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Sahin I, Ceylan Ç, Bayraktar O. Ruscogenin interacts with DPPC and DPPG model membranes and increases the membrane fluidity: FTIR and DSC studies. Arch Biochem Biophys 2023; 733:109481. [PMID: 36522815 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2022.109481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Ruscogenin, a kind of steroid saponin, has been shown to have significant anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-thrombotic characteristics. Furthermore, it has the potential to be employed as a medicinal medication to treat a variety of acute and chronic disorders. The interaction of a drug molecule with cell membranes can help to elucidate its system-wide protective and therapeutic effects, and it's also important for its pharmacological activity. The molecular mechanism by which ruscogenin affects membrane architecture is still a mystery. Ruscogenin's interaction with zwitterionic dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and anionic dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG) multilamellar vesicles (MLVs) was studied utilizing two non-invasive approaches, including: Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Ruscogenin caused considerable alterations in the phase transition profile, order, dynamics and hydration state of head groups and glycerol backbone of DPPC and DPPG MLVs at all concentrations. The DSC results indicated that the presence of ruscogenin decreased the main phase transition temperature (Tm) and enthalpy (ΔH) values of both membranes and increased half height width of the main transition (ΔT1/2). The FTIR results demonstrated that all concentrations (1, 3, 6, 9, 15, 24 and 30 mol percent) of ruscogenin disordered the DPPC MLVs both in the gel and liquid crystalline phases while it increased the order of DPPG MLVs in the liquid crystalline phase. Moreover, ruscogenin caused an increase in the dynamics of DPPC and DPPG MLVs in both phases. Additionally, it enhanced the hydration of the head groups of lipids and the surrounding water molecules implying ruscogenin to interact strongly with both zwitterionic and charged model membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Sahin
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey.
| | - Çağatay Ceylan
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, İzmir Institute of Technology, Urla, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Oguz Bayraktar
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, İzmir, Turkey
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2
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Zhang L, Brooks BW, Liu F, Zhou Z, Li H, You J. Human Apparent Volume of Distribution Predicts Bioaccumulation of Ionizable Organic Chemicals in Zebrafish Embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11547-11558. [PMID: 35896009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemicals with elevated bioaccumulation profiles present potential hazards to public health and the environment. Ionizable organic compounds (IOCs) increasingly represent a large proportion of commercial chemicals; however, historical approaches for bioaccumulation determinations are mainly developed for neutral chemicals, which were not appropriate for IOCs. Herein, we employed the zebrafish embryo, a common vertebrate model in environmental and biomedical studies, to elucidate toxicokinetics and bioconcentration of eight IOCs with diverse physicochemical properties and pharmacokinetic parameters. At an environmentally relevant pH (7.5), most IOCs exhibited rapid uptake and depuration in zebrafish, suggesting the ionized forms of IOCs are readily bioavailable. Bioconcentration factors (BCF) of these IOCs ranged from 0.0530 to 250 L·kg-1 wet weight. The human pharmacokinetic proportionality factor, apparent volume of distribution (VD), better predicted the BCF of selected IOCs than more commonly used hydrophobicity-based parameters (e.g., pH-dependent octanol-water distribution ratio, Dow). Predictive bioaccumulation models for IOCs were constructed and validated using VD alone or with Dow. Significant relationships between fish BCF and human VD, which is readily available for pharmaceuticals, highlighted the utility of biologically based "read-across" approaches for predicting bioaccumulative potential of IOCs. Our novel findings thus provided an understanding of the partitioning behavior and improved predictive bioconcentration modeling for IOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Bryan W Brooks
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute of Biomedical Studies, Center for Reservoir and Aquatic Systems Research, Baylor University, Waco, Texas 76798, United States
| | - Fen Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Zhimin Zhou
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Huizhen Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Jing You
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
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Vargas-Santana MS, Cruz-González AM, Ortiz CP, Delgado DR, Martínez F, Peña MÁ, Acree WE, Jouyban A. Solubility of sulfamerazine in (ethylene glycol + water) mixtures: Measurement, correlation, dissolution thermodynamics and preferential solvation. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Solubility of sulfadiazine in (acetonitrile + methanol) mixtures: Determination, correlation, dissolution thermodynamics and preferential solvation. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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5
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Wan J, Ding J, Tan W, Gao Y, Sun S, He C. Magnetic-activated carbon composites derived from iron sludge and biological sludge for sulfonamide antibiotic removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:13436-13446. [PMID: 32026366 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Novel magnetic-activated carbon composites (MACs) were synthesized via coupling of a glucose-assisted hydrothermal pretreatment and subsequent thermal treatment using iron sludge and biological sludge. The adsorption properties of MACs for sulfonamide antibiotic removal from aqueous solution were investigated. Results revealed that the MACs had a high specific surface area with well-distributed magnetic nano-sized Fe3O4/Fe0 particles with a graphitic shell. This finding indicates that the ferric compounds in the iron sludge were not only converted into magnetic ferrite but also worked as activators for graphitization of the surrounding amorphous carbon. The pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir models were shown to well fit sulfonamide antibiotic adsorption on the MACs. There was a high correlation between the kl·qm and physicochemical parameters of the sulfonamides. The three parameters are molecular polarizability, octanol-water partition coefficient, and solubility, respectively. The sulfonamide adsorption by the MACs was highly pH dependent. Hydrophobic interaction, π-π interaction, as well as electrostatic interaction, played dominant roles in the sulfonamide adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junli Wan
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Jian Ding
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Wanchun Tan
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yinghong Gao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Shiquan Sun
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Chunbo He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Solubility of sulfacetamide in aqueous propylene glycol mixtures: Measurement, correlation, dissolution thermodynamics, preferential solvation and solute volumetric contribution at saturation. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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7
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Romdhani A, Martínez F, Almanza OA, Peña MA, Jouyban A, Acree WE. Solubility of sulfacetamide in (ethanol + water) mixtures: Measurement, correlation, thermodynamics, preferential solvation and volumetric contribution at saturation. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Galindres DM, Rodríguez GA, Martínez F, Vargas EF. Molar electrical conductivity of sodium sulfonamides in aqueous solution at several temperatures. J Mol Liq 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.110984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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9
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Dong Y, Hengst L, Patel D, Hunt R, Qu H, Choi S, Ashraf M, Cruz CN, Xu X. A Kinetic Approach to Determining Drug Distribution in Complex Biphasic Systems. J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:2002-2011. [PMID: 30639742 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical emulsions contain multiple components, such as micellar, aqueous, and oil phases, leading to complex drug transfer and equilibrium phenomena. These complex components present challenges for the bioequivalence assessment of the drug products. The objective of the study was to develop a method that can probe the underlying mechanism and process of drug distribution. The concept of drug partitioning into biphasic systems was used to simplify the complex transfer phenomenon. A kinetic method was developed taking into account the biphasic diffusion. Using this approach, both the rate (kinetics) and the extent (equilibrium) of distribution can be determined. For method development purpose, 3 model compounds (triamcinolone acetonide, difluprednate, and cyclosporine), with expected partition coefficient values ranging from 2 to 6, were tested using the kinetic method and the traditional shake-flask method. The values obtained by the 2 methods for all compounds correlated well (r2 = 0.825). Various organic and aqueous solvents which are commonly encountered in formulations were also tested to determine the impact of phase composition on drug distribution. The kinetic method was found to offer more flexibility in terms of solvent composition and can lead to better understanding for drug distribution and potential drug release in complex biphasic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Dong
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Leanna Hengst
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Deval Patel
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Robert Hunt
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Haiou Qu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Stephanie Choi
- Office of Research and Standards, Office of Generic Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Muhammad Ashraf
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Celia N Cruz
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993
| | - Xiaoming Xu
- Division of Product Quality Research, Office of Testing and Research, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993.
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Rogers BA, Thompson TS, Zhang Y. Hofmeister Anion Effects on Thermodynamics of Caffeine Partitioning between Aqueous and Cyclohexane Phases. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:12596-12603. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b07760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A. Rogers
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| | - Tye S. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, Virginia 22807, United States
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Delgado DR, Peña MA, Martinez F, Jouyban A, Acree Jr. WE. Further Numerical Analyses on the Solubility of Sulfapyridine in Ethanol + Water Mixtures. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.15171/ps.2016.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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12
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Solubility and Preferential Solvation of Sulfanilamide, Sulfamethizole and Sulfapyridine in Methanol + Water Mixtures at 298.15 K. J SOLUTION CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-016-0513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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13
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Delgado DR, Peña MÁ, Martínez F. Extended Hildebrand solubility approach applied to some structurally related sulfonamides in ethanol + water mixtures. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE QUÍMICA 2016. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.quim.v45n1.57201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach (EHSA) was applied to evaluate the solubility of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine in some ethanol + water mixtures at 298.15 K. Reported experimental equilibrium solubilities and some fusion properties of these drugs were used for the calculations. In particular, a good predictive character of EHSA (with mean deviations lower than 3.0%) has been found by using regular polynomials in order four correlating the interaction parameter W with the Hildebrand solubility parameter of solvent mixtures without drug. However, the predictive character of EHSA was the same as that obtained by direct correlation of drug solubilities with the same descriptor of polarity of the cosolvent mixtures.
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Agomelatine strongly interacts with zwitterionic DPPC and charged DPPG membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:2798-806. [PMID: 25091390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2014.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diseases in the population. Agomelatine is a novel antidepressant drug with melatonin receptor agonistic and serotonin 5-HT2C antagonistic properties. Furthermore, being a melatonergic drug, agomelatine has the potential of being used in therapeutic applications like melatonin as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic drug. The action mechanism of agomelatine on the membrane structure has not been clarified yet. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the interaction of agomelatine with model membranes of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and dipalmitoylphosphatidylgylcerol (DPPG) by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). We found that agomelatine interacts with the head group in such a manner that it destabilizes the membrane architecture to a large extent. Thus, agomelatine causes alterations in the order, packing and dynamics of the DPPC and DPPG model membranes. Our results suggest that agomelatine strongly interacts with zwitterionic and charged membrane phospholipids. Because lipid structure and dynamics may have influence on the structure of membrane bound proteins and affect the signal transduction systems of membranes, these effects of agomelatine may be important in its action mechanism.
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15
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Photochemical degradation of sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine and sulfamethazine: Relevance of concentration and heterocyclic aromatic groups to degradation kinetics. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2014.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Bilayer Composition, Temperature, Speciation Effects and the Role of Bilayer Chain Ordering on Partitioning of Dexamethasone and its 21-Phosphate. Pharm Res 2013; 30:3154-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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17
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Cano-Salazar LF, Juárez-Ordáz AJ, Gregorio-Jáuregui KM, Martínez-Hernández JL, Rodríguez-Martínez J, Ilyina A. Thermodynamics of chitinase partitioning in soy lecithin liposomes and their storage stability. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2011; 165:1611-27. [PMID: 21960272 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-011-9381-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to define the partitioning behavior of chitinase from Trichoderma spp. in soy lecithin liposomes, using a thermodynamic approach based on the partitioning variation with temperature. An effort has been made to define the liposomes, as well as free and immobilized enzyme stability during storage at 4 and 25 °C. The partition coefficients (K (o/w)) were greater than 1; therefore, the standard free energies of the enzyme transfer were negative, indicating an affinity of the enzymes for encapsulation in liposomes. The enthalpy calculation led to the conclusion that the process is exothermic. The presence of enzyme decreased the liposome storage stability from 70 days to an approximately 20 days at 25 °C and 30 days at 4 °C. Monitoring of the liposome's diameter demonstrated that their size and concentration decreased during storage. The liposome's diameters ranged from 1.06 to 3.30 μm. The higher percentage of liposome corresponded to a diameter range from 1.06 to 1.34 μm. This percentage increased during storage. There were no evidences for liposome fusion process. The stability of immobilized enzyme was increased in comparison with free chitinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía F Cano-Salazar
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry School, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Blvd. Venustiano Carranza, Col. República, PO BOX 252, 25000 Saltillo, Coahuila, Mexico
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Apparent Molar Volumes of Some Sodium Sulfonamides in Water at Several Molalities and Temperatures. J SOLUTION CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10953-011-9765-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Niu H, Cai Y, Shi Y, Wei F, Liu J, Mou S, Jiang G. Evaluation of carbon nanotubes as a solid-phase extraction adsorbent for the extraction of cephalosporins antibiotics, sulfonamides and phenolic compounds from aqueous solution. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 594:81-92. [PMID: 17560389 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The adsorptive potential of carbon nanotubes (single-walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes) for solid-phase extraction of three groups of highly polar compounds (namely cephalosporins antibiotics, sulfonamides and phenolic compounds) was tested in this article. The analytes were strongly retained by the carbon nanotubes. And acceptable recoveries were obtained with the addition of ammonium acetate into eluents. The effects of solution pH on the recoveries of the antibiotics and phenolic compounds were examined. To check the retention abilities of three groups of compounds on carbon nanotubes, fixed amount of each analyte was added to different volumes (up to 500 mL) of aqueous solution, and then extracted by the sorbents. Comparative studies showed that the carbon nanotubes were much superior to C18 for the extraction of the highly polar analytes. For the cephalosporins antibiotics and sulfonamides, the carbon nanotubes showed stronger retention capability than graphitized carbon blacks, but for some of the phenolic compounds graphitized carbon blacks seemed to be more suitable, indicating different retention mechanisms of these analytes. To further assess the enrichment ability of carbon nanotubes for highly polar compounds, the solid-phase extraction method of multi-walled carbon nanotubes packed cartridge was well developed, and the sulfonamides were used as model compounds. Under the optimal procedures, the detection limits of sulfonamides were in the range of 27-38 ng L(-1). The spiked recoveries from several real water samples obtained for sulfathiazole and sulfadiazine ranged from 55% to 79% and 72% to 92%, respectively, while the recoveries of sulfapyridine and sulfamethazine were in the range of 85-102%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyun Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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