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Suslick BA, Hemmer J, Groce BR, Stawiasz KJ, Geubelle PH, Malucelli G, Mariani A, Moore JS, Pojman JA, Sottos NR. Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3237-3298. [PMID: 36827528 PMCID: PMC10037337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and processing of most thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric materials rely on energy-inefficient and environmentally burdensome manufacturing methods. Frontal polymerization is an attractive, scalable alternative due to its exploitation of polymerization heat that is generally wasted and unutilized. The only external energy needed for frontal polymerization is an initial thermal (or photo) stimulus that locally ignites the reaction. The subsequent reaction exothermicity provides local heating; the transport of this thermal energy to neighboring monomers in either a liquid or gel-like state results in a self-perpetuating reaction zone that provides fully cured thermosets and thermoplastics. Propagation of this polymerization front continues through the unreacted monomer media until either all reactants are consumed or sufficient heat loss stalls further reaction. Several different polymerization mechanisms support frontal processes, including free-radical, cat- or anionic, amine-cure epoxides, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The choice of monomer, initiator/catalyst, and additives dictates how fast the polymer front traverses the reactant medium, as well as the maximum temperature achievable. Numerous applications of frontally generated materials exist, ranging from porous substrate reinforcement to fabrication of patterned composites. In this review, we examine in detail the physical and chemical phenomena that govern frontal polymerization, as well as outline the existing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brecklyn R Groce
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Katherine J Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Holt T, Fazende K, Jee E, Wu Q, Pojman JA. Cure‐on‐demand wood adhesive based on the frontal polymerization of acrylates. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- TreyVon Holt
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University232 Choppin HallBaton Rouge Louisiana70803
| | - Kylee Fazende
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University232 Choppin HallBaton Rouge Louisiana70803
| | - Elizabeth Jee
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University232 Choppin HallBaton Rouge Louisiana70803
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Renewable Natural ResourcesLouisiana State UniversityRoom 227 Renewable Natural Resources BldgBaton Rouge Louisiana70803
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University232 Choppin HallBaton Rouge Louisiana70803
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Cold-Curing Structural Epoxy Resins: Analysis of the Curing Reaction as a Function of Curing Time and Thickness. MATERIALS 2014; 7:6832-6842. [PMID: 28788215 PMCID: PMC5456125 DOI: 10.3390/ma7096832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The curing reaction of a commercial cold-curing structural epoxy resin, specifically formulated for civil engineering applications, was analyzed by thermal analysis as a function of the curing time and the sample thickness. Original and remarkable results regarding the effects of curing time on the glass transition temperature and on the residual heat of reaction of the cold-cured epoxy were obtained. The influence of the sample thickness on the curing reaction of the cold-cured resin was also deeply investigated. A highly exothermal reaction, based on a self-activated frontal polymerization reaction, was supposed and verified trough a suitable temperature signal acquisition system, specifically realized for this measurement. This is one of the first studies carried out on the curing behavior of these peculiar cold-cured epoxy resins as a function of curing time and thickness.
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Turturro MV, Papavasiliou G. Generation of mechanical and biofunctional gradients in PEG diacrylate hydrogels by perfusion-based frontal photopolymerization. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE. POLYMER EDITION 2012; 23:917-39. [PMID: 21477459 DOI: 10.1163/092050611x566450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The spatial presentation of soluble growth factors, immobilized extracellular matrix molecules, as well as matrix rigidity, plays an important role in directed and guided cell migration. Synthetic hydrogel scaffolds offer the ability to systematically introduce gradients of these factors contributing to our understanding of how the 3D arrangement of biochemical and mechanical cues influence cell behavior. Using a novel photopolymerization technique, perfusion-based frontal photopolymerization (PBFP), we have engineered poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel scaffolds with gradients of mechanical properties and immobilized biofunctionality. The controlled delivery of a buoyant photoinitiator, eosin Y, through a glass frit filter results in the formation and subsequent propagation of a polymer reaction front that is self-sustained and able to propagate through the monomeric mixture. Propagation of this front results in monomer depletion, leading to variations in cross-linking, as well as spatial gradients of elastic modulus and immobilized concentrations of the YRGDS cell adhesion ligand within PEGDA hydrogels. Furthermore, the magnitudes of the resulting gradients are controlled through alterations in polymerization conditions. Preliminary in vitro cell-culture studies demonstrate that the gradients generated stimulate directed 2D cell growth on the surface of PEGDA hydrogels. By day 14, fibroblast aggregates spread roughly twice as far in the direction parallel to the slope of the gradient as compared to the perpendicular direction. The presented technique has great potential in controlling gradients of mechanical properties and immobilized biofunctionality for directing and guiding 3D cell behavior within tissue-engineered scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Turturro
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA
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Rigolini J, Bombled F, Ehrenfeld F, El Omari K, Le Guer Y, Grassl B. 2D-Infrared Thermography Monitoring of Ultrasound-Assisted Polymerization of Water-Soluble Monomer in a Gel Process. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200706j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julien Rigolini
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Environnement et Matériaux (IPREM UMR 5254), Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères (EPCP), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Hélioparc, Avenue P. Angot, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Florine Bombled
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Environnement et Matériaux (IPREM UMR 5254), Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères (EPCP), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Hélioparc, Avenue P. Angot, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Francis Ehrenfeld
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Environnement et Matériaux (IPREM UMR 5254), Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères (EPCP), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Hélioparc, Avenue P. Angot, 64000 Pau, France
| | - Kamal El Omari
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur Appliquées à la Mécanique et au Génie Electrique (SIAME), Fédération IPRA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Bat. D'Alembert, rue Jules Ferry, BP 7511, 64075 Pau Cedex, France
| | - Yves Le Guer
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Ingénieur Appliquées à la Mécanique et au Génie Electrique (SIAME), Fédération IPRA, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Bat. D'Alembert, rue Jules Ferry, BP 7511, 64075 Pau Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Grassl
- Institut Pluridisciplinaire de Recherche Environnement et Matériaux (IPREM UMR 5254), Equipe de Physique et Chimie des Polymères (EPCP), Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour (UPPA), Hélioparc, Avenue P. Angot, 64000 Pau, France
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Villegas AG, Ocampo MA, Saldivar-Guerra E, García-Gaitán B, Vivaldo-Lima E, Luna-Barcenas G. Modified frontal polymerization of poly(methyl methacrylate). J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.29358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Li J, Zhang X, Chen J, Xia J, Ma M, Li B. Frontal polymerization synthesis and characterization of Konjac glucomannan-graft-acrylic acid polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Chen L, Hu T, Yu H, Chen S, Pojman JA. First solvent-free synthesis of poly(N-methylolacrylamide) via frontal free-radical polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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