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Stevenson J, Barrow-McGee R, Yu L, Paul A, Mansfield D, Owen J, Woodman N, Natrajan R, Haider S, Gillett C, Tutt A, Pinder SE, Choudary J, Naidoo K. Proteomics of REPLICANT perfusate detects changes in the metastatic lymph node microenvironment. NPJ Breast Cancer 2021; 7:24. [PMID: 33674617 PMCID: PMC7935848 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-021-00227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In breast cancer (BC), detecting low volumes of axillary lymph node (ALN) metastasis pre-operatively is difficult and novel biomarkers are needed. We recently showed that patient-derived ALNs can be sustained ex-vivo using normothermic perfusion. We now compare reactive (tumour-free; n = 5) and macrometastatic (containing tumour deposits >2 mm; n = 4) ALNs by combining whole section multiplex immunofluorescence with TMT-labelled LC-MS/MS of the circulating perfusate. Macrometastases contained significantly fewer B cells and T cells (CD4+/CD8+/regulatory) than reactive nodes (p = 0.02). Similarly, pathway analysis of the perfusate proteome (119/1453 proteins significantly differentially expressed) showed that immune function was diminished in macrometastases in favour of ‘extracellular matrix degradation’; only ‘neutrophil degranulation’ was preserved. Qualitative comparison of the perfusate proteome to that of node-positive pancreatic and prostatic adenocarcinoma also highlighted ‘neutrophil degranulation’ as a contributing factor to nodal metastasis. Thus, metastasis-induced changes in the REPLICANT perfusate proteome are detectable, and could facilitate biomarker discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Stevenson
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Rachel Barrow-McGee
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Lu Yu
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Angela Paul
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - David Mansfield
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Julie Owen
- King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, Guy's Comprehensive Cancer Centre, London, UK
| | - Natalie Woodman
- King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, Guy's Comprehensive Cancer Centre, London, UK
| | - Rachael Natrajan
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Syed Haider
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Cheryl Gillett
- King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, Guy's Comprehensive Cancer Centre, London, UK
| | - Andrew Tutt
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Sarah E Pinder
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Comprehensive Cancer Centre, London, UK
| | - Jyoti Choudary
- Division of Cancer Biology, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Kalnisha Naidoo
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. .,Department of Cellular Pathology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London, UK.
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2
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Krøigård AB, Larsen MJ, Thomassen M, Kruse TA. Molecular Concordance Between Primary Breast Cancer and Matched Metastases. Breast J 2016; 22:420-30. [PMID: 27089067 DOI: 10.1111/tbj.12596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clinical management of breast cancer is increasingly personalized and based on molecular profiling. Often, primary tumors are used as proxies for systemic disease at the time of recurrence. However, recent studies have revealed substantial discordances between primary tumors and metastases, both with respect to traditional clinical treatment targets and on the genomic and transcriptomic level. With the increasing use of molecularly targeted therapy, discordance of actionable molecular targets between primary tumors and recurrences can result in nonoptimal treatment or unnecessary side effects. The purpose of this review is to illuminate the extent of cancer genome evolution through disease progression and the degree of molecular concordance between primary breast cancers and matched metastases. We present an overview of the most prominent studies investigating the expression of endocrine receptors, transcriptomics, and genome aberrations in primary tumors and metastases. In conclusion, biopsy of metastatic lesions at recurrence of breast cancer is encouraged to provide optimal treatment of the disease. Furthermore, molecular profiling of metastatic tissue provides invaluable mechanistic insight into the biology underlying metastatic progression and has the potential to identify novel, potentially druggable, drivers of progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bruun Krøigård
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Martin Jakob Larsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
| | - Torben A Kruse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, Odense C, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense C, Denmark
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3
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Krøigård AB, Larsen MJ, Lænkholm AV, Knoop AS, Jensen JD, Bak M, Mollenhauer J, Kruse TA, Thomassen M. Clonal expansion and linear genome evolution through breast cancer progression from pre-invasive stages to asynchronous metastasis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5634-49. [PMID: 25730902 PMCID: PMC4467391 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution of the breast cancer genome from pre-invasive stages to asynchronous metastasis is complex and mostly unexplored, but highly demanded as it may provide novel markers for and mechanistic insights in cancer progression. The increasing use of personalized therapy of breast cancer necessitates knowledge of the degree of genomic concordance between different steps of malignant progression as primary tumors often are used as surrogates of systemic disease. Based on exome sequencing we performed copy number profiling and point mutation detection on successive steps of breast cancer progression from one breast cancer patient, including two different regions of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS), primary tumor and an asynchronous metastasis. We identify a remarkable landscape of somatic mutations, retained throughout breast cancer progression and with new mutational events emerging at each step. Our data, contrary to the proposed model of early dissemination of metastatic cells and parallel progression of primary tumors and metastases, provide evidence of linear progression of breast cancer with relatively late dissemination from the primary tumor. The genomic discordance between the different stages of tumor evolution in this patient emphasizes the importance of molecular profiling of metastatic tissue directing molecularly targeted therapy at recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bruun Krøigård
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Martin Jakob Larsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | | | - Ann S Knoop
- Department of Oncology, Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanette D Jensen
- Department of Oncology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Martin Bak
- Department of Pathology, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Jan Mollenhauer
- Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.,Molecular Oncology Group, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Torben A Kruse
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.,Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Mads Thomassen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Odense University Hospital, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.,Human Genetics, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.,Lundbeckfonden Center of Excellence NanoCAN, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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4
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Kurbasic E, Sjöström M, Krogh M, Folkesson E, Grabau D, Hansson K, Rydén L, Waldemarson S, James P, Niméus E. Changes in glycoprotein expression between primary breast tumour and synchronous lymph node metastases or asynchronous distant metastases. Clin Proteomics 2015; 12:13. [PMID: 25991917 PMCID: PMC4436114 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-015-9084-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is a very heterogeneous disease and some patients are cured by the surgical removal of the primary tumour whilst other patients suffer from metastasis and spreading of the disease, despite adjuvant therapy. A number of prognostic and treatment predictive factors have been identified such as tumour size, oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PgR) receptor status, human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2) status, histological grade, Ki67 and age. Lymph node involvement is also assessed during surgery to determine if the tumour has spread which requires dissection of the axilla and adjuvant treatment. The prognostic and treatment predictive factors assessing the nature of the tumour are all routinely based on the status of the primary tumour. Results We have analysed a unique tumour set of fourteen primary breast cancer tumours with matched synchronous axillary lymph node metastases and a set of nine primary tumours with, later developed, matched distant metastases from different sites in the body. We used a pairwise tumour analysis (from the same individual) since the difference between the same tumour-type in different patients was greater. Glycopeptide capture was used in this study to selectively isolate and quantify N-linked glycopeptides from tumours mixtures and the captured glycopeptides were subjected to label-free quantitative tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Differentially expressed proteins between primary tumours and matched lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis were identified. Two of the top hits, ATPIF1 and tubulin β-chain were validated by immunohistochemistry to be differentially regulated. Conclusions We show that the expression of a large number of glycosylated proteins change between primary tumours and matched lymph node metastases and distant metastases, confirming that cancer cells undergo a molecular transformation during the spread to a secondary site. The proteins are part of important pathways such as cell adhesion, migration pathways and immune response giving insight into molecular changes needed for the tumour to spread. The large difference between primary tumours and lymph node and distant metastases also suggest that treatment should be based on the phenotype of the lymph node and distant metastases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-015-9084-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emila Kurbasic
- Department of Immunotechnology, House 406, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Sjöström
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Morten Krogh
- Amber Biosciences AB, Skrivarevägen 9, SE-22657 Lund, Sweden
| | - Elin Folkesson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dorthe Grabau
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden ; Department of Pathology, Skåne University Hospital, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Hansson
- Department of Immunotechnology, House 406, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Lisa Rydén
- Department of Surgery, Clinical sciences, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden ; Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Sofia Waldemarson
- Department of Immunotechnology, House 406, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Peter James
- Department of Immunotechnology, House 406, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden
| | - Emma Niméus
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Medicon Village, SE-223 81 Lund, Sweden ; Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
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5
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Putluri N, Maity S, Kommagani R, Kommangani R, Creighton CJ, Putluri V, Chen F, Nanda S, Bhowmik SK, Terunuma A, Dorsey T, Nardone A, Fu X, Shaw C, Sarkar TR, Schiff R, Lydon JP, O'Malley BW, Ambs S, Das GM, Michailidis G, Sreekumar A. Pathway-centric integrative analysis identifies RRM2 as a prognostic marker in breast cancer associated with poor survival and tamoxifen resistance. Neoplasia 2015; 16:390-402. [PMID: 25016594 PMCID: PMC4198742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BCa) molecular subtypes include luminal A, luminal B, normal-like, HER-2-enriched, and basal-like tumors, among which luminal B and basal-like cancers are highly aggressive. Biochemical pathways associated with patient survival or treatment response in these more aggressive subtypes are not well understood. With the limited availability of pathologically verified clinical specimens, cell line models are routinely used for pathway-centric studies. We measured the metabolome of luminal and basal-like BCa cell lines using mass spectrometry, linked metabolites to biochemical pathways using Gene Set Analysis, and developed a novel rank-based method to select pathways on the basis of their enrichment in patient-derived omics data sets and prognostic relevance. Key mediators of the pathway were then characterized for their role in disease progression. Pyrimidine metabolism was altered in luminal versus basal BCa, whereas the combined expression of its associated genes or expression of one key gene, ribonucleotide reductase subunit M2 (RRM2) alone, associated significantly with decreased survival across all BCa subtypes, as well as in luminal patients resistant to tamoxifen. Increased RRM2 expression in tamoxifen-resistant patients was verified using tissue microarrays, whereas the metabolic products of RRM2 were higher in tamoxifen-resistant cells and in xenograft tumors. Both genetic and pharmacological inhibition of this key enzyme in tamoxifen-resistant cells significantly decreased proliferation, reduced expression of cell cycle genes, and sensitized the cells to tamoxifen treatment. Our study suggests for evaluating RRM2-associated metabolites as noninvasive markers for tamoxifen resistance and its pharmacological inhibition as a novel approach to overcome tamoxifen resistance in BCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Suman Maity
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Ramakrishna Kommagani
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Chad J Creighton
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vasanta Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Fengju Chen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarmishta Nanda
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Salil Kumar Bhowmik
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Atsushi Terunuma
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tiffany Dorsey
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Agostina Nardone
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Fu
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chad Shaw
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Tapasree Roy Sarkar
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Rachel Schiff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - John P Lydon
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Bert W O'Malley
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stefan Ambs
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gokul M Das
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | - Arun Sreekumar
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Alkek Center for Molecular Discovery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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6
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Torresan C, Oliveira MMC, Pereira SRF, Ribeiro EMSF, Marian C, Gusev Y, Lima RS, Urban CA, Berg PE, Haddad BR, Cavalli IJ, Cavalli LR. Increased copy number of the DLX4 homeobox gene in breast axillary lymph node metastasis. Cancer Genet 2014; 207:177-87. [PMID: 24947980 DOI: 10.1016/j.cancergen.2014.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
DLX4 is a homeobox gene strongly implicated in breast tumor progression and invasion. Our main objective was to determine the DLX4 copy number status in sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis to assess its involvement in the initial stages of the axillary metastatic process. A total of 37 paired samples of SLN metastasis and primary breast tumors (PBT) were evaluated by fluorescence in situ hybridization, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and array comparative genomic hybridization assays. DLX4 increased copy number was observed in 21.6% of the PBT and 24.3% of the SLN metastasis; regression analysis demonstrated that the DLX4 alterations observed in the SLN metastasis were dependent on the ones in the PBT, indicating that they occur in the primary tumor cell populations and are maintained in the early axillary metastatic site. In addition, regression analysis demonstrated that DLX4 alterations (and other DLX and HOXB family members) occurred independently of the ones in the HER2/NEU gene, the main amplification driver on the 17q region. Additional studies evaluating DLX4 copy number in non-SLN axillary lymph nodes and/or distant breast cancer metastasis are necessary to determine if these alterations are carried on and maintained during more advanced stages of tumor progression and if could be used as a predictive marker for axillary involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Torresan
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Silma R F Pereira
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luis, MA, Brazil
| | | | - Catalin Marian
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Yuriy Gusev
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rubens S Lima
- Breast Unit, Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Cicero A Urban
- Breast Unit, Hospital Nossa Senhora das Graças, Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Positivo University, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Patricia E Berg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bassem R Haddad
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Iglenir J Cavalli
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Luciane R Cavalli
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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7
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Gromov P, Moreira JMA, Gromova I. Proteomic analysis of tissue samples in translational breast cancer research. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 11:285-302. [DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2014.899469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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8
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Gao D, Li S. Biological resonance for cancer metastasis, a new hypothesis based on comparisons between primary cancers and metastases. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2013; 6:213-30. [PMID: 24214411 PMCID: PMC3855372 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-013-0138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many hypotheses have been proposed to try to explain cancer metastasis. However, they seem to be contradictory and have some limitations. Comparisons of primary tumors and matched metastases provide new insight into metastasis. The results show high concordances and minor differences at multiple scales from organic level to molecular level. The concordances reflect the commonality between primary cancer and metastasis, and also mean that metastatic cancer cells derived from primary cancer are quite conservative in distant sites. The differences reflect variation that cancer cells must acquire new traits to adapt to foreign milieu during the course of evolving into a new tumor in second organs. These comparisons also provided new information on understanding mechanism of vascular metastasis, organ-specific metastasis, and tumor dormancy. The collective results suggest a new hypothesis, biological resonance (bio-resonance) model. The hypothesis has two aspects. One is that primary cancer and matched metastasis have a common progenitor. The other is that both ancestors of primary cancer cells and metastatic cancer cells are under similar microenvironments and receive similar or same signals. When their interactions reach a status similar to primary cancer, metastasis will occur. Compared with previous hypotheses, the bio-resonance hypothesis seems to be more applicable for cancer metastasis to explain how, when and where metastasis occurs. Thus, it has important implications for individual prediction, prevention and treatment of cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwei Gao
- 536 Hospital of PLA, 29# Xiadu street, Xining, 810007, Qinghai Province, People's Republic of China,
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9
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Li J, Wang K, Gao F, Jensen TD, Li ST, DeAngelis PM, Kølvraa S, Proby C, Forslund O, Bolund L, Clausen OPF. Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization of Keratoacanthomas and Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Different Patterns of Genetic Aberrations Suggest Two Distinct Entities. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:2060-6. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Dumont B, Castronovo V, Peulen O, Blétard N, Clézardin P, Delvenne P, De Pauw EA, Turtoi A, Bellahcène A. Differential proteomic analysis of a human breast tumor and its matched bone metastasis identifies cell membrane and extracellular proteins associated with bone metastasis. J Proteome Res 2012; 11:2247-60. [PMID: 22356681 DOI: 10.1021/pr201022n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The classical fate of metastasizing breast cancer cells is to seed and form secondary colonies in bones. The molecules closely associated with these processes are predominantly present at the cell surface and in the extracellular space, establishing the first contacts with the target tissue. In this study, we had the rare opportunity to analyze a bone metastatic lesion and its corresponding breast primary tumor obtained simultaneously from the same patient. Using mass spectrometry, we undertook a proteomic study on cell surface and extracellular protein-enriched material. We provide a repertoire of significantly modulated proteins, some with yet unknown roles in the bone metastatic process as well as proteins notably involved in cancer cell invasiveness and in bone metabolism. The comparison of these clinical data with those previously obtained using a human osteotropic breast cancer cell line highlighted an overlapping group of proteins. Certain differentially expressed proteins are validated in the present study using immunohistochemistry on a retrospective collection of breast tumors and matched bone metastases. Our exclusive set of selected proteins supports the setup of further investigations on both clinical samples and experimental bone metastasis models that will help to reveal the finely coordinated expression of proteins that favor the development of metastases in the bone microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Dumont
- Metastasis Research Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Liège, Bat. B23, CHU Sart Tilman Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
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11
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Genomic analysis: Toward a new approach in breast cancer management. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2012; 81:207-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2011.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2010] [Revised: 02/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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12
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Tumor heterogeneity in neoplasms of breast, colon, and skin. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:321. [PMID: 21108813 PMCID: PMC3002363 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different cell subpopulations in a single tumor may show diverse capacities for growth, differentiation, metastasis formation, and sensitivity to treatments. Thus, heterogeneity is an important feature of tumors. However, due to limitations in experimental and analytical techniques, tumor heterogeneity has rarely been studied in detail. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS Different tumor types have different heterogeneity patterns, thus heterogeneity could be a characteristic feature of a particular tumor type. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS We applied our previously published mathematical heterogeneity model to decipher tumor heterogeneity through the analysis of genetic copy number aberrations revealed by array CGH data for tumors of three different tissues: breast, colon, and skin. The model estimates the number of subpopulations present in each tumor. The analysis confirms that different tumor types have different heterogeneity patterns. Computationally derived genomic copy number profiles from each subpopulation have also been analyzed and discussed with reference to the multiple hypothetical relationships between subpopulations in origin-related samples. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS Our observations imply that tumor heterogeneity could be seen as an independent parameter for determining the characteristics of tumors. In the context of more comprehensive usage of array CGH or genome sequencing in a clinical setting our study provides a new way to realize the full potential of tumor genetic analysis.
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13
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Webster JA, Beck AH, Sharma M, Espinosa I, Weigelt B, Schreuder M, Montgomery KD, Jensen KC, van de Rijn M, West R. Variations in stromal signatures in breast and colorectal cancer metastases. J Pathol 2010; 222:158-65. [PMID: 20593409 DOI: 10.1002/path.2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The tumour microenvironment (TME) plays an important role in tumour survival and growth, but little is known about the degree of preservation between different stromal response patterns found in primary tumours and their metastases. We have previously identified gene expression profiles for two distinct stromal signatures in breast carcinoma of fibroblast (aka DTF) and macrophage (aka CSF1) response and found them to be correlated with clinicopathological features, including outcome. In this study, we compare the DTF fibroblast and CSF1 macrophage stromal response patterns in primary breast and colorectal cancers to their matched lymph node metastases. In both breast and colorectal cancer, there was a significant positive correlation between the CSF1 macrophage signature in the primary tumours and the matched lymph node metastases, as assessed by immunohistochemical markers. No such correlation was observed for the DTF fibroblast signature. A similar result was seen in independent analysis of two published gene expression microarray datasets. The variations of these stromal reaction patterns from the primary to the metastasis shed light on the relationship between the neoplastic cells and the non-neoplastic cells in the TME. The preservation of the CSF1 macrophage response pattern in metastases lends support to targeting the CSF1 pathway in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Webster
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
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14
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Popławski AB, Jankowski M, Erickson SW, Díaz de Ståhl T, Partridge EC, Crasto C, Guo J, Gibson J, Menzel U, Bruder CE, Kaczmarczyk A, Benetkiewicz M, Andersson R, Sandgren J, Zegarska B, Bała D, Srutek E, Allison DB, Piotrowski A, Zegarski W, Dumanski JP. Frequent genetic differences between matched primary and metastatic breast cancer provide an approach to identification of biomarkers for disease progression. Eur J Hum Genet 2010; 18:560-8. [PMID: 20051991 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2009.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in women and its metastatic spread is the principal reason behind the fatal outcome. Metastasis-related research of breast cancer is however underdeveloped when compared with the abundant literature on primary tumors. We applied an unexplored approach comparing at high resolution the genomic profiles of primary tumors and synchronous axillary lymph node metastases from 13 patients with breast cancer. Overall, primary tumors displayed 20% higher number of aberrations than metastases. In all but two patients, we detected in total 157 statistically significant differences between primary lesions and matched metastases. We further observed differences that can be linked to metastatic disease and there was also an overlapping pattern of changes between different patients. Many of the differences described here have been previously linked to poor patient survival, suggesting that this is a viable approach toward finding biomarkers for disease progression and definition of new targets useful for development of anticancer drugs. Frequent genetic differences between primary tumors and metastases in breast cancer also question, at least to some extent, the role of primary tumors as a surrogate subject of study for the systemic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej B Popławski
- Department of Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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15
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Li J, Wang K, Li S, Timmermans-Wielenga V, Rank F, Wiuf C, Zhang X, Yang H, Bolund L. DNA copy number aberrations in breast cancer by array comparative genomic hybridization. GENOMICS PROTEOMICS & BIOINFORMATICS 2009; 7:13-24. [PMID: 19591788 PMCID: PMC5054221 DOI: 10.1016/s1672-0229(08)60029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) has been popularly used for analyzing DNA copy number variations in diseases like cancer. In this study, we investigated 82 sporadic samples from 49 breast cancer patients using 1-Mb resolution bacterial artificial chromosome CGH arrays. A number of highly frequent genomic aberrations were discovered, which may act as “drivers” of tumor progression. Meanwhile, the genomic profiles of four “normal” breast tissue samples taken at least 2 cm away from the primary tumor sites were also found to have some genomic aberrations that recurred with high frequency in the primary tumors, which may have important implications for clinical therapy. Additionally, we performed class comparison and class prediction for various clinicopathological parameters, and a list of characteristic genomic aberrations associated with different clinicopathological phenotypes was compiled. Our study provides clues for further investigations of the underlying mechanisms of breast carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Denmark.
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16
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Abstract
In breast cancer, axillary lymph node status is one of the most important prognostic variables and a crucial component to the staging system. Several clinico-histopathological parameters are considered to be strong predictors of metastasis; however, they fail to accurately classify breast tumors according to their clinical behavior and to predict which patients will have disease recurrence. Methods based on genome-wide microarray analyses have been used to identify molecular markers with respect to the development of axillary lymph node metastasis. Most of these markers can be detected in the primary tumors, which can potentially lead to the ability to identify patients at the time of diagnosis who are at high risk for lymph node metastasis, allowing for early intervention and more suitable adjuvant treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciane R Cavalli
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3800 Reservoir Rd, NW, LCCC-LL Room S165A, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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17
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Wang K, Li J, Li S, Bolund L, Wiuf C. Estimation of tumor heterogeneity using CGH array data. BMC Bioinformatics 2009; 10:12. [PMID: 19134174 PMCID: PMC2640360 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-10-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Array-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) is a commonly-used approach to detect DNA copy number variation in whole genome-wide screens. Several statistical methods have been proposed to define genomic segments with different copy numbers in cancer tumors. However, most tumors are heterogeneous and show variation in DNA copy numbers across tumor cells. The challenge is to reveal the copy number profiles of the subpopulations in a tumor and to estimate the percentage of each subpopulation. Results We describe a relation between experimental data and exact DNA copy number and develop a statistical method to reveal the heterogeneity of tumors containing a mixture of different-stage cells. Furthermore, we validate the method on simulated data and apply the method to 29 pairs of breast primary tumors and their matched lymph node metastases. Conclusion We demonstrate a new method for CGH array analysis that allows a tumor sample to be classified according to its heterogeneity. The method gives an interpretable series of copy number profiles, one for each major subpopulation in a tumor. The profiles facilitate identification of copy number alterations in cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.
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18
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Gromov P, Celis JE, Gromova I, Rank F, Timmermans-Wielenga V, Moreira JMA. A single lysis solution for the analysis of tissue samples by different proteomic technologies. Mol Oncol 2008; 2:368-79. [PMID: 19383358 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2008.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer, being a major healthcare concern worldwide, is one of the main targets for the application of emerging proteomic technologies and these tools promise to revolutionize the way cancer will be diagnosed and treated in the near future. Today, as a result of the unprecedented advances that have taken place in molecular biology, cell biology and genomics there is a pressing need to accelerate the translation of basic discoveries into clinical applications. This need, compounded by mounting evidence that cellular model systems are unable to fully recapitulate all biological aspects of human dissease, is driving scientists to increasingly use clinically relevant samples for biomarker and target discovery. Tissues are heterogeneous and as a result optimization of sample preparation is critical for generating accurate, representative, and highly reproducible quantitative data. Although a large number of protocols for preparation of tissue lysates has been published, so far no single recipe is able to provide a "one-size fits all" solubilization procedure that can be used to analyse the same lysate using different proteomics technologies. Here we present evidence showing that cell lysis buffer 1 (CLB1), a lysis solution commercialized by Zeptosens [a division of Bayer (Schweiz) AG], provides excellent sample solubilization and very high 2D PAGE protein resolution both when using carrier ampholytes and immobilized pH gradient strips. Moreover, this buffer can also be used for array-based proteomics (reverse-phase lysate arrays or direct antibody arrays), allowing the direct comparison of qualitative and quantitative data yielded by these technologies when applied to the same samples. The usefulness of the CLB1 solution for gel-based proteomics was further established by 2D PAGE analysis of a number of technically demanding specimens such as breast carcinoma core needle biopsies and problematic tissues such as brain cortex, cerebellum, skeletal muscle, kidney cortex and tongue. This solution when combined with a specific sample preparation technique - cryostat sectioning of frozen specimens - simplifies tissue sample preparation and solves most of the difficulties associated with the integration of data generated by different proteomic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Gromov
- Institute of Cancer Biology, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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