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Applications of exosomes in nanomedicine. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818627-5.00015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
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Seyedaghamiri F, Rajabi M, Mohaddes G. Targeting Novel microRNAs in Developing Novel Alzheimer's Disease Treatments. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:26-38. [PMID: 36048350 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03734-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is considered a multifactorial disease and a significant cause of dementia during aging. This neurodegenerative disease process is classically divided into two different pathologies cerebral accumulation of amyloid-β and hyperphosphorylated neurofibrillary tau tangles. In recent years, massive efforts have been made to treat AD by decreasing amyloid-β and tau in the brains of patients with AD, with no success. The dysfunction of a wide range of microRNAs promotes the generation and insufficient clearance of amyloid-β (Aβ) and increases tau plaques which are the pathophysiological markers of AD. Disturbance of these microRNAs is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, inflammation, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) pathogenic process, synaptic loss, and cognitive deficits induced by AD. Targeting a specific microRNA to restore AD-induced impairments at multiple stages might provide a promising approach for developing new drugs and therapeutic strategies for patients with AD. This review focuses on different mechanisms of microRNAs in AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mojgan Rajabi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51666-14756, Iran
| | - Gisou Mohaddes
- Neurosciences Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 51666-14756, Iran.
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Plasma-Enabled Smart Nanoexosome Platform as Emerging Immunopathogenesis for Clinical Viral Infection. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14051054. [PMID: 35631640 PMCID: PMC9145689 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14051054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Smart nanoexosomes are nanosized structures enclosed in lipid bilayers that are structurally similar to the viruses released by a variety of cells, including the cells lining the respiratory system. Of particular importance, the interaction between smart nanoexosomes and viruses can be used to develop antiviral drugs and vaccines. It is possible that nanoexosomes will be utilized and antibodies will be acquired more successfully for the transmission of an immune response if reconvalescent plasma (CP) is used instead of reconvalescent plasma exosomes (CPExo) in this concept. Convalescent plasma contains billions of smart nanoexosomes capable of transporting a variety of molecules, including proteins, lipids, RNA and DNA among other viral infections. Smart nanoexosomes are released from virus-infected cells and play an important role in mediating communication between infected and uninfected cells. Infections use the formation, production and release of smart nanoexosomes to enhance the infection, transmission and intercellular diffusion of viruses. Cell-free smart nanoexosomes produced by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could also be used as cell-free therapies in certain cases. Smart nanoexosomes produced by mesenchymal stem cells can also promote mitochondrial function and heal lung injury. They can reduce cytokine storms and restore the suppression of host antiviral defenses weakened by viral infections. This study examines the benefits of smart nanoexosomes and their roles in viral transmission, infection, treatment, drug delivery and clinical applications. We also explore some potential future applications for smart nanoexosomes in the treatment of viral infections.
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Plasma-derived extracellular vesicles from myocardial infarction patients inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha induced cardiac cell death. Curr Res Transl Med 2021; 70:103323. [PMID: 34979484 DOI: 10.1016/j.retram.2021.103323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived exogenously from pluripotent stem cells or endogenously from healthy human serum exert cardioprotective effects after injury. However role of endogenous EVs from myocardial infarction (MI) patients not well understood in this settings. METHODS AND RESULTS The EVs from plasma of MI patients with preserved or reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and healthy controls (HC) were purified and characterized by flow cytometry, mass spectrometry (MS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). HCM and human cardiac microvascular endothelial cells (hCMVECs), under individual culture or co-culture, were used to study functional effects of EVs upon TNFα stimulation. These effects of EVs on HCM and hCMVECs were observed using cell death assays, western blots and confocal microscopy. Higher concentrations of platelet-, leukocyte-, endothelial- and erythrocyte-derived EVs were found in MI patients, both with preserved and reduced LVEF, compared to HC, and MS data on MI EVs proteome displayed alteration in several proteins. MI EVs protected HCM and hCMVECs against staurosporine-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, MI EVs were observed to abrogate TNFα-triggered HCM and hCMVECs death under both individually cultured and co-cultured conditions. MI EVs failed to inhibit TNFα induced hCMVECs and HCM activation when cultured individually, however co-cultured hCMVECs with HCM supported MI EVs capacity to attenuate TNFα induced cells activation. MI CD41+ EVs but not HC EVs were found to be internalized by HCM directly or migrated through hCMVECs to HCM. MI EVs indirectly restores TNFα mediated drop in mitochondrial membrane potential. CONCLUSIONS Endogenous EVs from MI patients, regardless of severity of the MI exert cardioprotective potential upon TNFα-induced cell death. Patient-derived EVs needs to be further explored to elucidate their potential cardioprotective role during MI.
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Jan AT, Rahman S, Badierah R, Lee EJ, Mattar EH, Redwan EM, Choi I. Expedition into Exosome Biology: A Perspective of Progress from Discovery to Therapeutic Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1157. [PMID: 33800282 PMCID: PMC7962655 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enclosed distinct cellular entities of endocytic origin that shuttle proteins and RNA molecules intercellularly for communication purposes. Their surface is embossed by a huge variety of proteins, some of which are used as diagnostic markers. Exosomes are being explored for potential drug delivery, although their therapeutic utilities are impeded by gaps in knowledge regarding their formation and function under physiological condition and by lack of methods capable of shedding light on intraluminal vesicle release at the target site. Nonetheless, exosomes offer a promising means of developing systems that enable the specific delivery of therapeutics in diseases like cancer. This review summarizes information on donor cell types, cargoes, cargo loading, routes of administration, and the engineering of exosomal surfaces for specific peptides that increase target specificity and as such, therapeutic delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185234, India;
| | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Botany, MS College, BR Ambedkar Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar 842001, India;
| | - Raied Badierah
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, and Laboratory University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Ehab H. Mattar
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, and Laboratory University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, and Laboratory University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (R.B.); (E.H.M.)
| | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Research Institute of Cell Culture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
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Lima Correa B, El Harane N, Gomez I, Rachid Hocine H, Vilar J, Desgres M, Bellamy V, Keirththana K, Guillas C, Perotto M, Pidial L, Alayrac P, Tran T, Tan S, Hamada T, Charron D, Brisson A, Renault NK, Al-Daccak R, Menasché P, Silvestre JS. Extracellular vesicles from human cardiovascular progenitors trigger a reparative immune response in infarcted hearts. Cardiovasc Res 2021; 117:292-307. [PMID: 32049348 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvaa028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The cardioprotective effects of human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPC) are largely mediated by the paracrine release of extracellular vesicles (EV). We aimed to assess the immunological behaviour of EV-CPC, which is a prerequisite for their clinical translation. METHODS AND RESULTS Flow cytometry demonstrated that EV-CPC expressed very low levels of immune relevant molecules including HLA Class I, CD80, CD274 (PD-L1), and CD275 (ICOS-L); and moderate levels of ligands of the natural killer (NK) cell activating receptor, NKG2D. In mixed lymphocyte reactions, EV-CPC neither induced nor modulated adaptive allogeneic T cell immune responses. They also failed to induce NK cell degranulation, even at high concentrations. These in vitro effects were confirmed in vivo as repeated injections of EV-CPC did not stimulate production of immunoglobulins or affect the interferon (IFN)-γ responses from primed splenocytes. In a mouse model of chronic heart failure, intra-myocardial injections of EV-CPC, 3 weeks after myocardial infarction, decreased both the number of cardiac pro-inflammatory Ly6Chigh monocytes and circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, TNF-α, and IFN-γ). In a model of acute infarction, direct cardiac injection of EV-CPC 2 days after infarction reduced pro-inflammatory macrophages, Ly6Chigh monocytes, and neutrophils in heart tissue as compared to controls. EV-CPC also reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α, IL-2, and IL-6, and increased levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. These effects on human macrophages and monocytes were reproduced in vitro; EV-CPC reduced the number of pro-inflammatory monocytes and M1 macrophages, while increasing the number of anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS EV-CPC do not trigger an immune response either in in vitro human allogeneic models or in immunocompetent animal models. The capacity for orienting the response of monocyte/macrophages towards resolution of inflammation strengthens the clinical attractiveness of EV-CPC as an acellular therapy for cardiac repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Lima Correa
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Nadia El Harane
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Ingrid Gomez
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | - José Vilar
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Manon Desgres
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Bellamy
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Kamaleswaran Keirththana
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Chloé Guillas
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Maria Perotto
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Laetitia Pidial
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Paul Alayrac
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Thi Tran
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Sisareuth Tan
- UMR-CBMN, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-IPB, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Thomas Hamada
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Alain Brisson
- UMR-CBMN, CNRS-Université de Bordeaux-IPB, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | | | - Reem Al-Daccak
- INSERM, UMRS-976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Menasché
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Silvestre
- INSERM UMRS 970, Paris Centre de Recherche Cardiovasculaire (PARCC), Université de Paris, 56, rue Leblanc, F-75015 Paris, France
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Advances in Exosomes Derived from Different Cell Sources and Cardiovascular Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:7298687. [PMID: 32724810 PMCID: PMC7364237 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7298687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes can reach distant tissues through blood circulation to communicate directly with target cells and rapidly regulate intracellular signals. Exosomes play an important role in cardiovascular pathophysiology. Different exosomes derived from different sources, and their cargos have different mechanisms of action. In addition to being biomarkers, exosomes also have a certain significance in the diagnosis, treatment, and even prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Here, we provide a review of the up-to-date applications of exosomes, derived from various sources, in the prognosis and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases.
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The Role of Proteostasis in the Regulation of Cardiac Intercellular Communication. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1233:279-302. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38266-7_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ding Y, Zhao AS, Liu T, Wang YN, Gao Y, Li JA, Yang P. An Injectable Nanocomposite Hydrogel for Potential Application of Vascularization and Tissue Repair. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:1511-1523. [PMID: 32034609 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02471-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this contribution, an injectable hydrogel was developed with chitosan, gelatin, β-glycerphosphate and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide: this hydrogel is liquid in room temperature and rapidly gels at 37 °C; RGD peptide promises better growth microenvironment for various cells, especially endothelial cells (EC), smooth muscle cells (SMC) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Both stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1) nanoparticle and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) nanoparticles were loaded in the injectable hydrogel to simulate the natural nanoparticles in the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote angiogenesis. In vitro EC/SMC and MSC/SMC co-culture experiment indicated that the nanocomposite hydrogel accelerated constructing embryonic form of blood vessels, and chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane model demonstrated its ability of improving cells migration and blood vessel regeneration. We injected this nanocomposite hydrogel into rat myocardial infarction (MI) model and the results indicated that the rats heart function recovered better compared control group. We hope this injectable nanocomposite hydrogel may possess wider application in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilei Ding
- Key Lab. for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - An-Sha Zhao
- Key Lab. for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tianmei Liu
- The Department of Pharmacy, Chengdu Xinhua Hospital, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Nan Wang
- Key Lab. for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Key Lab. for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-An Li
- Key Lab. for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ping Yang
- Key Lab. for Advanced Technologies of Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Material Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, People's Republic of China
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The Effect of Exosomes Derived from Bone Marrow Stem Cells in Combination with Rosuvastatin on Functional Recovery and Neuroprotection in Rats After Ischemic Stroke. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 70:724-737. [PMID: 31974756 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01483-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rosuvastatin, known as a cholesterol-lowering agent, has been used as an alternative therapy after the onset of stroke. In this study, neuroprotection and functional recovery of exosomes in combination with rosuvastatin have been investigated. Sixty adult male Wistar rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Exosome at the dose of 100 μg and/or rosuvastatin at the dose of 20 mg/kg/day for 7 days were administered to rats as a therapeutic strategy. The elevated body swing test (EBST) and Garcia score were conducted as behavioral tests for the measurement of functional recovery. The histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were also performed for the assessment of infarcted volume and neuroprotection in the brain of rats. The real-time PCR method was carried out to determine the relative expressions of the NLRP-3 and NLRP1 genes. After 7 days of treatment with exosome and rosuvastatin in rats which underwent MCAO, the decrease in infarct volume of the animals treated with exosome was more pronounced compared with those treated only with exosome. The combination therapy remarkably lowered the size of infarct volume. Our observation was confirmed by the downregulation of the NLRP1 and NLRP3 genes in response to combinatory treatment of rats induced by MCOA, denoting a lower rate of cell death. The number of GFAP-positive cells were reduced in the exosome-treated group compared with the MCAO group. The rate of lipid peroxidation was measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) levels which demonstrated a significant reduction of MDA in the exosome- and rotuvastatin-treated groups when compared with the MCAO group. However, the levels of the SOD enzyme did not significantly alter when the treatment groups were compared with the MCAO group. According to our findings, it seems that the use of exosomes and rosuvastatin, as a novel treatment regimen, might promote neurological recovery after the onset of stroke.
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miR-10a-5p and miR-29b-3p as Extracellular Vesicle-Associated Prostate Cancer Detection Markers. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:cancers12010043. [PMID: 31877768 PMCID: PMC7017198 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are shed by many different cell types. Their nucleic acids content offers new opportunities for biomarker research in different solid tumors. The role of EV RNA in prostate cancer (PCa) is still largely unknown. EVs were isolated from different benign and malignant prostate cell lines and blood plasma from patients with PCa (n = 18) and controls with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (n = 7). Nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), Western blot, electron microscopy, and flow cytometry analysis were used for the characterization of EVs. Non-coding RNA expression profiling of PC3 metastatic PCa cells and their EVs was performed by next generation sequencing (NGS). miRNAs differentially expressed in PC3 EVs were validated with qRT-PCR in EVs derived from additional cell lines and patient plasma and from matched tissue samples. 92 miRNAs were enriched and 48 miRNAs were depleted in PC3 EVs compared to PC3 cells, which could be confirmed by qRT-PCR. miR-99b-5p was significantly higher expressed in malignant compared to benign EVs. Furthermore, expression profiling showed miR-10a-5p (p = 0.018) and miR-29b-3p (p = 0.002), but not miR-99b-5p, to be overexpressed in plasma-derived EVs from patients with PCa compared with controls. In the corresponding tissue samples, no significant differences in the miRNA expression could be observed. We thus propose that EV-associated miR-10a-5p and miR-29b-3p could serve as potential new PCa detection markers.
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Kshitiz, Ellison DD, Suhail Y, Afzal J, Woo L, Kilic O, Spees J, Levchenko A. Dynamic secretome of bone marrow-derived stromal cells reveals a cardioprotective biochemical cocktail. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14374-14383. [PMID: 31239339 PMCID: PMC6628676 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902598116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplanted stromal cells have demonstrated considerable promise as therapeutic agents in diverse disease settings. Paracrine signaling can be an important mediator of these therapeutic effects at the sites of acute or persistent injury and inflammation. As many stromal cell types, including bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs), display tissue-specific responses, there is a need to explore their secretory dynamics in the context of tissue and injury type. Paracrine signals are not static, and could encode contextual dynamics in the kinetic changes of the concentrations of the secreted ligands. However, precise measurement of dynamic and context-specific cellular secretory signatures, particularly in adherent cells, remains challenging. Here, by creating an experimental and computational analysis platform, we reconstructed dynamic secretory signatures of cells based on a very limited number of time points. By using this approach, we demonstrate that the secretory signatures of CD133-positive BMSCs are uniquely defined by distinct biological contexts, including signals from injured cardiac cells undergoing oxidative stress, characteristic of cardiac infarction. Furthermore, we show that the mixture of recombinant factors reproducing the dynamics of BMSC-generated secretion can mediate a highly effective rescue of cells injured by oxidative stress and an improved cardiac output. These results support the importance of the dynamic multifactorial paracrine signals in mediating remedial effects of stromal stem cells, and pave the way for stem cell-inspired cell-free treatments of cardiac and other injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitiz
- Yale Institute of Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - David D Ellison
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Yasir Suhail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Junaid Afzal
- Department of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94115
| | - Laura Woo
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Onur Kilic
- Yale Institute of Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516
| | - Jeffrey Spees
- Department of Cellular Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405
| | - Andre Levchenko
- Yale Institute of Systems Biology, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516;
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Jan AT, Rahman S, Khan S, Tasduq SA, Choi I. Biology, Pathophysiological Role, and Clinical Implications of Exosomes: A Critical Appraisal. Cells 2019; 8:cells8020099. [PMID: 30699987 PMCID: PMC6406279 DOI: 10.3390/cells8020099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membrane-enclosed entities of endocytic origin, which are generated during the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and plasma membranes. Exosomes are released into the extracellular milieu or body fluids; this process was reported for mesenchymal, epithelial, endothelial, and different immune cells (B-cells and dendritic cells), and was reported to be correlated with normal physiological processes. The compositions and abundances of exosomes depend on their tissue origins and cell types. Exosomes range in size between 30 and 100 nm, and shuttle nucleic acids (DNA, messenger RNAs (mRNAs), microRNAs), proteins, and lipids between donor and target cells. Pathogenic microorganisms also secrete exosomes that modulate the host immune system and influence the fate of infections. Such immune-modulatory effect of exosomes can serve as a diagnostic biomarker of disease. On the other hand, the antigen-presenting and immune-stimulatory properties of exosomes enable them to trigger anti-tumor responses, and exosome release from cancerous cells suggests they contribute to the recruitment and reconstitution of components of tumor microenvironments. Furthermore, their modulation of physiological and pathological processes suggests they contribute to the developmental program, infections, and human diseases. Despite significant advances, our understanding of exosomes is far from complete, particularly regarding our understanding of the molecular mechanisms that subserve exosome formation, cargo packaging, and exosome release in different cellular backgrounds. The present study presents diverse biological aspects of exosomes, and highlights their diagnostic and therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, Rajouri 185236, India.
| | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
| | - Shahanavaj Khan
- Department of Bioscience, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar 251001, India.
| | | | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea.
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The therapeutic and diagnostic role of exosomes in cardiovascular diseases. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2018; 29:313-323. [PMID: 30385010 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-sized membranous vesicles that are secreted by cells. They have an important role in transferring proteins, mRNA, miRNA and other bioactive molecules between cells and regulate gene expression in recipient cells. Therefore, exosomes are a mechanism by which communication between cells is achieved and they are involved in a wide range of physiological processes, especially those requiring cell-cell communication. In the cardiovascular system, exosomes are associated with endothelial cells, cardiac myocytes, vascular cells, stem and progenitor cells, and play an essential role in development, injury and disease of the cardiovascular system. In recent years, accumulating evidence implicates exosomes in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease. Additionally, exosomal microRNAs are considered to be key players in cardiac regeneration and confer cardioprotective and regenerative properties on both cardiac and non-cardiac cells and, additionally, stem and progenitor cells. Notably, miRNAs may be isolated from blood and offer a potential source of novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for cardiovascular disease. In this review, we summarize and assess the functional roles of exosomes in cardiovascular physiology, cell-to-cell communication and cardio-protective effects in cardiovascular disease.
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15
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Sanz-Rubio D, Martin-Burriel I, Gil A, Cubero P, Forner M, Khalyfa A, Marin JM. Stability of Circulating Exosomal miRNAs in Healthy Subjects. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10306. [PMID: 29985466 PMCID: PMC6037782 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28748-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are nano-vesicles present in the circulation that are involved in cell-to-cell communication and regulation of different biological processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are part of their cargo and are potential biomarkers. Methods of exosome isolation and the inter-individual and intra-individual variations in circulating miRNA exosomal cargo have been poorly investigated. This study aims for comparing two exosome isolation methods and to assess the stability of eleven plasma exosomal miRNAs over time. In addition to evaluate miRNA variability of both kits, the effect of freezing plasma before exosome isolation or freezing isolated exosomes on miRNA stability was also evaluated. MiRNA levels were tested in 7 healthy subjects who underwent four different blood extractions obtained in 4 consecutive weeks. One of the isolation kits displayed generally better amplification signals, and miRNAs from exosomes isolated after freezing the plasma had the highest levels. Intra-subject and inter-subject coefficients of variance were lower for the same isolation kit after freezing plasma. Finally, miRNAs that showed an acceptable expression level were stable across the consecutive extractions. This study shows for the first time the stability over time of miRNAs isolated from circulating plasma exosomes, establishing a key step in the use of exosomal miRNAs as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sanz-Rubio
- Translational Respiratory Research Unit, IISAragon & CIBERES, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.
| | | | - Ana Gil
- Translational Respiratory Research Unit, IISAragon & CIBERES, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Cubero
- Translational Respiratory Research Unit, IISAragon & CIBERES, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Forner
- Translational Respiratory Research Unit, IISAragon & CIBERES, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- Section of Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Pritzker School of Medicine, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jose M Marin
- Translational Respiratory Research Unit, IISAragon & CIBERES, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Zaragoza, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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16
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Gu H, Liu Z, Li Y, Xie Y, Yao J, Zhu Y, Xu J, Dai Q, Zhong C, Zhu H, Ding S, Zhou L. Serum-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Protect Against Acute Myocardial Infarction by Regulating miR-21/PDCD4 Signaling Pathway. Front Physiol 2018; 9:348. [PMID: 29674977 PMCID: PMC5895646 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) represents a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are being recognized as a promising therapeutic approach in protecting against MI. Serum is a rich source of EVs, which transports various microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs). EVs from serum have been shown beneficial for protecting against ischemia-reperfusion injury; however, their roles in AMI are unclear. In addition, whether a miRNA might be responsible for the effects of serum EVs on protecting against AMI is undetermined. Here, we demonstrated that serum EVs significantly reduced cardiomyocytes apoptosis in both cellular and mouse models of AMI, and dramatically attenuated the infarct size in mouse hearts after AMI. Inhibition of miR-21 was shown to reduce the protective effects of serum EVs in inhibiting cardiomyocytes apoptosis. miR-21 was decreased in mouse hearts after AMI, while serum EVs increased that. In addition, the programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) expression was identified as a target gene of miR-21. Therefore, our study showed the protective effects of serum EVs on AMI, and provided a novel strategy for AMI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanyu Gu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhuyuan Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqin Li
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhua Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tenth Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujiao Zhu
- Cardiac Regeneration and Ageing Lab, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiahong Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiying Dai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chongjun Zhong
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of NanTong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hao Zhu
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of NanTong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shengguang Ding
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of NanTong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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17
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Saludas L, Pascual-Gil S, Roli F, Garbayo E, Blanco-Prieto MJ. Heart tissue repair and cardioprotection using drug delivery systems. Maturitas 2018; 110:1-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Hu M, Guo G, Huang Q, Cheng C, Xu R, Li A, Liu N, Liu S. The harsh microenvironment in infarcted heart accelerates transplanted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells injury: the role of injured cardiomyocytes-derived exosomes. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:357. [PMID: 29500342 PMCID: PMC5834521 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell therapy can be used to repair and regenerate damaged hearts tissue; nevertheless, the low survival rate of transplanted cells limits their therapeutic efficacy. Recently, it has been proposed that exosomes regulate multiple cellular processes by mediating cell survival and communication among cells. The following study investigates whether injured cardiomyocytes-derived exosomes (cardiac exosomes) affect the survival of transplanted bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) in infarcted heart. To mimic the harsh microenvironment in infarcted heart that the cardiomyocytes or transplanted BMSCs encounter in vivo, cardiomyocytes conditioned medium and cardiac exosomes collected from H2O2-treated cardiomyocytes culture medium were cultured with BMSCs under oxidative stress in vitro. Cardiomyocytes conditioned medium and cardiac exosomes significantly accelerated the injury of BMSCs induced by H2O2; increased cleaved caspase-3/caspase-3 and apoptotic percentage, and decreased the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax and cell viability in those cells. Next, we explored the role of cardiac exosomes in the survival of transplanted BMSCs in vivo by constructing a Rab27a knockout (KO) mice model by a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) genome-editing technique; Rab27a is a family of GTPases, which has critical role in secretion of exosomes. Male mouse GFP-modified BMSCs were implanted into the viable myocardium bordering the infarction in Rab27a KO and wild-type female mice. The obtained results showed that the transplanted BMSCs survival in infarcted heart was increased in Rab27a KO mice by the higher level of Y-chromosome Sry DNA, GFP mRNA, and the GFP fluorescence signal intensity. To sum up, these findings revealed that the injured cardiomyocytes-derived exosomes accelerate transplanted BMSCs injury in infarcted heart, thus highlighting a new mechanism underlying the survival of transplanted cells after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Hu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Guixian Guo
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanfang Cheng
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruqin Xu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Aiqun Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shiming Liu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, Guangdong, China.
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19
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Minghua W, Zhijian G, Chahua H, Qiang L, Minxuan X, Luqiao W, Weifang Z, Peng L, Biming Z, Lingling Y, Zhenzhen W, Jianqing X, Huihui B, Xiaozhong W, Xiaoshu C. Plasma exosomes induced by remote ischaemic preconditioning attenuate myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury by transferring miR-24. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:320. [PMID: 29476052 PMCID: PMC5833738 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) is well known to protect the myocardium against ischaemia/reperfusion injury (IRI). Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that have become the key mediators of intercellular communication. Various studies have confirmed that circulating exosomes mediate RIPC. However, the underlying mechanisms for RIPC-induced exosome-mediated cardioprotection remain elusive. In our study, we found that the expression level of miR-24 was higher in exosomes derived from the plasma of rats subjected to RIPC than in exosomes derived from the plasma of control rats in vivo. The rat plasma exosomes could be taken up by H9c2 cells. In addition, miR-24 was present in RIPC-induced exosomes and played a role in reducing oxidative stress-mediated injury and decreasing apoptosis by downregulating Bim expression in H2O2-treated H9c2 cells in vitro. In vivo, miR-24 in RIPC-induced exosomes reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, attenuated the infarct size and improved heart function. Furthermore, the apoptosis-reducing effect of miR-24 was counteracted by miR-24 antagomirs or inhibitors both in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, we provided evidence that RIPC-induced exosomes could reduce apoptosis by transferring miR-24 in a paracrine manner and that miR-24 in the exosomes plays a central role in mediating the protective effects of RIPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Minghua
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Gong Zhijian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Huang Chahua
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Liang Qiang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanchang, China
| | - Xu Minxuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wang Luqiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhang Weifang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Lu Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Zhan Biming
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Yu Lingling
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wang Zhenzhen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Xu Jianqing
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Bao Huihui
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wang Xiaozhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Cheng Xiaoshu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.
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20
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Ragusa M, Barbagallo C, Cirnigliaro M, Battaglia R, Brex D, Caponnetto A, Barbagallo D, Di Pietro C, Purrello M. Asymmetric RNA Distribution among Cells and Their Secreted Exosomes: Biomedical Meaning and Considerations on Diagnostic Applications. Front Mol Biosci 2017; 4:66. [PMID: 29046875 PMCID: PMC5632685 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2017.00066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past few years, exosomes and their RNA cargo have been extensively studied because of the fascinating biological roles they play in cell-to-cell communication, including the signal exchange among cancer, stromal, and immune cells, leading to modifications of tumor microenvironment. RNAs, especially miRNAs, stored within exosomes, seem to be among the main determinants of such signaling: their sorting into exosomes appears to be cell-specific and related to cellular physiopathology. Accordingly, the identification of exosomal miRNAs in body fluids from pathological patients has become one of the most promising activity in the field of biomarker discovery. Several analyses on the qualitative and quantitative distribution of RNAs between cells and their secreted exosomes have given rise to questions on whether and how accurately exosomal RNAs would represent the transcriptomic snapshot of the physiological and pathological status of secreting cells. Although the exact molecular mechanisms of sorting remain quite elusive, many papers have reported an evident asymmetric quantitative distribution of RNAs between source cells and their exosomes. This phenomenon could depend both on passive and active sorting mechanisms related to: (a) RNA turnover; (b) maintaining the cytoplasmic miRNA:target equilibrium; (c) removal of RNAs not critical or even detrimental for normal or diseased cells. These observations represent very critical issues in the exploitation of exosomal miRNAs as cancer biomarkers. In this review, we will discuss how much the exosomal and corresponding donor cell transcriptomes match each other, to better understand the actual reliability of exosomal RNA molecules as pathological biomarkers reflecting a diseased status of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ragusa
- BioMolecular, Genome and Complex Systems BioMedicine Unit, Section of Biology and Genetics G Sichel, Department of BioMedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.,IRCCS Associazione Oasi Maria S.S., Institute for Research on Mental Retardation and Brain Aging, Troina, Italy
| | - Cristina Barbagallo
- BioMolecular, Genome and Complex Systems BioMedicine Unit, Section of Biology and Genetics G Sichel, Department of BioMedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Matilde Cirnigliaro
- BioMolecular, Genome and Complex Systems BioMedicine Unit, Section of Biology and Genetics G Sichel, Department of BioMedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Battaglia
- BioMolecular, Genome and Complex Systems BioMedicine Unit, Section of Biology and Genetics G Sichel, Department of BioMedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Duilia Brex
- BioMolecular, Genome and Complex Systems BioMedicine Unit, Section of Biology and Genetics G Sichel, Department of BioMedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Caponnetto
- BioMolecular, Genome and Complex Systems BioMedicine Unit, Section of Biology and Genetics G Sichel, Department of BioMedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Davide Barbagallo
- BioMolecular, Genome and Complex Systems BioMedicine Unit, Section of Biology and Genetics G Sichel, Department of BioMedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Pietro
- BioMolecular, Genome and Complex Systems BioMedicine Unit, Section of Biology and Genetics G Sichel, Department of BioMedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Michele Purrello
- BioMolecular, Genome and Complex Systems BioMedicine Unit, Section of Biology and Genetics G Sichel, Department of BioMedical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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21
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Jan AT, Malik MA, Rahman S, Yeo HR, Lee EJ, Abdullah TS, Choi I. Perspective Insights of Exosomes in Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Critical Appraisal. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:317. [PMID: 29033828 PMCID: PMC5626860 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are small membranous entities of endocytic origin. Their production by a wide variety of cells in eukaryotes implicates their roles in the execution of essential processes, especially cellular communication. Exosomes are secreted under both physiological and pathophysiological conditions, and their actions on neighboring and distant cells lead to the modulations of cellular behaviors. They also assist in the delivery of disease causing entities, such as prions, α-syn, and tau, and thus, facilitate spread to non-effected regions and accelerate the progressions of neurodegenerative diseases. The characterization of exosomes, provides information on aberrant processes, and thus, exosome analysis has many clinical applications. Because they are associated with the transport of different cellular entities across the blood-brain barrier (BBB), exosomes might be useful for delivering drugs and other therapeutic molecules to brain. Herein, we review roles played by exosomes in different neurodegenerative diseases, and the possibilities of using them as diagnostic biomarkers of disease progression, drug delivery vehicles and in gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arif Tasleem Jan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | | | - Safikur Rahman
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Hye R. Yeo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Eun J. Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | | | - Inho Choi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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22
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Joseph B, Khan M, Rhee P. Non-invasive diagnosis and treatment strategies for traumatic brain injury: an update. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:589-600. [PMID: 28836292 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in U.S. Since the last decade, there have been several advances in the understanding and management of TBI that have shown the potential to improve outcomes. The aim of this review is to provide a useful overview of these potential diagnostic and treatment strategies that have yet to be proven, along with an assessment of their impact on outcomes after a TBI. RECENT FINDINGS Recent technical advances in the management of a TBI are grounded in a better understanding of the pathophysiology of primary and secondary insult to the brain after a TBI. Hence, clinical trials on humans should proceed in order to evaluate their efficacy and safety. SUMMARY Mortality associated with TBI remains high. Nonetheless, new diagnostic and therapeutic techniques have the potential to enhance early detection and prevention of secondary brain insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bellal Joseph
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Emergency Surgery, and Burns, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Muhammad Khan
- Division of Trauma, Critical Care, Emergency Surgery, and Burns, Department of Surgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Peter Rhee
- Division of Acute Care Surgery, Department of Surgery, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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23
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Cosme J, Guo H, Hadipour-Lakmehsari S, Emili A, Gramolini AO. Hypoxia-Induced Changes in the Fibroblast Secretome, Exosome, and Whole-Cell Proteome Using Cultured, Cardiac-Derived Cells Isolated from Neonatal Mice. J Proteome Res 2017. [PMID: 28641008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) represent a major subpopulation of cells in the developing and adult heart. Cardiomyocyte (CM) and CF intercellular communication occurs through paracrine interactions and modulate myocyte development and stress response. Detailed proteomic analysis of the CF secretome in normal and stressed conditions may offer insights into the role of CF in heart development and disease. Primary neonatal mouse CFs were isolated and cultured for 24 h in 21% (normoxic) or 2% (hypoxic) O2. Conditioned medium was separated to obtain exosomes (EXO) and EXO-depleted secretome fractions. Multidimensional protein identification technology was performed on secreted fractions. Whole cell lysate data were also generated to provide subcellular context to the secretome. Proteomic analysis identified 6163 unique proteins in total. Statistical (QSpec) analysis identified 494 proteins differentially expressed between fractions and oxygen conditions. Gene Ontology enrichment analysis revealed hypoxic conditions selectively increase expression of proteins with extracellular matrix and signaling annotations. Finally, we subjected CM pretreated with CF secreted factors to hypoxia/reoxygenation. Viability assays suggested altered viability due to CF-derived factors. CF secretome proteomics revealed differential expression based on mode of secretion and oxygen levels in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake Cosme
- Department of Physiology and Translational Biology and Engineering Program (TBEP), University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Hongbo Guo
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Sina Hadipour-Lakmehsari
- Department of Physiology and Translational Biology and Engineering Program (TBEP), University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Andrew Emili
- The Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Anthony O Gramolini
- Department of Physiology and Translational Biology and Engineering Program (TBEP), University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5G 1M1, Canada
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25
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Circulating Exosomes in Cardiovascular Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 998:255-269. [PMID: 28936745 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4397-0_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Circulating exosomes could arrive in distant tissues via blood circulation, thus directly communicating with target cells and rapidly regulating intracellular signalings. Circulating exosomes and exosomal cargos are critically involved in cardiovascular pathophysiology, such as cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Circulating exosomes enriched with various types of biological molecules can be changed not only in the number but also in the composite cargos upon cardiac injury, such as myocardial infarction, myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis, hypertension, and sepsis cardiomyopathy, which may further influence cardiomyocyte function and contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Thus, exosome-based therapeutic strategy may be used to attenuate myocardial injury and promote cardiac regeneration and repair. Also, more preclinical and clinical studies would be needed to investigate the potential of circulating exosomes as biomarkers for the diagnosis, risk stratification, and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases.
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26
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Zhang Y, Chopp M, Zhang ZG, Katakowski M, Xin H, Qu C, Ali M, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. Systemic administration of cell-free exosomes generated by human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured under 2D and 3D conditions improves functional recovery in rats after traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2016; 111:69-81. [PMID: 27539657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) improve functional outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study was designed to investigate whether systemic administration of cell-free exosomes generated from hMSCs cultured in 2-dimensional (2D) conventional conditions or in 3-dimensional (3D) collagen scaffolds promote functional recovery and neurovascular remodeling in rats after TBI. Wistar rats were subjected to TBI induced by controlled cortical impact; 24 h later tail vein injection of exosomes derived from hMSCs cultured under 2D or 3D conditions or an equal number of liposomes as a treatment control were performed. The modified Morris water maze, neurological severity score and footfault tests were employed to evaluate cognitive and sensorimotor functional recovery. Animals were sacrificed at 35 days after TBI. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed for measurements of lesion volume, neurovascular remodeling (angiogenesis and neurogenesis), and neuroinflammation. Compared with liposome-treated control, exosome-treatments did not reduce lesion size but significantly improved spatial learning at 33-35 days measured by the Morris water maze test, and sensorimotor functional recovery, i.e., reduced neurological deficits and footfault frequency, observed at 14-35 days post injury (p < 0.05). Exosome treatments significantly increased the number of newborn endothelial cells in the lesion boundary zone and dentate gyrus, and significantly increased the number of newborn mature neurons in the dentate gyrus as well as reduced neuroinflammation. Exosomes derived from hMSCs cultured in 3D scaffolds provided better outcome in spatial learning than exosomes from hMSCs cultured in the 2D condition. In conclusion, hMSC-generated exosomes significantly improve functional recovery in rats after TBI, at least in part, by promoting endogenous angiogenesis and neurogenesis and reducing neuroinflammation. Thus, exosomes derived from hMSCs may be a novel cell-free therapy for TBI, and hMSC-scaffold generated exosomes may selectively enhance spatial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | | | - Mark Katakowski
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Changsheng Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Meser Ali
- Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asim Mahmood
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
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27
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Xiao J, Pan Y, Li XH, Yang XY, Feng YL, Tan HH, Jiang L, Feng J, Yu XY. Cardiac progenitor cell-derived exosomes prevent cardiomyocytes apoptosis through exosomal miR-21 by targeting PDCD4. Cell Death Dis 2016; 7:e2277. [PMID: 27336721 PMCID: PMC5143405 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2016.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac progenitor cells derived from adult heart have emerged as one of the most promising stem cell types for cardiac protection and repair. Exosomes are known to mediate cell–cell communication by transporting cell-derived proteins and nucleic acids, including various microRNAs (miRNAs). Here we investigated the cardiac progenitor cell (CPC)-derived exosomal miRNAs on protecting myocardium under oxidative stress. Sca1+CPCs-derived exosomes were purified from conditional medium, and identified by nanoparticle trafficking analysis (NTA), transmission electron microscopy and western blotting using CD63, CD9 and Alix as markers. Exosomes production was measured by NTA, the result showed that oxidative stress-induced CPCs secrete more exosomes compared with normal condition. Although six apoptosis-related miRNAs could be detected in two different treatment-derived exosomes, only miR-21 was significantly upregulated in oxidative stress-induced exosomes compared with normal exosomes. The same oxidative stress could cause low miR-21 and high cleaved caspase-3 expression in H9C2 cardiac cells. But the cleaved caspase-3 was significantly decreased when miR-21 was overexpressed by transfecting miR-21 mimic. Furthermore, miR-21 mimic or inhibitor transfection and luciferase activity assay confirmed that programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) was a target gene of miR-21, and miR-21/PDCD4 axis has an important role in anti-apoptotic effect of H9C2 cell. Western blotting and Annexin V/PI results demonstrated that exosomes pre-treated H9C2 exhibited increased miR-21 whereas decreased PDCD4, and had more resistant potential to the apoptosis induced by the oxidative stress, compared with non-treated cells. These findings revealed that CPC-derived exosomal miR-21 had an inhibiting role in the apoptosis pathway through downregulating PDCD4. Restored miR-21/PDCD4 pathway using CPC-derived exosomes could protect myocardial cells against oxidative stress-related apoptosis. Therefore, exosomes could be used as a new therapeutic vehicle for ischemic cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Pan
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X H Li
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Y Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y L Feng
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H H Tan
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Jiang
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - J Feng
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - X Y Yu
- Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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28
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Exosomes for Intramyocardial Intercellular Communication. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2015:482171. [PMID: 26089917 PMCID: PMC4454760 DOI: 10.1155/2015/482171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk between different cell types plays central roles both in cardiac homeostasis and in adaptive responses of the heart to stress. Cardiomyocytes (CMs) send biological messages to the other cell types present in the heart including endothelial cells (ECs) and fibroblasts. In turn, CMs receive messages from these cells. Recent evidence has now established that exosomes, nanosized secreted extracellular vesicles, are crucial mediators of such messages. CMs, ECs, cardiac fibroblasts, and cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) release exosomes carrying nonrandom subsets of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids present in their cells of origin. Exosomes secreted from CMs are internalized by fibroblasts and regulate gene expression in these cells as well as in ECs. CPC-derived exosomes protect CMs against apoptosis while also stimulating angiogenesis. They are rich in cardioprotective and proangiogenic microRNAs such as miR-146, miR-210, and miR-132. When injected into infracted hearts in vivo, CPC-derived exosomes reduce infarct size and improve cardiac function. Thus, exosomes are emerging both as key mediators of intercellular communication in the heart and as therapeutic candidates for heart disease.
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29
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Agnati LF, Fuxe K. Extracellular-vesicle type of volume transmission and tunnelling-nanotube type of wiring transmission add a new dimension to brain neuro-glial networks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0505. [PMID: 25135966 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two major types of intercellular communication are found in the central nervous system (CNS), namely wiring transmission (WT; point-to-point communication via private channels, e.g. synaptic transmission) and volume transmission (VT; communication in the extracellular fluid and in the cerebrospinal fluid). Volume and synaptic transmission become integrated because their chemical signals activate different types of interacting receptors in heteroreceptor complexes located synaptically and extrasynaptically in the plasma membrane. In VT, we focus on the role of the extracellular-vesicle type of VT, and in WT, on the potential role of the tunnelling-nanotube (TNT) type of WT. The so-called exosomes appear to be the major vesicular carrier for intercellular communication but the larger microvesicles also participate. Extracellular vesicles are released from cultured cortical neurons and different types of glial cells and modulate the signalling of the neuronal-glial networks of the CNS. This type of VT has pathological relevance, and epigenetic mechanisms may participate in the modulation of extracellular-vesicle-mediated VT. Gerdes and co-workers proposed the existence of a novel type of WT based on TNTs, which are straight transcellular channels leading to the formation in vitro of syncytial cellular networks found also in neuronal and glial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kjell Fuxe
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Retzius väg 8, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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30
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Germani A, Foglio E, Capogrossi MC, Russo MA, Limana F. Generation of cardiac progenitor cells through epicardial to mesenchymal transition. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:735-48. [PMID: 25943780 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1290-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a biological process that drives the formation of cells involved both in tissue repair and in pathological conditions, including tissue fibrosis and tumor metastasis by providing cancer cells with stem cell properties. Recent findings suggest that EMT is reactivated in the heart following ischemic injury. Specifically, epicardial EMT might be involved in the formation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) that can differentiate into endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and, possibly, cardiomyocytes. The identification of mechanisms and signaling pathways governing EMT-derived CPC generation and differentiation may contribute to the development of a more efficient regenerative approach for adult heart repair. Here, we summarize key literature in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Germani
- Laboratorio di Patologia Vascolare, Istituto Dermopatico dell'Immacolata, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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31
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Lau E, Huang D, Cao Q, Dincer TU, Black CM, Lin AJ, Lee JM, Wang D, Liem DA, Lam MP, Ping P. Spatial and temporal dynamics of the cardiac mitochondrial proteome. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:133-46. [PMID: 25752359 PMCID: PMC4721584 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1024227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial proteins alter in their composition and quantity drastically through time and space in correspondence to changing energy demands and cellular signaling events. The integrity and permutations of this dynamism are increasingly recognized to impact the functions of the cardiac proteome in health and disease. This article provides an overview on recent advances in defining the spatial and temporal dynamics of mitochondrial proteins in the heart. Proteomics techniques to characterize dynamics on a proteome scale are reviewed and the physiological consequences of altered mitochondrial protein dynamics are discussed. Lastly, we offer our perspectives on the unmet challenges in translating mitochondrial dynamics markers into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Lau
- Departments of Physiology, The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Derrick Huang
- Departments of Physiology, The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Quan Cao
- Departments of Physiology, The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - T. Umut Dincer
- Departments of Physiology, The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Caitie M. Black
- Departments of Physiology, The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Amanda J. Lin
- Departments of Physiology, The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jessica M. Lee
- Departments of Physiology, The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ding Wang
- Departments of Physiology, The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David A. Liem
- Departments of Physiology, The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maggie P.Y. Lam
- Departments of Physiology, The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peipei Ping
- Departments of Physiology, The NHLBI Proteomics Center at UCLA, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Departments of Medicine, and Bioinformatics, NIH Center of Excellence in Big Data Computing at UCLA, UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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32
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Acute isoproterenol induces anxiety-like behavior in rats and increases plasma content of extracellular vesicles. Physiol Behav 2015; 142:79-84. [PMID: 25654993 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Several clinical observations have demonstrated a link between heart rate and anxiety or panic disorders. In these patients, β-adrenergic receptor function was altered. This prompted us to investigate whether the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol, at a dose that stimulates peripheral β-adrenergic system but has no effects at the central nervous system, can induce anxiety-like behavior in rats. Moreover, some possible messengers involved in the peripheral to brain communication were investigated. Our results showed that isoproterenol (5 mg kg(-1) i.p.) increased heart rate, evoked anxiety-like behavior, did not result in motor impairments and increased extracellular vesicle content in the blood. Plasma corticosterone level was unmodified as well as vesicular Hsp70 content. Vesicular miR-208 was also unmodified indicating a source of increased extracellular vesicles different from cardiomyocytes. We can hypothesize that peripheral extracellular vesicles might contribute to the β-adrenergic receptor-evoked anxiety-like behavior, acting as peripheral signals in modulating the mental state.
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33
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Zhang Y, Chopp M, Meng Y, Katakowski M, Xin H, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. Effect of exosomes derived from multipluripotent mesenchymal stromal cells on functional recovery and neurovascular plasticity in rats after traumatic brain injury. J Neurosurg 2015; 122:856-67. [PMID: 25594326 DOI: 10.3171/2014.11.jns14770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 486] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECT Transplanted multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) improve functional recovery in rats after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study the authors tested a novel hypothesis that systemic administration of cell-free exosomes generated from MSCs promotes functional recovery and neurovascular remodeling in rats after TBI. METHODS Two groups of 8 Wistar rats were subjected to TBI, followed 24 hours later by tail vein injection of 100 μg protein of exosomes derived from MSCs or an equal volume of vehicle (phosphate-buffered saline). A third group of 8 rats was used as sham-injured, sham-treated controls. To evaluate cognitive and sensorimotor functional recovery, the modified Morris water maze, modified Neurological Severity Score, and foot-fault tests were performed. Animals were killed at 35 days after TBI. Histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed for measurements of lesion volume, neurovascular remodeling (angiogenesis and neurogenesis), and neuroinflammation. RESULTS Compared with the saline-treated group, exosome-treated rats with TBI showed significant improvement in spatial learning at 34-35 days as measured by the modified Morris water maze test (p < 0.05), and sensorimotor functional recovery (i.e., reduced neurological deficits and foot-fault frequency) was observed at 14-35 days postinjury (p < 0.05). Exosome treatment significantly increased the number of newly generated endothelial cells in the lesion boundary zone and dentate gyrus and significantly increased the number of newly formed immature and mature neurons in the dentate gyrus as well as reducing neuroinflammation. CONCLUSIONS The authors demonstrate for the first time that MSC-generated exosomes effectively improve functional recovery, at least in part, by promoting endogenous angiogenesis and neurogenesis and by reducing inflammation in rats after TBI. Thus, MSC-generated exosomes may provide a novel cell-free therapy for TBI and possibly for other neurological diseases.
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34
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Gonzalez-Calero L, Martin-Lorenzo M, Alvarez-Llamas G. Exosomes: a potential key target in cardio-renal syndrome. Front Immunol 2014; 5:465. [PMID: 25339951 PMCID: PMC4189416 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes have proven roles in regulating immune response, antigen presentation, RNA and protein transfer, and cell–cell (organ–organ) interaction/signaling. These microvesicles can be considered a mechanism of non-classical secretion of proteins, and they represent a subproteome, thus assisting in the difficult task of biomarker discovery in a biological fluid as urine, plasma, or serum. A potential role of exosomes in the cardio-renal syndrome is currently underexplored. Cardiovascular disease continues to be the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and, particularly, rates of cardiovascular events and death consistently increase as kidney function worsens. In other words, chronic kidney disease acts as a risk multiplier. Unfortunately, the relationship between markers of cardiovascular risk in kidney pathology often differs from that in the general population. Efforts in the search for novel action mechanisms simultaneously operating in both pathologies are thus of maximum interest. This article focuses to the role of exosomes in cardiovascular and renal diseases, in the search for novel key targets of interaction between heart and kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gonzalez-Calero
- Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Marta Martin-Lorenzo
- Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Gloria Alvarez-Llamas
- Immunology Department, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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35
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Feng Y, Huang W, Meng W, Jegga AG, Wang Y, Cai W, Kim HW, Pasha Z, Wen Z, Rao F, Modi RM, Yu X, Ashraf M. Heat shock improves Sca-1+ stem cell survival and directs ischemic cardiomyocytes toward a prosurvival phenotype via exosomal transfer: a critical role for HSF1/miR-34a/HSP70 pathway. Stem Cells 2014; 32:462-72. [PMID: 24123326 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based therapy is a promising intervention for ischemic heart diseases. However, the functional integrity of stem cells is impaired in an ischemic environment. Here, we report a novel finding that heat shock significantly improves Sca-1(+) stem cell survival in an ischemic environment by the regulation of the triangle: heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), HSF1/miR-34a, and heat shock protein 70 (HSP70). Initially we prove that HSP70 is the key chaperone-mediating cytoprotective effect of heat shock in Sca-1(+) cells and then we establish miR-34a as a direct repressor of HSP70. We found that miR-34a was downregulated in heat shocked Sca-11 stem cells (HSSca-11 cells) [corrected]. Intriguingly, we demonstrate that the downregulation of miR-34a is attributed to HSF1-mediated epigenetic repression through histone H3 Lys27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) on miR-34a promoter. Moreover, we show that heat shock induces exosomal transfer of HSF1 from Sca-1(+) cells, which directs ischemic cardiomyocytes toward a prosurvival phenotype by epigenetic repression of miR-34a. In addition, our in vivo study demonstrates that transplantation of (HS) Sca-1(+) cells significantly reduces apoptosis, attenuates fibrosis, and improves global heart functions in ischemic myocardium. Hence, our study provides not only novel insights into the effects of heat shock on stem cell survival and paracrine behavior but also may have therapeutic values for stem cell therapy in ischemic heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Feng
- Medical Research Center of Guangdong General Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Cardiovascular Institute, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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36
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Chua CEL, Chan SN, Tang BL. Non-Cell Autonomous or Secretory Tumor Suppression. J Cell Physiol 2014; 229:1346-52. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christelle En Lin Chua
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University Health System; Singapore Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Shu Ning Chan
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University Health System; Singapore Singapore
| | - Bor Luen Tang
- Department of Biochemistry; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University Health System; Singapore Singapore
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
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37
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Khalyfa A, Gozal D. Exosomal miRNAs as potential biomarkers of cardiovascular risk in children. J Transl Med 2014; 12:162. [PMID: 24912806 PMCID: PMC4057926 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular interactions are essential for basic cellular activities and errors in either receiving or transferring these signals have shown to cause pathological conditions. These signals are not only regulated by membrane surface molecules but also by soluble secreted proteins, thereby allowing for an exquisite coordination of cell functions. Exosomes are released by cells upon fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVB) with the plasma membrane. Their envelope reflects their cellular origin and their surface and internal contents include important signaling components. Exosomes contain a wide variety of proteins, lipids, RNAs, non-transcribed RNAs, miRNAs and small RNAs that are representative to their cellular origin and shuttle from donor cells to recipient cells. The exosome formation cargo content and delivery is of immense biological interest because exosomes are believed to play major roles in various pathological conditions, and therefore provide unique opportunities for biomarker discovery and development of non-invasive diagnostics when examined in biological fluids such as urine and blood plasma. For example, circulating miRNAs in exosomes have been applied as functional biomarkers for diagnosis and outcomes prediction, while synthetic miRNAs in polymer-based nanoparticles are applicable for therapeutics. This review provides insights into the composition and functional properties of exosomes, and focuses on their potential value as diagnostic markers in the context of cardiovascular disease risk estimates in children who suffer from conditions associated with heightened prevalence of adverse cardiovascular disease, namely obesity and sleep-disordered-breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelnaby Khalyfa
- Section of Pediatric Sleep Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Comer Children's Hospital, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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