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Membrane Proteins and Proteomics of Cronobacter sakazakii Cells: Reliable Method for Identification and Subcellular Localization. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0250821. [PMID: 35435719 PMCID: PMC9088360 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02508-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Cronobacter are responsible for severe infections in infants and immunosuppressed individuals. Although several virulence factors have been described, many proteins involved in the pathogenesis of such infections have not yet been mapped. This study is the first to fractionate Cronobacter sakazakii cells into outer membrane, inner membrane, periplasmic, and cytosolic fractions as the basis for improved proteome mapping. A novel method was designed to prepare the fractionated samples for protein identification. The identification was performed via one-dimensional electrophoresis-liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. To determine the subcellular localization of the identified proteins, we developed a novel Python-based script (Subcelloc) that combines three web-based tools, PSORTb 3.0.2, CELLO 2.5, and UniProtKB. Applying this approach enabled us to identify 1,243 C. sakazakii proteins, which constitutes 28% of all predicted proteins and 49% of all theoretically expressed outer membrane proteins. These results represent a significant improvement on previous attempts to map the C. sakazakii proteome and could provide a major step forward in the identification of Cronobacter virulence factors. IMPORTANCE Cronobacter spp. are opportunistic pathogens that can cause rare and, in many cases, life-threatening infections, such as meningitis, necrotizing enterocolitis, and sepsis. Such infections are mainly linked to the consumption of contaminated powdered infant formula, with Cronobacter sakazakii clonal complex 4 considered the most frequent agent of serious neonatal infection. However, the pathogenesis of diseases caused by these bacteria remains unclear; in particular, the proteins involved throughout the process have not yet been mapped. To help address this, we present an improved method for proteome mapping that emphasizes the isolation and identification of membrane proteins. Specific focus was placed on the identification of the outer membrane proteins, which, being exposed to the surface of the bacterium, directly participate in host-pathogen interaction.
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Yang J, He Y, Jiang J, Chen W, Gao Q, Pan L, Shi C. Comparative proteomic analysis by iTRAQ-2DLC-MS/MS provides insight into the key proteins involved in Cronobacter sp. biofilm formation. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Fehr A, Eshwar AK, Neuhauss SCF, Ruetten M, Lehner A, Vaughan L. Evaluation of zebrafish as a model to study the pathogenesis of the opportunistic pathogen Cronobacter turicensis. Emerg Microbes Infect 2015; 4:e29. [PMID: 26060602 PMCID: PMC4451267 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2015.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria belonging to the genus Cronobacter spp. have been recognized as causative agents of life-threatening systemic infections, primarily in premature, low-birth weight and/or immune-compromised neonates. Knowledge remains scarce regarding the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease development. In this study, we evaluated the use of a zebrafish model to study the pathogenesis of Cronobacter turicensis LMG 23827T, a clinical isolate responsible for two fatal sepsis cases in neonates. Here, the microinjection of approximately 50 colony forming units (CFUs) into the yolk sac resulted in the rapid multiplication of bacteria and dissemination into the blood stream at 24 h post infection (hpi), followed by the development of a severe bacteremia and larval death within 3 days. In contrast, the innate immune response of the embryos was sufficiently developed to control infection after the intravenous injection of up to 104 CFUs of bacteria. Infection studies using an isogenic mutant devoid of surviving and replicating in human macrophages (ΔfkpA) showed that this strain was highly attenuated in its ability to kill the larvae. In addition, the suitability of the zebrafish model system to study the effectiveness of antibiotics to treat Cronobacter infections in zebrafish embryos was examined. Our data indicate that the zebrafish model represents an excellent vertebrate model to study virulence-related aspects of this opportunistic pathogen in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Fehr
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athmanya K Eshwar
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 272, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephan C F Neuhauss
- Institute of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Maja Ruetten
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angelika Lehner
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 272, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lloyd Vaughan
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich , Winterthurerstrasse 268, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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A Cronobacter turicensis O1 antigen-specific monoclonal antibody inhibits bacterial motility and entry into epithelial cells. Infect Immun 2014; 83:876-87. [PMID: 25534937 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02211-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cronobacter turicensis is an opportunistic foodborne pathogen that can cause a rare but sometimes lethal infection in neonates. Little is known about the virulence mechanisms and intracellular lifestyle of this pathogen. In this study, we developed an IgG monoclonal antibody (MAb; MAb 2G4) that specifically recognizes the O1 antigen of C. turicensis cells. The antilipopolysaccharide antibody bound predominantly monovalently to the O antigen and reduced bacterial growth without causing cell agglutination. Furthermore, binding of the antibody to the O1 antigen of C. turicensis cells caused a significant reduction of the membrane potential which is required to energize flagellar rotation, accompanied by a decreased flagellum-based motility. These results indicate that binding of IgG to the O antigen of C. turicensis causes a direct antimicrobial effect. In addition, this feature of the antibody enabled new insight into the pathogenicity of C. turicensis. In a tissue culture infection model, pretreatment of C. turicensis with MAb 2G4 showed no difference in adhesion to human epithelial cells, whereas invasion of bacteria into Caco-2 cells was significantly inhibited.
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Genovese F, Coïsson JD, Majumder A, Pessione A, Svensson B, Jacobsen S, Pessione E. An exoproteome approach to monitor safety of a cheese-isolated Lactococcus lactis. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wang J, Du XJ, Lu XN, Wang S. Immunoproteomic identification of immunogenic proteins in Cronobacter sakazakii strain BAA-894. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:2077-91. [PMID: 23371297 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-4720-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cronobacter spp. are emerging opportunistic pathogens. Cronobacter sakazakii is considered as the predominant species in all infections. So far, our understanding of the species' immunogens and potential virulence factors of Cronobacter spp. remains limited. In this study, an immunoproteomic approach was used to investigate soluble and insoluble proteins from the genome-sequenced strain C. sakazakii ATCC BAA-894. Proteins were separated using two-dimensional electrophoresis, detected by Western blotting with polyclonal antibodies of C. sakazakii BAA-894, and identified using tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS and MALDI-MS/MS, MS/MSMS). A total of 11 immunoreactive proteins were initially identified in C. sakazakii BAA-894, including two outer membrane proteins, four periplasmic proteins, and five cytoplasmic proteins. In silico functional analysis of the 11 identified proteins indicated three proteins that were initially described as immunogens of pathogenic bacteria. For the remaining eight proteins, one protein was categorized as a potential virulence factor involved in protection against reactive oxygen species, and seven proteins were considered to play potential roles in adhesion, invasion, and biofilm formation. To our knowledge, this is the first time that immunogenic proteins of C. sakazakii BAA-894 have been identified as immunogens and potential virulence factors by an immunoproteomics approach. Future studies should investigate the roles of these proteins in bacterial pathogenesis and modulation of host immune responses during infection to identify their potential as molecular therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
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Insights into the gene expression profile of uncultivable hemotrophic Mycoplasma suis during acute infection, obtained using proteome analysis. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:1505-14. [PMID: 22267506 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00002-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemotrophic mycoplasmas, bacteria without cell walls whose niche is the erythrocytes of their hosts, have never been cultivated in vitro. Therefore, knowledge of their pathogenesis is fundamental. Mycoplasma suis infects pigs, causing either acute fatal hemolytic anemia or chronic low-grade anemia, growth retardation, and immune suppression. Recently, the complete genomes of two hemotrophic mycoplasma species, M. suis and M. haemofelis, were sequenced, offering new strategies for the analysis of their pathogenesis. In this study we implemented a proteomic approach to identify M. suis proteins during acute infection by using tandem mass spectrometry. Twenty-two percent of the predicted proteins encoded in M. suis strain KI_3806 were identified. These included nearly all encoded proteins of glycolysis and nucleotide metabolism. The proteins for lipid metabolism, however, were underrepresented. A high proportion of the detected proteins are involved in information storage and processing (72.6%). In addition, several proteins of different functionalities, i.e., posttranslational modification, membrane genesis, signal transduction, intracellular trafficking, inorganic ion transport, and defense mechanisms, were identified. In its reduced genome, M. suis harbors 65.3% (strain Illinois) and 65.9% (strain KI_3806) of the genes encode hypothetical proteins. Of these, only 6.3% were identified at the proteome level. All proteins identified in this study are present in both M. suis strains and are encoded in more highly conserved regions of the genome sequence. In conclusion, our proteome approach is a further step toward the elucidation of the pathogenesis and life cycle of M. suis as well as the establishment of an in vitro cultivation system.
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Pessione A, Lamberti C, Cocolin L, Campolongo S, Grunau A, Giubergia S, Eberl L, Riedel K, Pessione E. Different protein expression profiles in cheese and clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis
revealed by proteomic analysis. Proteomics 2012; 12:431-47. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Kucerova E, Joseph S, Forsythe S. The Cronobacter genus: ubiquity and diversity. QUALITY ASSURANCE AND SAFETY OF CROPS & FOODS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1757-837x.2011.00104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Complete genome sequence of Cronobacter turicensis LMG 23827, a food-borne pathogen causing deaths in neonates. J Bacteriol 2010; 193:309-10. [PMID: 21037008 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01162-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report the complete and annotated genome sequence of Cronobacter turicensis, an opportunistic food-borne pathogen, which is known as a rare but important cause of life-threatening neonatal infections. Among all proteins of C. turicensis, 223 have been annotated as virulence- and disease-related proteins.
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Carranza P, Grunau A, Schneider T, Hartmann I, Lehner A, Stephan R, Gehrig P, Grossmann J, Groebel K, Hoelzle LE, Eberl L, Riedel K. A gel-free quantitative proteomics approach to investigate temperature adaptation of the food-borne pathogen Cronobacter turicensis
3032. Proteomics 2010; 10:3248-61. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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