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Huntošová V, Datta S, Lenkavská L, Máčajová M, Bilčík B, Kundeková B, Čavarga I, Kronek J, Jutková A, Miškovský P, Jancura D. Alkyl Chain Length in Poly(2-oxazoline)-Based Amphiphilic Gradient Copolymers Regulates the Delivery of Hydrophobic Molecules: A Case of the Biodistribution and the Photodynamic Activity of the Photosensitizer Hypericin. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4199-4216. [PMID: 34494830 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembled nanostructures of amphiphilic gradient copoly(2-oxazoline)s have recently attracted attention as promising delivery systems for the effective delivery of hydrophobic anticancer drugs. In this study, we have investigated the effects of increasing hydrophobic side chain length on the self-assembly of gradient copolymers composed of 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline as the hydrophilic comonomer and various 2-(4-alkyloxyphenyl)-2-oxazolines as hydrophobic comonomers. We show that the size of the formed polymeric nanoparticles depends on the structure of the copolymers. Moreover, the stability and properties of the polymeric assembly can be affected by the loading of hypericin, a promising compound for photodiagnostics and photodynamic therapy (PDT). We have found the limitation that allows rapid or late release of hypericin from polymeric nanoparticles. The nanoparticles entering the cells by endocytosis decreased the hypericin-induced PDT, and the contribution of the passive process (diffusion) increased the probability of a stronger photoeffect. A study of fluorescence pharmacokinetics and biodistribution revealed differences in the release of hypericin from nanoparticles toward the quail chorioallantoic membrane, a preclinical model for in vivo studies, depending on the composition of polymeric nanoparticles. Photodamage induced by PDT in vivo well correlated with the in vitro results. All formulations studied succeeded in targeting hypericin at cancer cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated the promising potential of poly(2-oxazoline)-based gradient copolymers for effective drug delivery and sequential drug release needed for successful photodiagnostics and PDT in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Huntošová
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Shubhashis Datta
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Lenkavská
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Mariana Máčajová
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bilčík
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Kundeková
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivan Čavarga
- Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 840 05 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials Research, Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Annamária Jutková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Pavol Miškovský
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia.,SAFTRA Photonics sro., Moldavska cesta 51, 04011 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Daniel Jancura
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, P.J. Safarik University in Kosice, Jesenna 5, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
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Datta S, Jutková A, Šrámková P, Lenkavská L, Huntošová V, Chorvát D, Miškovský P, Jancura D, Kronek J. Unravelling the Excellent Chemical Stability and Bioavailability of Solvent Responsive Curcumin-Loaded 2-Ethyl-2-oxazoline-grad-2-(4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline Copolymer Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:2459-2471. [PMID: 29634248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A new gradient copolymer has been synthesized by the living cationic ring-opening polymerization of hydrophilic 2-ethyl-2-oxazoline with lipophilic 2-(4-dodecyloxyphenyl)-2-oxazoline (EtOx-grad-DPOx). The prepared copolymer is capable of assembling in water to yield polymeric nanoparticles that are successfully loaded with an anticancer agent, curcumin. Self-assembly of the copolymer was found to be tuned by the polarity as well as the hydrogen bonding ability of solvents. Solvent took distinctive role in the preparation of unloaded and curcumin-loaded nanoparticles. The stability of the nanoparticles was increased by curcumin loading promoted by curcumin-polymer interactions. Further, the chemical stability of curcumin in water is largely enhanced inside the polymeric nanoparticles. Curcumin-loaded (EtOx-grad-DPOx) copolymer nanoparticles showed excellent stability in the biological medium, low cytotoxicity, and concentration dependent uptake by U87 MG and HeLa cells, which indicate the possibility of their efficient application in drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhashis Datta
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences , Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice , Jesenná 5 , 041 54 Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - Annamária Jutková
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University in Košice , Jesenná 5 , 041 54 Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - Petra Šrámková
- Department for Biomaterials Research , Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dúbravská cesta 9 , 845 41 Bratislava , Slovak Republic
| | - Lenka Lenkavská
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University in Košice , Jesenná 5 , 041 54 Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Huntošová
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences , Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice , Jesenná 5 , 041 54 Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - Dušan Chorvát
- Laboratory of Laser Microscopy and Spectroscopy , International Laser Centre , Il'kovičova 3 , 841 04 Bratislava 4 , Slovak Republic
| | - Pavol Miškovský
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences , Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice , Jesenná 5 , 041 54 Košice , Slovak Republic.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University in Košice , Jesenná 5 , 041 54 Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - Daniel Jancura
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences , Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Šafárik University in Košice , Jesenná 5 , 041 54 Košice , Slovak Republic.,Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Science , P. J. Šafárik University in Košice , Jesenná 5 , 041 54 Košice , Slovak Republic
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials Research , Polymer Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences , Dúbravská cesta 9 , 845 41 Bratislava , Slovak Republic
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Roy M, Noordzij GJ, van den Boomen Y, Rastogi S, Wilsens CHRM. Renewable (Bis)pyrrolidone Based Monomers as Components for Thermally Curable and Enzymatically Depolymerizable 2-Oxazoline Thermoset Resins. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2018; 6:5053-5066. [PMID: 29780674 PMCID: PMC5953565 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study we describe the synthesis of bis(pyrrolidone) based dicarboxylic acids from itaconic acid and their application in 2-oxazoline resins for fully renewable thermoset materials. The monomers are obtained using a bulk aza-Michael addition of a diamine and two itaconic acid molecules using a catalytic amount of water. The monomers can be isolated in high purity after recrystallization, though their yield proved to be highly dependent on the selected diamine spacer length: In general, only the dicarboxylic acids containing diamines with an even number of methylene spacers are isolated in high yields. Through NMR, GPC, and FTIR analysis we demonstrate that these bis(pyrrolidone) based dicarboxylic acids exhibit significantly enhanced curing rates in 2-oxazoline resins compared to resins containing aliphatic dicarboxylic acids such as sebacic acid. Overall, we demonstrate that the rate of 2-oxazoline ring-opening addition with carboxylic acid functionalities is determined by the used dicarboxylic acid, whereas the ring-opening addition of the 2-oxazoline functionality with amide groups is determined by the used bis(2-oxazoline) compound. The thermosets obtained after curing proved to be readily plasticized by water, opening up possibilities for enzymatic degradation.
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Kosakowska KA, Dimitrov P, Panambur G, Grayson SM. MALDI-TOF MS investigation of the unconventional termination of living polyoxazoline with ammonia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip Dimitrov
- Materials Science Research and Development; MilliporeSigma; Milwaukee Wisconsin 53209
| | - Gangadhar Panambur
- Materials Science Research and Development; MilliporeSigma; Milwaukee Wisconsin 53209
| | - Scott M. Grayson
- Department of Chemistry; Tulane University; New Orleans Louisiana 70118
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Kroneková Z, Mikulec M, Petrenčíková N, Paulovičová E, Paulovičová L, Jančinová V, Nosál' R, Reddy PS, Shimoga GD, Chorvát D, Kronek J. Ex Vivo and In Vitro Studies on the Cytotoxicity and Immunomodulative Properties of Poly(2-isopropenyl-2-oxazoline) as a New Type of Biomedical Polymer. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:1200-11. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Kroneková
- Department for Biomaterials Research; Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Marcel Mikulec
- Department for Biomaterials Research; Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Nadežda Petrenčíková
- Department for Biomaterials Research; Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Ema Paulovičová
- Institute of Chemistry; Center of Glycomics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 84236 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Lucia Paulovičová
- Institute of Chemistry; Center of Glycomics; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 84236 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Viera Jančinová
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 841 04 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Radomír Nosál'
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology & Toxicology; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 841 04 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Palem S. Reddy
- Centre of Polymer Systems; University Institute; Tomas Bata University in Zlin; Trˇída T. Bati 5678; Zlin 760 01 Czech Republic
| | - Ganesh D. Shimoga
- Centre of Polymer Systems; University Institute; Tomas Bata University in Zlin; Trˇída T. Bati 5678; Zlin 760 01 Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Chorvát
- International Laser Centre; Ilkovičova 3 841 04 Bratislava Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kronek
- Department for Biomaterials Research; Polymer Institute; Slovak Academy of Sciences; Dubravska cesta 9 845 41 Bratislava Slovakia
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Shoup TM, Bonab AA, Wilson AA, Vasdev N. Synthesis and preclinical evaluation of [¹⁸F]FCHC for neuroimaging of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Mol Imaging Biol 2015; 17:257-63. [PMID: 25273322 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-014-0789-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a catabolic enzyme which regulates lipid transmitters in the endocannabinoid system, is an avidly sought therapeutic and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging target for studies involving addiction and neurological disorders. We report the synthesis of a new fluorine-18-labeled FAAH inhibitor, trans-3-(4, 5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)phenyl-4-[(18)F]fluorocyclohexylcarbamate ([(18)F]FCHC), and its evaluation in rat brain. PROCEDURES The synthesis of [(18)F]FCHC was conducted via a 3-step, 1-pot reaction, resulting in uncorrected radiochemical yields between 10 and 20% (n = 5) relative to [(18)F]fluoride, with specific activities of >5 Ci/μmol at the end of the synthesis. The radiosynthesis was seamlessly automated using a commercial radiofluorination apparatus. Ex vivo biodistribution and preliminary PET imaging studies were carried out in male Sprague-Dawley rats. RESULTS Rat brain biodistribution at 2 min post-injection showed a standard uptake value of 4.6 ± 0.1 in the cortex, which increased to 7.8 ± 0.1 at 40 min. Pretreatment with the selective FAAH inhibitor URB597 reduced uptake of radioactivity in all brain regions by >90%, with 98 % blockade in the FAAH-rich cortex. PET imaging was consistent with biodistribution studies. CONCLUSIONS [(18)F]FCHC appears to be a highly sensitive (18)F-labeled radiotracer for imaging FAAH in the central nervous system, and these results warrant further imaging in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Shoup
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital, and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Wilsens CHRM, Wullems NJM, Gubbels E, Yao Y, Rastogi S, Noordover BAJ. Synthesis, kinetics, and characterization of bio-based thermosets obtained through polymerization of a 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid-based bis(2-oxazoline) with sebacic acid. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py01609b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Renewable 2,5-bis(4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)furan based poly(ester amide)s with enhanced curing kinetics were studied in terms of chemistry and thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolus H. R. M. Wilsens
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI)
| | - Nino J. M. Wullems
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Erik Gubbels
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Yefen Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance
- East China Normal University
- 200062 Shanghai
- P.R. China
| | - Sanjay Rastogi
- Department of Biobased Materials
- Maastricht University
- 6200MD Maastricht
- The Netherlands
- Department of Materials
| | - Bart A. J. Noordover
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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Rotstein BH, Wey HY, Shoup TM, Wilson AA, Liang SH, Hooker JM, Vasdev N. PET imaging of fatty acid amide hydrolase with [(18)F]DOPP in nonhuman primates. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3832-8. [PMID: 25004399 PMCID: PMC4224570 DOI: 10.1021/mp500316h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) regulates endocannabinoid signaling. [(11)C]CURB, an irreversibly binding FAAH inhibitor, has been developed for clinical research imaging with PET. However, no fluorine-18 labeled radiotracer for FAAH has yet advanced to human studies. [(18)F]DOPP ([(18)F]3-(4,5-dihydrooxazol-2-yl)phenyl (5-fluoropentyl)carbamate) has been identified as a promising (18)F-labeled analogue based on rodent studies. The goal of this work is to evaluate [(18)F]DOPP in nonhuman primates to support its clinical translation. High specific activity [(18)F]DOPP (5-6 Ci·μmol(-1)) was administered intravenously (iv) to three baboons (2M/1F, 3-4 years old). The distribution and pharmacokinetics were quantified following a 2 h dynamic imaging session using a simultaneous PET/MR scanner. Pretreatment with the FAAH-selective inhibitor, URB597, was carried out at 200 or 300 μg/kg iv, 10 min prior to [(18)F]DOPP administration. Rapid arterial blood sampling for the first 3 min was followed by interval sampling with metabolite analysis to provide a parent radiotracer plasma input function that indicated ∼95% baseline metabolism at 60 min and a reduced rate of metabolism after pretreatment with URB597. Regional distribution data were analyzed with 1-, 2-, and 3-tissue compartment models (TCMs), with and without irreversible trapping since [(18)F]DOPP covalently links to the active site of FAAH. Consistent with previous findings for [(11)C]CURB, the 2TCM with irreversible binding was found to provide the best fit for modeling the data in all regions. The composite parameter λk3 was therefore used to evaluate whole brain (WB) and regional binding of [(18)F]DOPP. Pretreatment studies showed inhibition of λk3 across all brain regions (WB baseline: 0.112 mL/cm(3)/min; 300 μg/kg URB597: 0.058 mL/cm(3)/min), suggesting that [(18)F]DOPP binding is specific for FAAH, consistent with previous rodent data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Rotstein
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging & Center for Advanced Medical Imaging Sciences, Massachusetts General Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts 02114, United States
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Hu F, Xie S, Jiang L, Shen Z. Living cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazolines initiated by rare-earth metal triflates. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra11404c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewis acidic rare-earth metal triflates were found to efficiently initiate the cationic ring-opening polymerization of 2-oxazolines in a multi-site propagating fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shoulei Xie
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liming Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Zhiquan Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027, China
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Taghvaee M, Gossage RA. Coordination chemistry and applications of metal phenolates containing an oxazoline group. REV INORG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/revic-2013-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis review details the coordination chemistry aspects, applications, and catalytic relevance of materials containing a phenol unit appended to an oxazoline ring. The latter functionality can be chiral or achiral in nature. The binding motifs and catalytic potency of these materials in carbon-carbon bond forming processes and related reactions are compared and contrasted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Taghvaee
- 1Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Robert A. Gossage
- 1Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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Lustoň J, Kronek J, Kleinová A, Janigová I, Valentová H, Nedbal J. Synthesis and polymerization reactions of cyclic imino ethers. VI. Polymers with biphenyl structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Synthesis and polymerization reactions of cyclic imino ethers. 5: naphthalene unit-containing poly(ether amide)s. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Lustoň J, Kronek J, Janigová I. Synthesis and Polymerization Reactions of Cyclic Imino Ethers. 4. Aromatic Poly(ester amide)s of the AA+BB Type on the Basis of 2-Oxazolines. JOURNAL OF MACROMOLECULAR SCIENCE PART A-PURE AND APPLIED CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/10601325.2010.483403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Lustoň J, Kronek J. Synthesis and polymerization reactions of cyclic imino ethers. II. Preparation of novel hyperbranched polymers from AB2 monomers of 2-oxazoline type with nonequivalent B units. POLYM ENG SCI 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.20735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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