. This was further confirmed by quantitative chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, as GA inhibits p65 binding at the CXCR4 promoter. GA suppressed SDF-1α-induced chemotaxis of MM cells and downstream signaling of CXCR4 by inhibiting phosphorylation of Akt, p38, and Erk1/2 in MM cells. GA abrogated the RANKL-induced differentiation of macrophages to osteoclasts in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In addition, we found that MM cells induced differentiation of macrophages to osteoclasts, and that GA suppressed this process. Importantly, suppression of osteoclastogenesis by GA was mediated through IL-6 inhibition. Overall, our results show that GA is a novel inhibitor of CXCR4 expression and has a strong potential to suppress osteoclastogenesis mediated by MM cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Pandey
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA.
| | - Vijay P Kale
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Chunhua Song
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Shen-shu Sung
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Arun K Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Giampaolo Talamo
- Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Sinisa Dovat
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
| | - Shantu G Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA
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Screening and functional analysis of the peroxiredoxin specifically expressed in Bursaphelenchus xylophilus--the causative agent of pine wilt disease. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:10215-32. [PMID: 24918285 PMCID: PMC4100149 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150610215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pine wood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causal agent of pine wilt disease. Accurately differentiating B. xylophilus from other nematodes species, especially its related species B. mucronatus, is important for pine wood nematode detection. Thus, we attempted to identify a specific protein in the pine wood nematode using proteomics technology. Here, we compared the proteomes of B. xylophilus and B. mucronatus using Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF-MS) technologies. In total, 15 highly expressed proteins were identified in B. xylophilus compared with B. mucronatus. Subsequently, the specificity of the proteins identified was confirmed by PCR using the genomic DNA of other nematode species. Finally, a gene encoding a specific protein (Bx-Prx) was obtained. This gene was cloned and expressed in E. coli. The in situ hybridisation pattern of Bx-Prx showed that it was expressed strongly in the tail of B. xylophilus. RNAi was used to assess the function of Bx-Prx, the results indicated that the gene was associated with the reproduction and pathogenicity of B. xylophilus. This discovery provides fundamental information for identifying B. xylophilus via a molecular approach. Moreover, the purified recombinant protein has potential as a candidate diagnostic antigen of pine wilt disease, which may lead to a new immunological detection method for the pine wood nematode.
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38
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Zheng W, Li Z, Nguyen AT, Li C, Emelyanov A, Gong Z. Xmrk, kras and myc transgenic zebrafish liver cancer models share molecular signatures with subsets of human hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91179. [PMID: 24633177 PMCID: PMC3954698 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously three oncogene transgenic zebrafish lines with inducible expression of xmrk, kras or Myc in the liver have been generated and these transgenic lines develop oncogene-addicted liver tumors upon chemical induction. In the current study, comparative transcriptomic approaches were used to examine the correlation of the three induced transgenic liver cancers with human liver cancers. RNA profiles from the three zebrafish tumors indicated relatively small overlaps of significantly deregulated genes and biological pathways. Nevertheless, the three transgenic tumor signatures all showed significant correlation with advanced or very advanced human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Interestingly, molecular signature from each oncogene-induced zebrafish liver tumor correlated with only a small subset of human HCC samples (24–29%) and there were conserved up-regulated pathways between the zebrafish and correlated human HCC subgroup. The three zebrafish liver cancer models together represented nearly half (47.2%) of human HCCs while some human HCCs showed significant correlation with more than one signature defined from the three oncogene-addicted zebrafish tumors. In contrast, commonly deregulated genes (21 up and 16 down) in the three zebrafish tumor models generally showed accordant deregulation in the majority of human HCCs, suggesting that these genes might be more consistently deregulated in a broad range of human HCCs with different molecular mechanisms and thus serve as common diagnosis markers and therapeutic targets. Thus, these transgenic zebrafish models with well-defined oncogene-induced tumors are valuable tools for molecular classification of human HCCs and for understanding of molecular drivers in hepatocarcinogenesis in each human HCC subgroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiling Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhen Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anh Tuan Nguyen
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Caixia Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Liu Y, Guo M. Chemical proteomic strategies for the discovery and development of anticancer drugs. Proteomics 2014; 14:399-411. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201300261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture; Wuhan Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan P. R. China
| | - Mingquan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Plant Germplasm Enhancement and Specialty Agriculture; Wuhan Botanical Garden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Wuhan P. R. China
- The Keck School of Medicine; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA USA
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Gong S, Tao Z, Liu X, Gan L. An underlying prognosis predictor of hepatocellular carcinoma: Oncoprotein 18. Biomed Rep 2013; 2:85-88. [PMID: 24649074 DOI: 10.3892/br.2013.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have reported the association between the expression of oncoprotein 18 (op18) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, any underlying mechanistic connection between op18 expression and hepatocarcinogenesis is poorly understood. In the present study, Flag-pcDNA3.1 vector and Flag-pcDNA3.1-op18 plasmid were stably transfected in SMMC7721 cells, respectively. Stable SMMC7721 control and op18 overexpression SMMC7721 cell lines were constructed and identified by western blot analysis. Using a cell counting kit-8 (CCK8), it was shown that cell proliferation was significantly increased in the op18 overexpression SMMC7721 cell group (0.60±0.05), compared with the control group (0.29±0.03) at an absorbance of 450 nm (P<0.01). Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell apoptosis by FITC-Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) apoptosis assay kit. The results demonstrated that the percentage of apoptotic cells was inhibited to 5.80±0.33% in the op18 overexpression group, compared with 11.79±1.09% in the control group. Using FACS, single cell analysis data showed that op18 overexpression induced cell cycle arrest by inhibiting progression from G2 to M phase. The results suggest that op18 expression is closely associated with SMMC7721 cell proliferation and apoptosis, which appears to be a potential predictor of prognosis in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Gong
- Research Centre for Preclinical Medicine, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Zhonghua Tao
- Research Centre for Preclinical Medicine, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Research Centre for Preclinical Medicine, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
| | - Lin Gan
- Research Centre for Preclinical Medicine, Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, P.R. China
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Zhang X, Li X, Sun H, Wang X, Zhao L, Gao Y, Liu X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Yang Y, Zeng S, Guo Q, You Q. Garcinia xanthones as orally active antitumor agents. J Med Chem 2012; 56:276-92. [PMID: 23167526 DOI: 10.1021/jm301593r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Using a newly developed strategy whose key step is the regioselective propargylation of hydroxyxanthone substrates, 99 structurally diverse Garcinia natural-product-like xanthones based on gambogic acid were designed and synthesized and their in vitro antitumor activity was evaluated. A set of 40 related compounds was chosen for determination of their physicochemical properties including polar surface area, log D₇.₄, aqueous solubility, and permeability at pH 7.4. In the light of the in vitro antitumor activity and the physicochemical properties, two compounds were advanced into in vivo efficacy experiments. The antitumor activity of compound 112, administered po, showed more potent in vivo oral antitumor activity than gambogic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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Fu WM, Zhang JF, Wang H, Tan HS, Wang WM, Chen SC, Zhu X, Chan TM, Tse CM, Leung KS, Lu G, Xu HX, Kung HF. Apoptosis induced by 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone in Hepatocellular carcinoma and proteomic analysis. Apoptosis 2012; 17:842-51. [PMID: 22610480 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0729-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Gamboge is a traditional Chinese medicine and our previous study showed that gambogic acid and gambogenic acid suppress the proliferation of HCC cells. In the present study, another active component, 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone (TTA), was identified to effectively suppress HCC cell growth. In addition, our Hoechst-PI staining and flow cytometry analyses indicated that TTA induced apoptosis in HCC cells. In order to identify the targets of TTA in HCC cells, a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was performed, and proteins in different expressions were identified by MALDA-TOF MS and MS/MS analyses. In summary, eighteen proteins with different expressions were identified in which twelve were up-regulated and six were down-regulated. Among them, the four most distinctively expressed proteins were further studied and validated by western blotting. The β-tubulin and translationally controlled tumor protein were decreased while the 14-3-3σ and P16 protein expressions were up-regulated. In addition, TTA suppressed tumorigenesis partially through P16-pRb signaling. 14-3-3σ silence reversed the suppressive effect of cell growth and apoptosis induced by introducing TTA. In conclusion, TTA effectively suppressed cell growth through, at least partially, up-regulation of P16 and 14-3-3σ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-ming Fu
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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He D, Ding L, Xu H, Lei X, Xiao H, Zhou Y. Gymnothelignans A–O: Conformation and Absolute Configuration Analyses of Lignans Bearing Tetrahydrofuran from Gymnotheca chinensis. J Org Chem 2012; 77:8435-43. [DOI: 10.1021/jo301225v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dahai He
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological
Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Lisheng Ding
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological
Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Hongxi Xu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Xinxiang Lei
- Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Hongping Xiao
- Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological
Restoration and Bioresource Utilization, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, People’s
Republic of China
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Gan L, Duan CG, Gong S, Guo K, Shu H, Liu YK. Role of Oncoprotein 18 in metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:2151-2156. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i23.2151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To explore the role of Oncoprotein 18 (Op18) in metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
METHODS: Op18 expression was repressed in HCCLM3 cells by RNA interference, and interference effect was evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blot. Cell adhesion, migration and invasion were analyzed by cell adhesion assay and Transwell assay in vitro. Op18 expression was detected by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry in 96 HCC specimens with or without metastasis.
RESULTS: Op18 expression was effectively inhibited by RNA interference in HCCLM3 cells. Cell adhesion was significantly suppressed in the RNAi group compared to the mock group (20 min: 0.616 ± 0.057 vs 0.944 ± 0.068; 40 min: 0.740 ± 0.0713 vs 1.196 ± 0.115; 60 min: 1.001 ± 0.083 vs 1.441 ± 0.053; all P < 0.05). Transwell assay revealed that cell migration and invasion decreased in the RNAi group compared to the mock group (migration: 0.145 ± 0.011 vs 0.206 ± 0.008; invasion: 0.127 ± 0.008 vs 0.168 ± 0.012; both P < 0.01). Op18 expression was detected in 96 HCC tissues with or without metastasis. RT-PCR demonstrated that Op18 was overexpressed in HCC tissues with metastasis (n = 48) compared with HCC tissues without metastasis (n = 48, Op18/GAPDH relative ratio: 0.560 ± 0.128 vs 0.414 ± 0.086); and IHC results also indicated that Op18 expression was up-regulated in HCC tissues with metastasis in comparison with HCC tissues without metastasis (integrated density: 624.771 ± 100.032 vs 413.786 ± 71.833, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: Overexpression of Op18 may play an important role in HCC metastasis.
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Guizzunti G, Batova A, Chantarasriwong O, Dakanali M, Theodorakis EA. Subcellular localization and activity of gambogic acid. Chembiochem 2012; 13:1191-8. [PMID: 22532297 PMCID: PMC3359389 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201200065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The natural product gambogic acid (GA) has shown significant potential as an anticancer agent as it is able to induce apoptosis in multiple tumor cell lines, including multidrug-resistant cell lines, as well as displaying antitumor activity in animal models. Despite the fact that GA has entered phase I clinical trials, the primary cellular target and mode of action of this compound remain unclear, although many proteins have been shown to be affected by it. By thorough analysis of several cellular organelles, at both the morphological and functional levels, we demonstrate that the primary effect of GA is at the mitochondria. We found that GA induces mitochondrial damage within minutes of incubation at low-micromolar concentrations. Moreover, a fluorescent derivative of GA was able to localize specifically to the mitochondria and was displaced from these organelles after competition with unlabeled GA. These findings indicate that GA directly targets the mitochondria to induce the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, and thus represents a new member of the mitocans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianni Guizzunti
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Membrane Traffic and Pathogenesis Unit, Pasteur Institute, Paris, France
| | - Ayse Batova
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
| | - Oraphin Chantarasriwong
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangmod, Thungkru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Marianna Dakanali
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358 (USA), Fax: (+) 858-822-0456, Homepage: http://theodorakisgroup.ucsd.edu/
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Kang W, Tong JHM, Chan AWH, Lung RWM, Chau SL, Wong QWL, Wong N, Yu J, Cheng ASL, To KF. Stathmin1 plays oncogenic role and is a target of microRNA-223 in gastric cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33919. [PMID: 22470493 PMCID: PMC3314670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stathmin1 (STMN1) is a candidate oncoprotein and prognosis marker in several kinds of cancers. This study was aimed to analyze its expression and biological functions in gastric cancer. The expression of STMN1 was evaluated by qRT-PCR, western blot and immunohistochemistry. The biological function of STMN1 was determined by MTT proliferation assays, monolayer colony formation and cell invasion assays using small interference RNA technique in gastric cancer cell lines. We also explored the regulation of STMN1 expression by microRNA-223. STMN1 was upregulated in gastric cancer cell lines and primary gastric adenocarcinomas. STMN1-positive tumors were more likely to be found in old age group and associated with p53 nuclear expression. In diffuse type gastric adenocarcinomas, STMN1 expression was correlated with age (p = 0.043), T stage (p = 0.004) and lymph node metastasis (p = 0.046). Expression of STMN1 in diffuse type gastric adenocarcinoma was associated with poor disease specific survival by univariate analysis (p = 0.01). STMN1 knockdown in AGS and MKN7 cell lines suppressed proliferation (p<0.001), reduced monolayer colony formation (p<0.001), inhibited cell invasion and migration ability (p<0.001) and induced G1 phase arrest. siSTMN1 could also suppress cell growth in vivo (p<0. 01). We finally confirmed that STMN1 is a putative downstream target of miR-223 in gastric cancer. Our findings supported an oncogenic role of STMN1 in gastric cancer. STMN1 might serve as a prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Sir Y.K. Pao Center for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joanna H. M. Tong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Sir Y.K. Pao Center for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anthony W. H. Chan
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Sir Y.K. Pao Center for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond W. M. Lung
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Sir Y.K. Pao Center for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuk Ling Chau
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Sir Y.K. Pao Center for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Queenie W. L. Wong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Sir Y.K. Pao Center for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nathalie Wong
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Sir Y.K. Pao Center for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Alfred S. L. Cheng
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China, Sir Y.K. Pao Center for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Institute of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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Yu XJ, Han QB, Wen ZS, Ma L, Gao J, Zhou GB. Gambogenic acid induces G1 arrest via GSK3β-dependent cyclin D1 degradation and triggers autophagy in lung cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 322:185-94. [PMID: 22410463 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyclin D1, an oncogenic G1 cyclin which can be induced by environmental carcinogens and whose over-expression may cause dysplasia and carcinoma, has been shown to be a target for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. In this study, we investigated the effects and underlying mechanisms of action of a polyprenylated xanthone, gambogenic acid (GEA) on gefitinib-sensitive and -resistant lung cancer cells. We found that GEA inhibited proliferation, caused G1 arrest and repressed colony-forming activity of lung cancer cells. GEA induced degradation of cyclin D1 via the proteasome pathway, and triggered dephosphorylation of GSK3β which was required for cyclin D1 turnover, because GSK3β inactivation by its inhibitor or specific siRNA markedly attenuated GEA-caused cyclin D1 catabolism. GEA induced autophagy of lung cancer cells, possibly due to activation of GSK3β and inactivation of AKT/mTOR signal pathway. These results indicate that GEA is a cyclin D1 inhibitor and a GSK3β activator which may have chemopreventive and therapeutic potential for lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Jun Yu
- Division of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy for Cancer, State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sun H, Chen F, Wang X, Liu Z, Yang Q, Zhang X, Zhu J, Qiang L, Guo Q, You Q. Studies on gambogic acid (IV): Exploring structure-activity relationship with IκB kinase-beta (IKKβ). Eur J Med Chem 2012; 51:110-23. [PMID: 22472167 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 02/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Previously we have reported a series of gambogic acid's analogs and have identified a compound that possessed comparable in vitro growth inhibitory effect as gambogic acid. However, their target protein as well as the key pharmacophoric motifs on the target have not been identified yet. Herein we report that gambogic acid and its analogs inhibit the activity of IκB Kinase-beta (IKKβ) through suppressing the activation of TNFα/NF-κB pathway, which in turn induces A549 and U251 cell apoptosis. IKKβ can serve as one of gambogic acid's targets. The preparation of the compounds was carefully discussed in the article. Caged 4-oxa-tricyclo[4.3.1.0(3,7)]dec-2-one xanthone, which was identified as the pharmacophoric scaffold, represents a promising therapeutic agent for cancer and useful probe against NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, China
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Man S, Gao W, Wei C, Liu C. Anticancer drugs from traditional toxic Chinese medicines. Phytother Res 2012; 26:1449-65. [PMID: 22389143 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many anticancer drugs are obtained from natural sources. Nature produces a variety of toxic compounds, which are often used as anticancer drugs. Up to now, there are at least 120 species of poisonous botanicals, animals and minerals, of which more than half have been found to possess significant anticancer properties. In spite of their clinical toxicity, they exhibit pharmacological effects and have been used as important traditional Chinese medicines for the different stages of cancer. The article reviews many structures such as alkaloids of Camptotheca acuminata, Catharanthus roseus and Cephalotaxus fortunei, lignans of Dysosma versipellis and Podophyllum emodi, ketones of Garcinia hanburyi, terpenoids of Mylabris and Ginkgo biloba, diterpenoids of Tripterygium wilfordii, Euphorbia fischeriana, Euphorbia lathyris, Euphorbia kansui, Daphne genkwa, Pseudolarix kaempferi and Brucea javanica, triterpenoids of Melia toosendan, steroids of Periploca sepium, Paris polyphylla and Venenum Bufonis, and arsenic compounds including Arsenicum and Realgar. By comparing their related phytochemistry, toxic effects and the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of action, this review puts forward some ideals and examples about how to increase antitumour activity and/or reduce the side effects experienced with Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Man
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, (Tianjin University of Science and Technology), Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300457, PR China
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50
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Yap WH, Khoo KS, Lim SH, Yeo CC, Lim YM. Proteomic analysis of the molecular response of Raji cells to maslinic acid treatment. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:183-191. [PMID: 21893403 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.08.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Revised: 06/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Maslinic acid, a natural pentacyclic triterpene has been shown to inhibit growth and induce apoptosis in some tumour cell lines. We studied the molecular response of Raji cells towards maslinic acid treatment. A proteomics approach was employed to identify the target proteins. Seventeen differentially expressed proteins including those involved in DNA replication, microtubule filament assembly, nucleo-cytoplasmic trafficking, cell signaling, energy metabolism and cytoskeletal organization were identified by MALDI TOF-TOF MS. The down-regulation of stathmin, Ran GTPase activating protein-1 (RanBP1), and microtubule associated protein RP/EB family member 1 (EB1) were confirmed by Western blotting. The study of the effect of maslinic acid on Raji cell cycle regulation showed that it induced a G1 cell cycle arrest. The differential proteomic changes in maslinic acid-treated Raji cells demonstrated that it also inhibited expression of dUTPase and stathmin which are known to induce early S and G2 cell cycle arrests. The mechanism of maslinic acid-induced cell cycle arrest may be mediated by inhibiting cyclin D1 expression and enhancing the levels of cell cycle-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21 protein. Maslinic acid suppressed nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity which is known to stimulate expression of anti-apoptotic and cell cycle regulatory gene products. These results suggest that maslinic acid affects multiple signaling molecules and inhibits fundamental pathways regulating cell growth and survival in Raji cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- W H Yap
- Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Bandar Barat, Kampar, Perak, Malaysia
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