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Alnafisah AS, Alqrairy E, Tar H, M Alminderej F, Aroua LM, Graff B, Lalevee J. Light-Assisted Synthesis of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles by New Benzophenone Derivatives. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3207-3220. [PMID: 36713746 PMCID: PMC9878651 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Benzophenone derivatives were evaluated as new photoinitiators in combination with triethylamine (TEA) and iodonium salt (Iod) for very rapid and efficient formation of metal nanoparticles in an organic solvent, by which silver and gold ions were reduced under light at 419 nm (photoreactor) with an irradiation intensity of 250 microwatts/cm2. The new benzophenone derivatives combined with TEA/Iod salt showed good production of metal nanoparticles (Au0 and Ag0) and a small size of nanoparticles of around 4-13 nm. The photochemical mechanisms for the production of initiating radicals were studied using cyclic voltammetry, where a negative ΔG of around -1.96 eV was obtained, which made the process favorable. The obtained results proved the formation of amine and phenyl radicals, which led to the reduction of gold III chloride or silver ions to the gold and silver NPs. The UV-vis spectroscopy technique was used as a very beneficial tool for the surface plasmon resonance band detection of metal nanoparticles. To sum up the results, we have observed that nanoparticles (NPs) were distributed differently in different photoinitiator systems and the particle size also changed by changing the system of initiation. In comparison to the system alone, not only were the nanoparticles smaller but they were also generated within a shorter period of irradiation time for the system BP\Iod\TEA. Finally, the quenching process of benzophenone fluorescence by the gold and silver nanoparticles was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abrar S. Alnafisah
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim
University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elaf Alqrairy
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim
University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haja Tar
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim
University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad M Alminderej
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim
University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lotfi M. Aroua
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim
University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory
of Organic Structural Chemistry and Macromolecules, Department of
Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, Tunis El-Manar University, El Manar I, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Bernadette Graff
- Institut
de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M—UMR CNRS 7361—UHA, 15, Rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, CEDEX, France
| | - Jacques Lalevee
- Institut
de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse IS2M—UMR CNRS 7361—UHA, 15, Rue Jean Starcky, 68057 Mulhouse, CEDEX, France
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2
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High-Performance Photoinitiating Systems for LED-Induced Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15020342. [PMID: 36679223 PMCID: PMC9860695 DOI: 10.3390/polym15020342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, increasing attention has been focused on light-emitting diodes (LEDs)-induced photopolymerization. The common LEDs (e.g., LED at 365 nm and LED at 405 nm) possess narrow emission bands. Due to their light absorption properties, most commercial photoinitiators are sensitive to UV light and cannot be optimally activated under visible LED irradiation. Although many photoinitiators have been designed for LED-induced free radical polymerization and cationic polymerization, there is still the issue of the mating between photoinitiators and LEDs. Therefore, the development of novel photoinitiators, which could be applied under LED irradiation, is significant. Many photoinitiating systems have been reported in the past decade. In this review, some recently developed photoinitiators used in LED-induced photopolymerization, mainly in the past 5 years, are summarized and categorized as Type Ⅰ photoinitiators, Type Ⅱ photoinitiators, and dye-based photoinitiating systems. In addition, their light absorption properties and photoinitiation efficiencies are discussed.
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3
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Zhang B, Song L, Feng C, Tian W. Study on Synthesis, Optical properties and Application of Benzophenone derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bianxiang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanxi University 030006 Taiyuan China
| | - Lu Song
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanxi University 030006 Taiyuan China
| | - Chao Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanxi University 030006 Taiyuan China
| | - Wenjuan Tian
- Nanocluster Laboratory Institute of Molecular Science Shanxi University 030006 Taiyuan China
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4
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Naphthalene-Based Oxime Esters as Type I Photoinitiators for Free Radical Photopolymerization. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235261. [PMID: 36501655 PMCID: PMC9735988 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to discuss the polymerization effect from the substituted position and methoxy group of Type I photinitiators, a series of naphthalene-based oxime esters was designed and synthesized. Compared to the 2-naphthalene-substituted compound, the UV absorption region of the 1-naphthalene-based compound was greatly improved. In addition, the methoxy substitution exhibited longer absorption characteristics than did the methoxy-free one. The photochemical reaction behavior of these novel compounds was also studied by photolysis, cyclic voltammetry (CV), and electron spin resonance (ESR) experiments. Finally, the initiation abilities of naphthalene-based oxime esters toward trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) monomer were conducted through the photo-DSC instrument under UV and a 405@nm LED lamp. Remarkedly, the naphthalene-based oxime ester (NA-3) that contains 1-naphthalene with o-methoxy substituent showed the rather red-shifted absorption region with the highest final conversion efficiency under UV (46%) and 405@nm LED (41%) lamp irradiation.
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Chen D, Timperman AT. Analyte Enrichment via Ion Concentration Polarization with Hydrogel Plugs Polymerized in PDMS Microchannels by a Facile and Comprehensive Method for Improved Polymerization. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15586-15594. [PMID: 36318671 PMCID: PMC10284069 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels are incorporated into microfluidic devices to provide enhanced functionality by enabling processes such as enzyme immobilization, sample enrichment, and ionic current rectification. However, in the microfluidic devices with the commonly used material poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), hydrogels are very difficult to polymerize in situ in an ambient atmosphere because of the high oxygen concentration in PDMS. Even with very high (1.8%) photoinitiator concentrations, the polymerized hydrogel does not completely fill the microchannel. Here, we report a facile and broadly applicable protocol that utilizes microchannel pretreatment with 20% benzophenone in acetone to provide a hydrogel plug that completely fills the microchannel cross section by consuming the oxygen in the PDMS substrate near the microchannel wall. Both negatively charged and neutral hydrogels are polymerized from monomer solutions that utilize the photoinitiator/solvent combinations of VA-086 in water and benzophenone or IRG in DMSO. The photoinitiators were tested at different concentrations and in devices with different levels of oxidation. The hydrogel morphology is characterized using phase contrast microscopy and is related to the hydrogel's performance for concentration enrichment and ionic current rectification. A novel method is employed to confine the precursor solution in desired locations so that a photomask is not required for the spatial control of the plug location. Among six hydrogel formulations, at 100 V, the best current rectification factor obtained is ∼600 and the best analyte enrichment achieved is ∼120-fold in 5 min. This method provides a rapid and simple approach to increase the capabilities of PDMS microfluidic devices through improved polymerization of nanoporous hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayi Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania. 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Aaron T. Timperman
- Department of Bioengineering and Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania. 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Li Y, Shaukat U, Schlögl S, Xue T, Li J, Nie J, Zhu X. A Pyrrole–Carbazole Photoinitiator for Radical and Cationic Visible Light LED Photopolymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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7
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Synthesis and free radical photopolymerization of one-component type II photoinitiator based on benzophenone segment. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.113900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Hammoud F, Hijazi A, Ibrahim-Ouali M, Lalevée J, Dumur F. Chemical engineering around the 5,12-dihydroindolo[3,2-a]carbazole scaffold : Fine tuning of the optical properties of visible light photoinitiators of polymerization. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Xue T, Li Y, Si Z, Li C, Nie J, Zhu X. Benzophenone based salicylaldimine and its boron complex as radical photoinitiator: A comparative study. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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10
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Yen SC, Lee ZH, Ni JS, Chen CC, Chen YC. Effects of the number and position of methoxy substituents on triphenylamine-based chalcone visible-light-absorbing photoinitiators. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00604a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Five visible-light-absorbing triphenylamine-based chalcone photoinitiators (CY1–CY5) have been synthesized for application in free radical photopolymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chieh Yen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
| | - Zhong-Han Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Shyang Ni
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chung Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
- Photo-SMART (Photo-sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center), National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 80778, Taiwan
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11
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12
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Lee ZH, Huang TL, Hammoud F, Chen CC, Hijazi A, Graff B, Lalevée J, Chen YC. Effect of the Steric Hindrance and Branched Substituents on Visible Phenylamine Oxime Ester Photoinitiators: Photopolymerization Kinetics Investigation through Photo-DSC Experiments. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:773-782. [PMID: 34674274 DOI: 10.1111/php.13545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this work, free radical photopolymerization (FRP) kinetics for series of different phenylamine oxime ester structures (DMA-P, DEA-P, DMA-M, TP-2P, TP-2M and TP-3M) was investigated. Steric hindrance and branched substituents were prepared to realize the corresponding electronic and photopolymerization effects. The photophysical, electrochemical, thermal properties and radical concentration were investigated by UV-visible spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). Furthermore, the structure-reactivity relationships were also studied in detail through photo-DSC experiment. We demonstrate that the introduction of alkyl chains and/or numbers of oxime esters affects significantly the photoreactivity. Under the same weight ratio of formulation and irradiated condition, TP-3M containing three oxime esters in its structure and methyl group in the periphery exhibits the highest double-bond conversion efficiency. TP-3M-based formulation also shows a wide operation window under different contents and light intensities. Importantly, the photoreactivity of the TP-3M-based system was found to be better than the commercial photoinitiator (OXE-01) under LED@405 nm at a low concentration. This work could provide some significance to the design of oxime esters with enhanced photoreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Han Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Liang Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fatima Hammoud
- IS2M UMR 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,EDST, Université Libanaise, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Ching-Chin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Bernadette Graff
- IS2M UMR 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jacques Lalevée
- IS2M UMR 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, CNRS, Mulhouse, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Yung-Chung Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Photo-SMART (Photo-sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center), National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
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13
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Xue T, Huang B, Li Y, Li X, Nie J, Zhu X. Enone dyes as visible photoinitiator in radical polymerization: The influence of peripheral N-alkylated (hetero)aromatic amine group. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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14
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Xue T, Li Y, Li X, Huang B, Song Q, Nie J, Zhu X. Benzylidene ketones as visible light radical photoinitiator: The effects of electron-donating group and co-initiator. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Huang TL, Chen YC. Ketone Number and Substitution Effect of Benzophenone Derivatives on the Free Radical Photopolymerization of Visible-Light Type-II Photoinitiators. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111801. [PMID: 34072579 PMCID: PMC8199044 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Three novel visible-light absorbing benzophenone-based hydrogen acceptors (BPD-D, BPDM-D and BPDP-D) were designed on the basis of a donor-benzophenone-donor structural backbone. Mono or diketone units and double diphenylamine electron-donating groups in para-or meta-positions were introduced to comprehend the electronic and structural effects on free radical photopolymerization (FRPP). Such a structural change leads not only to a red-shift of the absorption maxima but strongly enhances their molar extinction coefficients compared to the commercial phototinitiators such as benzophenone (BP) and 4,4'-bis(diethylamino) benzophenone (EMK). In addition, excellent melting points and thermal decomposition temperatures were achieved for those novel compounds. Further, the photochemical reaction behavior was studied by cyclic voltammograms (CV), photolysis and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Finally, benzophenone derivatives in combination with an amine (TEA, triethylamine) as a co-initiator were prepared and initiated the FRPP of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) using a UV lamp as a light source. When used in stoichiometric amounts, the BPDP-D/TEA had the best double bond conversion efficiency among all the compounds studied, and were even superior to the reference compounds of BP/TEA and EMK/TEA. The results and conclusions could provide the fundamental rules applicable for the structural design of benzophenone derivative-based photoinitiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Liang Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Chung Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan;
- Photo-SMART (Photo-Sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center), National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3814526-15119
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Chen S, Qin C, Jin M, Pan H, Wan D. Novel chalcone derivatives with large conjugation structures as photosensitizers for versatile photopolymerization. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shixiong Chen
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Chen Qin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Haiyan Pan
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
| | - Decheng Wan
- Department of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering Tongji University Shanghai China
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17
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Lee ZH, Hammoud F, Hijazi A, Graff B, Lalevée J, Chen YC. Synthesis and free radical photopolymerization of triphenylamine-based oxime ester photoinitiators. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01768j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Four visible light triphenylamine-based oxime ester photoinitiators (TP-1–4) were synthesized successfully. Photochemical reaction, photoreactivity and 3D pattern experiments were also conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Han Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
- Kaohsiung 80778
- Taiwan
| | - Fatima Hammoud
- Université de Haute-Alsace
- CNRS
- IS2 M UMR 7361
- Mulhouse
- France
| | | | | | | | - Yung-Chung Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering
- National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology
- Kaohsiung 80778
- Taiwan
- Photo-SMART (Photo-sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center)
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