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Safran J, Ung V, Bouckaert J, Habrylo O, Molinié R, Fontaine JX, Lemaire A, Voxeur A, Pilard S, Pau-Roblot C, Mercadante D, Pelloux J, Sénéchal F. The specificity of pectate lyase VdPelB from Verticilium dahliae is highlighted by structural, dynamical and biochemical characterizations. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123137. [PMID: 36639075 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pectins, complex polysaccharides and major components of the plant primary cell wall, can be degraded by pectate lyases (PLs). PLs cleave glycosidic bonds of homogalacturonans (HG), the main pectic domain, by β-elimination, releasing unsaturated oligogalacturonides (OGs). To understand the catalytic mechanism and structure/function of these enzymes, we characterized VdPelB from Verticillium dahliae. We first solved the crystal structure of VdPelB at 1.2 Å resolution showing that it is a right-handed parallel β-helix structure. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations further highlighted the dynamics of the enzyme in complex with substrates that vary in their degree of methylesterification, identifying amino acids involved in substrate binding and cleavage of non-methylesterified pectins. We then biochemically characterized wild type and mutated forms of VdPelB. Pectate lyase VdPelB was most active on non-methylesterified pectins, at pH 8.0 in presence of Ca2+ ions. The VdPelB-G125R mutant was most active at pH 9.0 and showed higher relative activity compared to native enzyme. The OGs released by VdPelB differed to that of previously characterized PLs, showing its peculiar specificity in relation to its structure. OGs released from Verticillium-partially tolerant and sensitive flax cultivars differed which could facilitate the identification VdPelB-mediated elicitors of defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Safran
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Vanessa Ung
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR8576 CNRS, Université de Lille, Campus CNRS Haute Borne, Avenue de Halley, 59658, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Olivier Habrylo
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Roland Molinié
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Xavier Fontaine
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Adrien Lemaire
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Aline Voxeur
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Davide Mercadante
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
| | - Fabien Sénéchal
- UMR INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, UFR des Sciences, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
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Unveiling the Secretome of the Fungal Plant Pathogen Neofusicoccum parvum Induced by In Vitro Host Mimicry. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8090971. [PMID: 36135697 PMCID: PMC9505667 DOI: 10.3390/jof8090971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neofusicoccum parvum is a fungal plant pathogen of a wide range of hosts but knowledge about the virulence factors of N. parvum and host-pathogen interactions is rather limited. The molecules involved in the interaction between N. parvum and Eucalyptus are mostly unknown, so we used a multi-omics approach to understand pathogen-host interactions. We present the first comprehensive characterization of the in vitro secretome of N. parvum and a prediction of protein-protein interactions using a dry-lab non-targeted interactomics strategy. We used LC-MS to identify N. parvum protein profiles, resulting in the identification of over 400 proteins, from which 117 had a different abundance in the presence of the Eucalyptus stem. Most of the more abundant proteins under host mimicry are involved in plant cell wall degradation (targeting pectin and hemicellulose) consistent with pathogen growth on a plant host. Other proteins identified are involved in adhesion to host tissues, penetration, pathogenesis, or reactive oxygen species generation, involving ribonuclease/ribotoxin domains, putative ricin B lectins, and necrosis elicitors. The overexpression of chitosan synthesis proteins during interaction with the Eucalyptus stem reinforces the hypothesis of an infection strategy involving pathogen masking to avoid host defenses. Neofusicoccum parvum has the molecular apparatus to colonize the host but also actively feed on its living cells and induce necrosis suggesting that this species has a hemibiotrophic lifestyle.
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Bělonožníková K, Hýsková V, Vašková M, Křížek T, Čokrtová K, Vaněk T, Halířová L, Chudý M, Žufić A, Ryšlavá H. Seed Protection of Solanum lycopersicum with Pythium oligandrum against Alternaria brassicicola and Verticillium albo-atrum. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10071348. [PMID: 35889067 PMCID: PMC9315653 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10071348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pythium oligandrum, strain M1, is a soil oomycete successfully used as a biological control agent (BCA), protecting plants against fungal, yeast, and oomycete pathogens through mycoparasitism and elicitor-dependent plant priming. The not yet described Pythium strains, X42 and 00X48, have shown potential as BCAs given the high activity of their secreted proteases, endoglycosidases, and tryptamine. Here, Solanum lycopersicum L. cv. Micro-Tom seeds were coated with Pythium strains, and seedlings were exposed to fungal pathogens, either Alternaria brassicicola or Verticillium albo-atrum. The effects of both infection and seed-coating on plant metabolism were assessed by determining the activity and isoforms of antioxidant enzymes and endoglycosidases and the content of tryptamine, amino acids, and heat shock proteins. Dual culture competition testing and microscopy analysis confirmed mycoparasitism in all three Pythium strains. In turn, seed treatment significantly increased the total free amino acid content, changing their abundance in both non-infected and infected plants. In response to pathogens, plant Hsp70 and Hsp90 isoform levels also varied among Pythium strains, most likely as a strategy for priming the plant against infection. Overall, our results show in vitro mycoparasitism between Pythium strains and fungal pathogens and in planta involvement of heat shock proteins in priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kateřina Bělonožníková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Veronika Hýsková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Marie Vašková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Tomáš Křížek
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Čokrtová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vaněk
- Biopreparáty, spol. s r.o., Tylišovská 1, 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic;
| | - Lucie Halířová
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Michal Chudý
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Antoniana Žufić
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
| | - Helena Ryšlavá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (K.B.); (V.H.); (M.V.); (T.K.); (K.Č.); (L.H.); (M.C.); (A.Ž.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-221-951-282
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Safran J, Habrylo O, Cherkaoui M, Lecomte S, Voxeur A, Pilard S, Bassard S, Pau-Roblot C, Mercadante D, Pelloux J, Sénéchal F. New insights into the specificity and processivity of two novel pectinases from Verticillium dahliae. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:165-176. [PMID: 33561463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pectin, the major non-cellulosic component of primary cell wall can be degraded by polygalacturonases (PGs) and pectin methylesterases (PMEs) during pathogen attack on plants. We characterized two novel enzymes, VdPG2 and VdPME1, from the fungal plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. VdPME1 was most active on citrus methylesterified pectin (55-70%) at pH 6 and a temperature of 40 °C, while VdPG2 was most active on polygalacturonic acid at pH 5 and a temperature of 50 °C. Using LC-MS/MS oligoprofiling, and various pectins, the mode of action of VdPME1 and VdPG2 were determined. VdPME1 was shown to be processive, in accordance with the electrostatic potential of the enzyme. VdPG2 was identified as endo-PG releasing both methylesterified and non-methylesterified oligogalacturonides (OGs). Additionally, when flax roots were used as substrate, acetylated OGs were detected. The comparisons of OGs released from Verticillium-susceptible and partially resistant flax cultivars identified new possible elicitor of plant defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Safran
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Habrylo
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France; Current address: Groupe Soufflet, 10400 Nogent-sur-Seine, France
| | - Mehdi Cherkaoui
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France; Current address: UR 1258 BIA Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRAE, 44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Sylvain Lecomte
- Linéa Semences, 20 Avenue Saget, 60210 Grandvilliers, France
| | - Aline Voxeur
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Solène Bassard
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Davide Mercadante
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Fabien Sénéchal
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
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Leonard M, Kühn A, Harting R, Maurus I, Nagel A, Starke J, Kusch H, Valerius O, Feussner K, Feussner I, Kaever A, Landesfeind M, Morgenstern B, Becher D, Hecker M, Braus-Stromeyer SA, Kronstad JW, Braus GH. Verticillium longisporum Elicits Media-Dependent Secretome Responses With Capacity to Distinguish Between Plant-Related Environments. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1876. [PMID: 32849460 PMCID: PMC7423881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillia cause a vascular wilt disease affecting a broad range of economically valuable crops. The fungus enters its host plants through the roots and colonizes the vascular system. It requires extracellular proteins for a successful plant colonization. The exoproteomes of the allodiploid Verticillium longisporum upon cultivation in different media or xylem sap extracted from its host plant Brassica napus were compared. Secreted fungal proteins were identified by label free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry screening. V. longisporum induced two main secretion patterns. One response pattern was elicited in various non-plant related environments. The second pattern includes the exoprotein responses to the plant-related media, pectin-rich simulated xylem medium and pure xylem sap, which exhibited similar but additional distinct features. These exoproteomes include a shared core set of 221 secreted and similarly enriched fungal proteins. The pectin-rich medium significantly induced the secretion of 143 proteins including a number of pectin degrading enzymes, whereas xylem sap triggered a smaller but unique fungal exoproteome pattern with 32 enriched proteins. The latter pattern included proteins with domains of known pathogenicity factors, metallopeptidases and carbohydrate-active enzymes. The most abundant proteins of these different groups are the necrosis and ethylene inducing-like proteins Nlp2 and Nlp3, the cerato-platanin proteins Cp1 and Cp2, the metallopeptidases Mep1 and Mep2 and the carbohydrate-active enzymes Gla1, Amy1 and Cbd1. Their pathogenicity contribution was analyzed in the haploid parental strain V. dahliae. Deletion of the majority of the corresponding genes caused no phenotypic changes during ex planta growth or invasion and colonization of tomato plants. However, we discovered that the MEP1, NLP2, and NLP3 deletion strains were compromised in plant infections. Overall, our exoproteome approach revealed that the fungus induces specific secretion responses in different environments. The fungus has a general response to non-plant related media whereas it is able to fine-tune its exoproteome in the presence of plant material. Importantly, the xylem sap-specific exoproteome pinpointed Nlp2 and Nlp3 as single effectors required for successful V. dahliae colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Leonard
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anika Kühn
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Harting
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Isabel Maurus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Nagel
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jessica Starke
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Harald Kusch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Valerius
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kirstin Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Department for Plant Biochemistry, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kaever
- Department of Bioinformatics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Landesfeind
- Department of Bioinformatics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Morgenstern
- Department of Bioinformatics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Department Microbial Proteomics, Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Hecker
- Department of Microbial Physiology, Institute for Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Susanna A. Braus-Stromeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - James W. Kronstad
- Michael Smith Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Göttingen Center for Molecular Biosciences, Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Wu W, Nemri A, Blackman LM, Catanzariti AM, Sperschneider J, Lawrence GJ, Dodds PN, Jones DA, Hardham AR. Flax rust infection transcriptomics reveals a transcriptional profile that may be indicative for rust Avr genes. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226106. [PMID: 31830116 PMCID: PMC6907798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted effectors of fungal pathogens are essential elements for disease development. However, lack of sequence conservation among identified effectors has long been a problem for predicting effector complements in fungi. Here we have explored the expression characteristics of avirulence (Avr) genes and candidate effectors of the flax rust fungus, Melampsora lini. We performed transcriptome sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) on RNA extracted from ungerminated spores, germinated spores, isolated haustoria and flax seedlings inoculated with M. lini isolate CH5 during plant infection. Genes encoding two categories of M. lini proteins, namely Avr proteins and plant cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs), were investigated in detail. Analysis of the expression profiles of 623 genes encoding predicted secreted proteins in the M. lini transcriptome shows that the six known Avr genes (i.e. AvrM (avrM), AvrM14, AvrL2, AvrL567, AvrP123 (AvrP) and AvrP4) fall within a group of 64 similarly expressed genes that are induced in planta and show a peak of expression early in infection with a subsequent decline towards sporulation. Other genes within this group include two paralogues of AvrL2, an AvrL567 virulence allele, and a number of genes encoding putative effector proteins. By contrast, M. lini genes encoding CWDEs fall into different expression clusters with their distribution often unrelated to their catalytic activity or substrate targets. These results suggest that synthesis of M. lini Avr proteins may be regulated in a coordinated fashion and that the expression profiling-based analysis has significant predictive power for the identification of candidate Avr genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjie Wu
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Leila M. Blackman
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Ann-Maree Catanzariti
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jana Sperschneider
- Biological Data Science Institute, the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | | | | | - David A. Jones
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Adrienne R. Hardham
- Division of Plant Sciences, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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Volk H, Marton K, Flajšman M, Radišek S, Tian H, Hein I, Podlipnik Č, Thomma BPHJ, Košmelj K, Javornik B, Berne S. Chitin-Binding Protein of Verticillium nonalfalfae Disguises Fungus from Plant Chitinases and Suppresses Chitin-Triggered Host Immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:1378-1390. [PMID: 31063047 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-03-19-0079-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
During fungal infections, plant cells secrete chitinases, which digest chitin in the fungal cell walls. The recognition of released chitin oligomers via lysin motif (LysM)-containing immune host receptors results in the activation of defense signaling pathways. We report here that Verticillium nonalfalfae, a hemibiotrophic xylem-invading fungus, prevents these digestion and recognition processes by secreting a carbohydrate-binding motif 18 (CBM18)-chitin-binding protein, VnaChtBP, which is transcriptionally activated specifically during the parasitic life stages. VnaChtBP is encoded by the Vna8.213 gene, which is highly conserved within the species, suggesting high evolutionary stability and importance for the fungal lifestyle. In a pathogenicity assay, however, Vna8.213 knockout mutants exhibited wilting symptoms similar to the wild-type fungus, suggesting that Vna8.213 activity is functionally redundant during fungal infection of hop. In a binding assay, recombinant VnaChtBP bound chitin and chitin oligomers in vitro with submicromolar affinity and protected fungal hyphae from degradation by plant chitinases. Moreover, the chitin-triggered production of reactive oxygen species from hop suspension cells was abolished in the presence of VnaChtBP, indicating that VnaChtBP also acts as a suppressor of chitin-triggered immunity. Using a yeast-two-hybrid assay, circular dichroism, homology modeling, and molecular docking, we demonstrated that VnaChtBP forms dimers in the absence of ligands and that this interaction is stabilized by the binding of chitin hexamers with a similar preference in the two binding sites. Our data suggest that, in addition to chitin-binding LysM (CBM50) and Avr4 (CBM14) fungal effectors, structurally unrelated CBM18 effectors have convergently evolved to prevent hydrolysis of the fungal cell wall against plant chitinases and to interfere with chitin-triggered host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Volk
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Marton
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Flajšman
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Radišek
- Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Žalskega tabora 2, SI-3310 Žalec, Slovenia
| | - Hui Tian
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ingo Hein
- The James Hutton Institute (JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, U.K
- The University of Dundee, School of Life Sciences, Division of Plant Sciences at the JHI, Invergowrie
| | - Črtomir Podlipnik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bart P H J Thomma
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katarina Košmelj
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Berne
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Marton K, Flajšman M, Radišek S, Košmelj K, Jakše J, Javornik B, Berne S. Comprehensive analysis of Verticillium nonalfalfae in silico secretome uncovers putative effector proteins expressed during hop invasion. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198971. [PMID: 29894496 PMCID: PMC5997321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The vascular plant pathogen Verticillium nonalfalfae causes Verticillium wilt in several important crops. VnaSSP4.2 was recently discovered as a V. nonalfalfae virulence effector protein in the xylem sap of infected hop. Here, we expanded our search for candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) in the V. nonalfalfae predicted secretome using a bioinformatic pipeline built on V. nonalfalfae genome data, RNA-Seq and proteomic studies of the interaction with hop. The secretome, rich in carbohydrate active enzymes, proteases, redox proteins and proteins involved in secondary metabolism, cellular processing and signaling, includes 263 CSEPs. Several homologs of known fungal effectors (LysM, NLPs, Hce2, Cerato-platanins, Cyanovirin-N lectins, hydrophobins and CFEM domain containing proteins) and avirulence determinants in the PHI database (Avr-Pita1 and MgSM1) were found. The majority of CSEPs were non-annotated and were narrowed down to 44 top priority candidates based on their likelihood of being effectors. These were examined by spatio-temporal gene expression profiling of infected hop. Among the highest in planta expressed CSEPs, five deletion mutants were tested in pathogenicity assays. A deletion mutant of VnaUn.279, a lethal pathotype specific gene with sequence similarity to SAM-dependent methyltransferase (LaeA), had lower infectivity and showed highly reduced virulence, but no changes in morphology, fungal growth or conidiation were observed. Several putative secreted effector proteins that probably contribute to V. nonalfalfae colonization of hop were identified in this study. Among them, LaeA gene homolog was found to act as a potential novel virulence effector of V. nonalfalfae. The combined results will serve for future characterization of V. nonalfalfae effectors, which will advance our understanding of Verticillium wilt disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Marton
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Flajšman
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Katarina Košmelj
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Jakše
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Branka Javornik
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabina Berne
- Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Elagamey E, Sinha A, Narula K, Abdellatef MA, Chakraborty N, Chakraborty S. Molecular Dissection of Extracellular Matrix Proteome Reveals Discrete Mechanism RegulatingVerticillium DahliaeTriggered Vascular Wilt Disease in Potato. Proteomics 2017; 17. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201600373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eman Elagamey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research; New Delhi India
- Plant Pathology Research Institute; Agricultural Research Center (ARC); Giza Egypt
| | - Arunima Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research; New Delhi India
| | - Kanika Narula
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research; New Delhi India
| | - Magdi A.E. Abdellatef
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research; New Delhi India
- Plant Pathology Research Institute; Agricultural Research Center (ARC); Giza Egypt
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Gardiner M, Bournazos AM, Maturana-Martinez C, Zhong L, Egan S. Exoproteome Analysis of the Seaweed Pathogen Nautella italica R11 Reveals Temperature-Dependent Regulation of RTX-Like Proteins. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1203. [PMID: 28706511 PMCID: PMC5489592 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate fluctuations have been linked to an increased prevalence of disease in seaweeds, including the red alga Delisea pulchra, which is susceptible to a bleaching disease caused by the bacterium Nautella italica R11 under elevated seawater temperatures. To further investigate the role of temperature in the induction of disease by N. italica R11, we assessed the effect of temperature on the expression of the extracellular proteome (exoproteome) in this bacterium. Label-free quantitative mass spectrometry was used to identify 207 proteins secreted into supernatant fraction, which is equivalent to 5% of the protein coding genes in the N. italica R11 genome. Comparative analysis demonstrated that expression of over 30% of the N. italica R11 exoproteome is affected by temperature. The temperature-dependent proteins include traits that could facilitate the ATP-dependent transport of amino acid and carbohydrate, as well as several uncharacterized proteins. Further, potential virulence determinants, including two RTX-like proteins, exhibited significantly higher expression in the exoproteome at the disease inducing temperature of 24°C relative to non-inducing temperature (16°C). This is the first study to demonstrate that temperature has an influence exoproteome expression in a macroalgal pathogen. The results have revealed several temperature regulated candidate virulence factors that may have a role in macroalgal colonization and invasion at elevated sea-surface temperatures, including novel RTX-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gardiner
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences-Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney,NSW, Australia
| | - Adam M Bournazos
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences-Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney,NSW, Australia
| | - Claudia Maturana-Martinez
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences-Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney,NSW, Australia
| | - Ling Zhong
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales, SydneyNSW, Australia
| | - Suhelen Egan
- School of Biological Earth and Environmental Sciences-Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales, Sydney,NSW, Australia
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11
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Chen JY, Xiao HL, Gui YJ, Zhang DD, Li L, Bao YM, Dai XF. Characterization of the Verticillium dahliae Exoproteome Involves in Pathogenicity from Cotton-Containing Medium. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1709. [PMID: 27840627 PMCID: PMC5083787 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium wilt, caused by the Verticillium dahliae phytopathogen, is a devastating disease affecting many economically important crops. Previous studies have shown that the exoproteome of V. dahliae plays a significant role in this pathogenic process, but the components and mechanisms that underlie this remain unclear. In this study, the exoproteome of V. dahliae was induced in a cotton-containing C’zapek-Dox (CCD) medium and quantified using the high-throughput isobaric tag technique for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ). Results showed that the abundance of 271 secreted proteins was affected by the CCD medium, of which 172 contain typical signal peptides generally produced by the Golgi/endoplasmic reticulum (ER). These enhanced abundance proteins were predominantly enriched in carbohydrate hydrolases; 126 were classified as carbohydrate-active (CAZymes) and almost all were significantly up-regulated in the CCD medium. Results showed that CAZymes proteins 30 and 22 participate in pectin and cellulose degradation pathways, corresponding with the transcription levels of several genes encoded plant cell wall degradation enzyme activated significantly during cotton infection. In addition, targeted deletion of two pectin lyase genes (VdPL3.1 and VdPL3.3) impaired wilt virulence to cotton. This study demonstrates that the V. dahliae exoproteome plays a crucial role in the development of symptoms of wilting and necrosis, predominantly via the pathogenic mechanisms of plant cell wall degradation as part of host plant infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yin Chen
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Li Xiao
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Jing Gui
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Dan-Dan Zhang
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Ming Bao
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Dai
- Laboratory of Cotton Disease, Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences Beijing, China
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12
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Ismail IA, Able AJ. Secretome analysis of virulent Pyrenophora teres f. teres isolates. Proteomics 2016; 16:2625-2636. [PMID: 27402336 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201500498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Pyrenophora teres f. teres (Ptt) causes net form net blotch disease of barley, partially by producing necrosis-inducing proteins. The protein profiles of the culture filtrates of 28 virulent isolates were compared by a combination of 2DE and 1D-PAGE with 105 spots and 51 bands chosen for analysis by liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. A total of 259 individual proteins were identified with 63 of these proteins being common to the selected virulent isolates. Ptt secretes a broad spectrum of proteins including cell wall degrading enzymes; virulence factors and effectors; proteins associated with fungal pathogenesis and development; and proteins related to oxidation-reduction processes. Potential virulence factors and effectors identified included proteins with glucosidase activity, ricin B and concanavalin A-like lectins, glucanases, spherulin, cutinase, pectin lyase, leucine-rich repeat protein, and ceratoplatanin. Small proteins with unknown function but cysteine-rich, common to effectors, were also identified. Differences in the secretion profile of the Ptt isolates have also provided important insight into the different mechanisms contributing to virulence and the development of net form net blotch symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail A Ismail
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia
| | - Amanda J Able
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine, Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, Australia.
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Félix C, Duarte AS, Vitorino R, Guerreiro ACL, Domingues P, Correia ACM, Alves A, Esteves AC. Temperature Modulates the Secretome of the Phytopathogenic Fungus Lasiodiplodia theobromae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1096. [PMID: 27536303 PMCID: PMC4971015 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
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14
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Elagamey E, Narula K, Sinha A, Aggarwal PR, Ghosh S, Chakraborty N, Chakraborty S. Extracellular Matrix Proteome and Phosphoproteome of Potato Reveals Functionally Distinct and Diverse Canonical and Non-Canonical Proteoforms. Proteomes 2016; 4:E20. [PMID: 28248230 PMCID: PMC5217357 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes4030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) has a molecular machinery composed of diverse proteins and proteoforms that combine properties of tensile strength with extensibility exhibiting growth-regulatory functions and self- and non-self-recognition. The identification of ECM proteoforms is the prerequisite towards a comprehensive understanding of biological functions accomplished by the outermost layer of the cell. Regulatory mechanisms of protein functions rely on post-translational modifications, phosphorylation in particular, affecting enzymatic activity, interaction, localization and stability. To investigate the ECM proteoforms, we have isolated the cell wall proteome and phosphoproteome of a tuberous crop, potato (Solanum tuberosum). LC-MS/MS analysis led to the identification of 38 proteins and 35 phosphoproteins of known and unknown functions. The findings may provide a better understanding of biochemical machinery and the integrated protein and phosphoprotein network of ECM for future functional studies of different developmental pathways and guidance cues in mechanosensing and integrity signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Elagamey
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Kanika Narula
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Arunima Sinha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Pooja Rani Aggarwal
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Niranjan Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
| | - Subhra Chakraborty
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Flajsman M, Mandelc S, Radisek S, Stajner N, Jakse J, Kosmelj K, Javornik B. Identification of Novel Virulence-Associated Proteins Secreted to Xylem by Verticillium nonalfalfae During Colonization of Hop Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:362-373. [PMID: 26883488 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-16-0016-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens employ various secreted proteins to suppress host immunity for their successful host colonization. Identification and characterization of pathogen-secreted proteins can contribute to an understanding of the pathogenicity mechanism and help in disease control. We used proteomics to search for proteins secreted to xylem by the vascular pathogen Verticillium nonalfalfae during colonization of hop plants. Three highly abundant fungal proteins were identified: two enzymes, α-N-arabinofuranosidase (VnaAbf4.216) and peroxidase (VnaPRX1.1277), and one small secreted hypothetical protein (VnaSSP4.2). These are the first secreted proteins so far identified in xylem sap following infection with Verticillium spp. VnaPRX1.1277, classified as a heme-containing peroxidase from Class II, similar to other Verticillium spp. lignin-degrading peroxidases, and VnaSSP4.2, a 14-kDa cysteine-containing protein with unknown function and with a close homolog in related V. alfalfae strains, were further examined. The in planta expression of VnaPRX1.1277 and VnaSSP4.2 genes increased with the progression of colonization, implicating their role in fungal virulence. Indeed, V. nonalfalfae deletion mutants of both genes exhibited attenuated virulence on hop plants, which returned to the level of the wild-type pathogenicity in the knockout complementation lines, supporting VnaPRX1.1277 and VnaSSP4.2 as virulence factors required to promote V. nonalfalfae colonization of hop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Flajsman
- 1 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Stanislav Mandelc
- 1 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Sebastjan Radisek
- 2 Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Zalskega Tabora 2, SI-3310 Zalec, Slovenia
| | - Natasa Stajner
- 1 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Jernej Jakse
- 1 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Katarina Kosmelj
- 1 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Branka Javornik
- 1 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
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