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Russo S, Luján AP, Fraaije MW, Poelarends GJ. Synthesis of Pharmaceutically Relevant Arylamines Enabled by a Nitroreductase from Bacillus tequilensis. Chembiochem 2024:e202300846. [PMID: 38502784 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202300846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Arylamines are essential building blocks for the manufacture of valuable pharmaceuticals, pigments and dyes. However, their current industrial production involves the use of chemocatalytic procedures with a significant environmental impact. As a result, flavin-dependent nitroreductases (NRs) have received increasing attention as sustainable catalysts for more ecofriendly synthesis of arylamines. In this study, we assessed a novel NR from Bacillus tequilensis, named BtNR, for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant arylamines, including valuable synthons used in the manufacture of blockbuster drugs such as vismodegib, sonidegib, linezolid and sildenafil. After optimizing the enzymatic reaction conditions, high conversion of nitroaromatics to arylamines (up to 97 %) and good product yields (up to 56 %) were achieved. Our results indicate that BtNR has a broad substrate scope, including bulky nitro benzenes, nitro pyrazoles and nitro pyridines. Hence, BtNR is an interesting biocatalyst for the synthesis of pharmaceutically relevant amine-functionalized aromatics, providing an attractive alternative to traditional chemical synthesis methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Russo
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alejandro Prats Luján
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marco W Fraaije
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit J Poelarends
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Li P, Butcher NJ, Minchin RF. Effect arylamine N-acetyltransferase 1 on morphology, adhesion, migration, and invasion of MDA-MB-231 cells: role of matrix metalloproteinases and integrin αV. Cell Adh Migr 2021; 14:1-11. [PMID: 31910058 PMCID: PMC6961680 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2019.1710015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Reducted arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT1) in breast cancers is associated with poor patient survival. NAT1 has also been associated with changes in cancer cell survival and invasion both invitro and invivo. Here, we report the effects of NAT1 in cancer cell invasion by addressing its role in adherence, migration, and invasion in vitro. The NAT1 gene was deleted in MDA-MB-231, HT-29 and HeLa cells using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing. Loss of NAT1 increased adherence to collagen in all three cell-lines but migration was unaffected. NAT1 deletion decreased invasion and induced changes to cell morphology. These effects were independent of matrix metalloproteinases but were related to integrin ITGαV expression. The data suggest NAT1 is important in adhesion and invasion through integrin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengcheng Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Neville J Butcher
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Rodney F Minchin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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Huang TL, Chen YC. Ketone Number and Substitution Effect of Benzophenone Derivatives on the Free Radical Photopolymerization of Visible-Light Type-II Photoinitiators. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111801. [PMID: 34072579 PMCID: PMC8199044 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Three novel visible-light absorbing benzophenone-based hydrogen acceptors (BPD-D, BPDM-D and BPDP-D) were designed on the basis of a donor-benzophenone-donor structural backbone. Mono or diketone units and double diphenylamine electron-donating groups in para-or meta-positions were introduced to comprehend the electronic and structural effects on free radical photopolymerization (FRPP). Such a structural change leads not only to a red-shift of the absorption maxima but strongly enhances their molar extinction coefficients compared to the commercial phototinitiators such as benzophenone (BP) and 4,4'-bis(diethylamino) benzophenone (EMK). In addition, excellent melting points and thermal decomposition temperatures were achieved for those novel compounds. Further, the photochemical reaction behavior was studied by cyclic voltammograms (CV), photolysis and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Finally, benzophenone derivatives in combination with an amine (TEA, triethylamine) as a co-initiator were prepared and initiated the FRPP of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TMPTMA) using a UV lamp as a light source. When used in stoichiometric amounts, the BPDP-D/TEA had the best double bond conversion efficiency among all the compounds studied, and were even superior to the reference compounds of BP/TEA and EMK/TEA. The results and conclusions could provide the fundamental rules applicable for the structural design of benzophenone derivative-based photoinitiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung-Liang Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Chung Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan;
- Photo-SMART (Photo-Sensitive Material Advanced Research and Technology Center), National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-3814526-15119
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Sepai O, Sabbioni G. Albumin adducts and urinary metabolites resulting from occupational exposure to 1,5-naphthalene diisocyanate. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017; 30:579-591. [PMID: 28584318 DOI: 10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES 1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate (NDI) is used in the plastic industry as a curing agent. 1,5-Naphthalene diisocyanate is classified as a sensitizing agent. The objective of this study has been to develop biomonitoring methods for the evaluation of exposure to NDI. MATERIAL AND METHODS We obtained blood and urine samples from a group of 20 male workers exposed to NDI. The workers answered a questionnaire about their exposure history, job description, the number of years with the company and the time spent working with NDI over the 10 days of the study. Total plasma, albumin, and urine were analyzed for the presence of 1,5-naphthalenediamine (NDA) after acid hydrolysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). RESULTS 1,5-Naphthalenediamine was found in about 60% of the samples obtained from the workers. 1,5-Naphthalenediamine was obtained after acid hydrolysis of plasma, albumin, and urine at levels up to 1.5 pmol NDA/mg of plasma proteins, 1.15 pmol NDA/mg of albumin, and 55.3 pmol NDA/ml of urine, respectively. CONCLUSIONS 1,5-Naphthalenediamine found in urine correlates best with the plasma levels (r = 0.91, p < 0.01). The albumin-adduct levels did not correlate with the NDI-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) or total IgE present in the workers. The adduct and metabolite levels correlate with the air levels of NDI. Int J Occup Med Environ Health 2017;30(4):579-591.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovnair Sepai
- University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (Department of Toxicology).
| | - Gabriele Sabbioni
- University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany (Department of Toxicology).
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Liu X, Kong F, Cheng T, Chen W, Tan Z, Yu T, Guo F, Chen J, Yao J, Dai S. Tetraphenylmethane- Arylamine Hole-Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells. ChemSusChem 2017; 10:968-975. [PMID: 27976519 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new class of hole-transporting materials (HTM) containing tetraphenylmethane (TPM) core have been developed. After thermal, charge carrier mobility, and contact angle tests, it was found that TPA-TPM (TPA: arylamine derivates side group) showed higher glass-transition temperature and larger water-contact angle than spiro-OMeTAD with comparable hole mobility. Photoluminescence and impedance spectroscopy studies indicate that TPA-TPM's hole-extraction ability is comparable to that of spiro-OMeTAD. SEM and AFM results suggest that TPA-TPM has a smooth surface. When TPA-TPM is used in mesoscopic perovskite solar cells, power conversion efficiency comparable to that of spiro-OMeTAD is achieved. Notably, the perovskite solar cells employing TPA-TPM show better long-term stability than that of spiro-OMeTAD. Moreover, TPA-TPM can be prepared from relatively inexpensive raw materials with a facile synthetic route. The results demonstrate that TPM-arylamines are a new class of HTMs for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuepeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-film Solar Cells, Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Fantai Kong
- Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-film Solar Cells, Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, P.R. China
| | - Tai Cheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P.R. China
| | - Wangchao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-film Solar Cells, Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Zhan'ao Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P.R. China
| | - Ting Yu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-film Solar Cells, Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Fuling Guo
- Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-film Solar Cells, Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, P.R. China
| | - Jian Chen
- Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-film Solar Cells, Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, P.R. China
| | - Jianxi Yao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P.R. China
| | - Songyuan Dai
- Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-film Solar Cells, Institute of Applied Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, P.R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Novel Thin-Film Solar Cells, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, P.R. China
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Abstract
Phosphonohydrazines were prepared in good yield from corresponding arylamines by a one-pot reaction through diazotization with an organic nitrite and treatment with a trialkyl phosphite. The trialkyl phosphite is postulated to function as a nucleophile as well as a reducing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greggory T Kent
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA
| | - Daniel J Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA
| | - Joseph R Gonzalez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA
| | - Megan L Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA
| | - Weiming Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132 USA
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Wang Y, Sun W, Zha S, Wang H, Zhang Y. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Norcantharidin Derivatives Possessing an Aromatic Amine Moiety as Antifungal Agents. Molecules 2015; 20:21464-80. [PMID: 26633341 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201219782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Based on the structure of naturally produced cantharidin, different arylamine groups were linked to the norcantharidin scaffold to provide thirty six compounds. Their structures were confirmed by melting point, ¹H-NMR, (13)C-NMR and HRMS-ESI studies. These synthetic compounds were tested as fungistatic agents against eight phytopathogenic fungi using the mycelium growth rate method. Of these thirty six derivatives, seven displayed stronger antifungal activity than did norcantharidin, seven showed higher activity than did cantharidin and three exhibited more significant activity than that of thiabendazole. In particular, 3-(3'-chloro-phenyl)carbamoyl norcantharidate II-8 showed the most significant fungicidal activity against Sclerotinia fructigena and S. sclerotiorum, with IC50 values of 0.88 and 0.97 μg/mL, respectively. The preliminary structure-activity relationship data of these compounds revealed that: (1) the benzene ring is critical for the improvement of the spectrum of antifungal activity (3-phenylcarbamoyl norcantharidate II-1 vs norcantharidin and cantharidin); (2) among the three sites, including the C-2', C-3' and C-4' positions of the phenyl ring, the presence of a halogen atom at the C-3'position of the benzene ring caused the most significant increase in antifungal activity; (3) compounds with strongly electron-drawing or electron-donating groups substitutions were found to have a poor antifungal activity; and (4) compared with fluorine, bromine and iodine, chlorine substituted at the C-3' position of the benzene ring most greatly promoted fungistatic activity. Thus, compound II-8 has emerged as new lead structure for the development of new fungicides.
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Abouraya M, Sacco JC, Hayes K, Thomas S, Kitchens CS, Trepanier LA. Dapsone-associated methemoglobinemia in a patient with slow NAT2*5B haplotype and impaired cytochrome b5 reductase activity. J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 52:272-8. [PMID: 21422237 DOI: 10.1177/0091270010393343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Abouraya
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Wisconsin-MadisonDivision of Hematology and Oncology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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Sun Y, Sun J, Yan CG. Synthesis of spiro[dihydropyridine-oxindoles] via three-component reaction of arylamine, isatin and cyclopentane-1,3-dione. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:8-14. [PMID: 23399791 PMCID: PMC3566796 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A fast and convenient protocol for the synthesis of novel spiro[dihydropyridine-oxindole] derivatives in satisfactory yields was developed by the three-component reactions of arylamine, isatin and cyclopentane-1,3-dione in acetic acid at room temperature. On the other hand the condensation of isatin with two equivalents of cyclopentane-1,3-dione gave 3,3-bis(2-hydroxy-5-oxo-cyclopent-1-enyl)oxindole in high yields. The reaction mechanism and substrate scope of this novel reaction is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, China
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Abstract
The first detailed study of charge transport through a liquid organic semiconductor (LOS) is reported with the goal of elucidating the effects of molecular motion on charge transport through molecular liquids. Using a liquid, silyl ether-substituted triarylamine, hole transport mobilities were obtained over a wide range of temperatures above the glass transition temperature of the material. Analysis of this data reveals that molecular motion(s) have a negligible effect on macroscopic charge transport through a molecular liquid. The results strongly resemble transport behavior found in conventional, disordered solids and suggest that silyl ether-substituted LOSs may be good candidates for integration into electronic devices, by those who are familiar with the application of traditional triarylamines, where their unique physical state can or could be exploited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett A Kamino
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, The University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E5
| | - Timothy P Bender
- †Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, The University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3E5
- ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M5S 3H6
| | - Richard A Klenkler
- §Xerox Research Centre of Canada, 2660 Speakman Drive, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada, L5K 2L1
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Cai L, Xu R, Guo X, Pike VW. Rapid Room-Temperature 11C-Methylation of Arylamines with [ 11C]Methyl Iodide Promoted by Solid Inorganic Bases in DMF. European J Org Chem 2012; 2012:1303-1310. [PMID: 24659907 DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201101499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
11[C]Methyl iodide is the most widely used reagent for labeling radiotracers with carbon-11 (t1/2 = 20.4 min) for molecular imaging with positron emission tomography. However, some substrates for labeling, especially primary arylamines and pyrroles, are sluggishly reactive towards [11C]methyl iodide. We found that insoluble inorganic bases, especially Li3N or Li2O, are effective in promoting rapid reactions (≤ 10 min) of such substrates with no-carrier-added [11C]methyl iodide in DMF at room temperature to give 11C-methylated products in useful radiochemical yields. In particular, we discovered that some primary arylamines in Li3N-DMF were converted into their formanilides, and that these were readily N-methylated with [11C]methyl iodide, preceding easy basic hydrolysis to the desired [11C]N-methyl secondary arylamines. Use of a solid base permitted selective reaction at an arylamino group and in some cases also avoided undesirable side reaction, such as ester group hydrolysis. An ultrasound device proved useful to provide remote and constant agitation of the radioactive heterogeneous reaction mixtures, but imparted no 'ultrasound-specific' chemical effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Cai
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Rong Xu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Xuelei Guo
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Building 10, Room B3 C346A, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
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Ozawa S, Abu-Zeid M, Murayama N, Yamazoe Y, Kato R. Decrease in the metabolic activating capacities of arylamines in livers bearing hyperplastic nodules: association with the selective changes in hepatic P-450 isozymes. Jpn J Cancer Res 1990; 81:247-52. [PMID: 2112527 PMCID: PMC5918031 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1990.tb02557.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the alteration in carcinogenic arylamine-activating capacities in livers bearing pre-neoplastic (or hyperplastic) nodules induced by the Solt-Farber protocol was investigated in relation to the changes in hepatic cytochrome P-450 isozymes. In the Salmonella mutagenesis test, the numbers of revertants induced with 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinoline and 2-aminofluorene were significantly lower in the presence of microsomes of nodule-bearing livers than of control livers. A similar tendency was also observed with another heterocyclic arylamine, 2-amino-6-methyldipyrido-[1,2-a:3',2'-d]imidazole. In Western blots using specific antibodies against 5 different forms of cytochrome P-450, hepatic contents of P-450-male (a main constitutive form) and P-450b (a main phenobarbital-inducible form) were decreased in the livers with hyperplastic nodules to 63% and 35% of the corresponding controls, while no significant decrease was observed in the contents of P-448-H (a main 3-methylcholanthrene-inducible form), P-450(6 beta-1) (testosterone 6 beta-hydroxylase) and P-450e (a phenobarbital-inducible form). In accordance with the reduction in P-450-male, capacities for microsomal 16 alpha- and 2 alpha-hydroxylations, but not 6 beta-hydroxylation, of testosterone were decreased in the livers with hyperplastic nodules. Although P-448-H has higher capacities for the activation of arylamines than does P-450-male, the hepatic content of P-450-male is more than ten-fold higher than that of P-448-H in both normal and nodule-bearing livers. These results indicate that the selective decrease in hepatic content of P-450-male is likely to be a main cause of the decrease in arylamine metabolic activating capacities in livers with hyperplastic nodules.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ozawa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo
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