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Dzwonkowska-Zarzycka M, Sionkowska A. Photoinitiators for Medical Applications-The Latest Advances. Molecules 2024; 29:3898. [PMID: 39202977 PMCID: PMC11357272 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29163898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Photopolymerization is becoming increasingly popular in industry due to its copious advantages. The vital factor in the entire pre-polymerization formulation is the presence of photoinitiators. Depending on the application, photoinitiators have different features. Hence, scientists are particularly interested in developing new photoinitiators that can expand the scope of applications and be used to create products with the features demanded by current trends. This brief review summarizes the photoinitiators used in dental materials and hydrogels and those obtained from natural and synthetic sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Dzwonkowska-Zarzycka
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Sionkowska
- Department of Biomaterials and Cosmetic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7 Street, 87-100 Torun, Poland
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Vazquez-Martel C, Florido Martins L, Genthner E, Almeida C, Martel Quintana A, Bastmeyer M, Gómez Pinchetti JL, Blasco E. Printing Green: Microalgae-Based Materials for 3D Printing with Light. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402786. [PMID: 38876261 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Microalgae have emerged as sustainable feedstocks due to their ability to fix CO2 during cultivation, rapid growth rates, and capability to produce a wide variety of metabolites. Several microalgae accumulate lipids in high concentrations, especially triglycerides, along with lipid-soluble, photoactive pigments such as chlorophylls and derivatives. Microalgae-derived triglycerides contain longer fatty acid chains with more double bonds on average than vegetable oils, allowing a higher degree of post-functionalization. Consequently, they are especially suitable as precursors for materials that can be used in 3D printing with light. This work presents the use of microalgae as "biofactories" to generate materials that can be further 3D printed in high resolution. Two taxonomically different strains -Odontella aurita (O. aurita, BEA0921B) and Tetraselmis striata (T. striata, BEA1102B)- are identified as suitable microalgae for this purpose. The extracts obtained from the microalgae (mainly triglycerides with chlorophyll derivatives) are functionalized with photopolymerizable groups and used directly as printable materials (inks) without the need for additional photoinitiators. The fabrication of complex 3D microstructures with sub-micron resolution is demonstrated. Notably, the 3D printed materials show biocompatibility. These findings open new possibilities for the next generation of sustainable, biobased, and biocompatible materials with great potential in life science applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Vazquez-Martel
- Institute of Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lilliana Florido Martins
- Institute of Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elisa Genthner
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Carlos Almeida
- Banco Español de Algas (BEA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Muelle de Taliarte s/n, Telde, Las Palmas, 35214, Spain
| | - Antera Martel Quintana
- Banco Español de Algas (BEA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Muelle de Taliarte s/n, Telde, Las Palmas, 35214, Spain
| | - Martin Bastmeyer
- Zoological Institute, Cell and Neurobiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 4, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Biological and Chemical Systems - Biological Information Processing (IBCS-BIP), KIT, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Juan Luis Gómez Pinchetti
- Banco Español de Algas (BEA), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), Muelle de Taliarte s/n, Telde, Las Palmas, 35214, Spain
| | - Eva Blasco
- Institute of Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM), Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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He J, Yun L, Cheng X. Organic-soluble chitosan-g-PHMA (PEMA/PBMA)-bodipy fluorescent probes and film by RAFT method for selective detection of Hg2+/Hg+ ions. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 237:124255. [PMID: 36996960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan as the plentiful and easily available natural polymer, its solubility in organic solvents is still a challenge. In this article, three different chitosan-based fluorescent co-polymers were prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. They could not only dissolve in several organic solvents, but also could selectively recognize Hg2+/Hg+ ions. Firstly, allyl boron-dipyrrolemethene (bodipy) was prepared, and used as one of the monomers in the subsequent RAFT polymerization. Secondly, chitosan-based chain transfer agent (CS-RAFT) was synthesized through classical reactions for dithioester preparation. Finally, three methacrylic ester monomers and bodipy bearing monomers were polymerized and grafted as branched-chains onto chitosan respectively. By RAFT polymerization, three chitosan-based macromolecular fluorescent probes were prepared. These probes could be readily dissolved in DMF, THF, DCM, and acetone. All of them exhibited the 'turn-on' fluorescence with selective and sensitive detection for Hg2+/Hg+. Among them, chitosan-g-polyhexyl methacrylate-bodipy (CS-g-PHMA-BDP) had the best performance, its fluorescence intensity could be increased to 2.7 folds. In addition, CS-g-PHMA-BDP could be processed into films and coatings. When loading on the filter paper, fluorescent test paper was prepared and it could realize the portable detection of Hg2+/Hg+ ions. These organic-soluble chitosan-based fluorescent probes could enlarge the applications of chitosan.
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Pierau L, Elian C, Akimoto J, Ito Y, Caillol S, Versace DL. Bio-sourced Monomers and Cationic Photopolymerization: The Green combination towards Eco-Friendly and Non-Toxic Materials. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lawsone Derivatives as Efficient Photopolymerizable Initiators for Free-Radical, Cationic Photopolymerizations, and Thiol-Ene Reactions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13122015. [PMID: 34203069 PMCID: PMC8234034 DOI: 10.3390/polym13122015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new photopolymerizable vinyl (2-(allyloxy) 1,4-naphthoquinone, HNQA) and epoxy (2-(oxiran-2yl methoxy) 1,4-naphthoquinone, HNQE) photoinitiators derived from lawsone were designed in this paper. These new photoinitiators can be used as one-component photoinitiating systems for the free-radical photopolymerization of acrylate bio-based monomer without the addition of any co-initiators. As highlighted by the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin-trapping results, the formation of carbon-centered radicals from an intermolecular H abstraction reaction was evidenced and can act as initiating species. Interestingly, the introduction of iodonium salt (Iod) used as a co-initiator has led to (1) the cationic photopolymerization of epoxy monomer with high final conversions and (2) an increase of the rates of free-radical polymerization of the acrylate bio-based monomer; we also demonstrated the concomitant thiol–ene reaction and cationic photopolymerizations of a limonene 1,2 epoxide/thiol blend mixture with the HNQA/Iod photoinitiating system.
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Zhao Z, Song L, Liu F, Zhang B. Synthesis and Application of Asymmetry Diphenylketone Photoinitiators. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziren Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Lu Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Feng Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Bianxiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanxi University Taiyuan 030006 China
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Peng X, Yao M, Xiao P. Newly Synthesized Chromophore‐linked Iodonium Salts as Photoinitiators of Free Radical Photopolymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X. Peng
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - M. Yao
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - P. Xiao
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
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Abstract
3D printing (also called "additive manufacturing" or "rapid prototyping") is able to translate computer-aided and designed virtual 3D models into 3D tangible constructs/objects through a layer-by-layer deposition approach. Since its introduction, 3D printing has aroused enormous interest among researchers and engineers to understand the fabrication process and composition-structure-property correlation of printed 3D objects and unleash its great potential for application in a variety of industrial sectors. Because of its unique technological advantages, 3D printing can definitely benefit the field of microrobotics and advance the design and development of functional microrobots in a customized manner. This review aims to present a generic overview of 3D printing for functional microrobots. The most applicable 3D printing techniques, with a focus on laser-based printing, are introduced for the 3D microfabrication of microrobots. 3D-printable materials for fabricating microrobots are reviewed in detail, including photopolymers, photo-crosslinkable hydrogels, and cell-laden hydrogels. The representative applications of 3D-printed microrobots with rational designs heretofore give evidence of how these printed microrobots are being exploited in the medical, environmental, and other relevant fields. A future outlook on the 3D printing of microrobots is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Li
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Prague 6, 16628, Czech Republic. and Future Energy and Innovation Laboratory, Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkyňova 656/123, Brno, CZ-61600, Czech Republic and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00, Brno, Czech Republic and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Zhang Y, Xu Y, Simon-Masseron A, Lalevée J. Radical photoinitiation with LEDs and applications in the 3D printing of composites. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3824-3841. [PMID: 33523055 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01411g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Radical initiation upon LED light irradiation is discussed herein as well as its application in additive manufacturing. The ability of manufacturing complex structures, freedom of design, low energy consumption, fast prototyping, and excellent spatial resolution are the main benefits of the 3D printing technology by photopolymerization. Therefore, the 3D printing of composites through photopolymerization processes is developing rapidly in the academia and industry, and has been a turning point of additive manufacturing (AM). In the present review, an overview of radical initiation with LEDs (i.e., the photopolymerization LED technology, the photoinitiating systems, and the polymerizable media) and of the main 3D printing methods by photopolymerization, materials, and their applications in different fields has been carried out. As a challenging topic, the issue of light penetration in a filled matrix for the access to composites is discussed, including the light transmittance of the composite, the mismatch of the refractive index between the filler and the monomer, the factors of the filler, and the adverse influence of low light penetration on the 3D printing process. In particular, the popular applications of 3D printing by photopolymerization in biomedical science, electronic industry, materials for adsorption, and 4D printing are discussed. Overall, this review gives an overview of the 3D printing of polymer matrix composites through photopolymerization processes as a benchmark for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Zhang
- Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, IS2M UMR 7361, F-68100 Mulhouse, France.
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Riboflavin-mediated radical polymerization – Outlook for eco-friendly synthesis of functional materials. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Noirbent G, Dumur F. Photoinitiators of polymerization with reduced environmental impact: Nature as an unlimited and renewable source of dyes. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.110109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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New bio-sourced hydrogen donors as high performance coinitiators and additives for CQ-based systems: Toward aromatic amine-free photoinitiating systems. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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