1
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Ferrier RC, Kumbhar G, Crum-Dacon S, Lynd NA. A guide to modern methods for poly(thio)ether synthesis using Earth-abundant metals. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:12390-12410. [PMID: 37753731 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03046f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyethers and polythioethers have a long and storied history dating back to the start of polymer science as a distinct field. As such, these materials have been utilized in a wide range of commercial applications and fundamental studies. The breadth of their material properties and the contexts in which they are applied is ultimately owed to their diverse monomer pre-cursors, epoxides and thiiranes, respectively. The facile polymerization of these monomers, both historically and contemporaneously, across academia and industry, has occurred through the use of Earth-abundant metals as catalysts and/or initiators. Despite this, polymerization methods for these monomers are underutilized compared to other monomer classes like cyclic olefins, vinyls, and (meth)acrylates. We feel a focused review that clearly outlines the benefits and shortcomings of extant synthetic methods for poly(thio)ethers along with their proposed mechanisms and quirks will help facilitate the utilization of these methods and by extension the unique polymer materials they create. Therefore, this Feature Article briefly describes the applications of poly(thio)ethers before discussing the feature-set of each poly(thio)ether synthetic method and qualitatively scoring them on relevant metrics (e.g., ease-of-use, molecular weight control, etc.) to help would-be poly(thio)ether-makers find an appropriate synthetic approach. The article is concluded with a look ahead at the future of poly(thio)ether synthesis with Earth-abundant metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Ferrier
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Gouree Kumbhar
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Shaylynn Crum-Dacon
- Michigan State University, Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, East Lansing MI, USA.
| | - Nathaniel A Lynd
- University of Texas-Austin, McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, Austin, TX, USA
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2
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Turhan Z, d’Arcy R, El Mohtadi F, Teixeira LI, Francini N, Geven M, Castagnola V, Alshamsan A, Benfenati F, Tirelli N. Dual Thermal- and Oxidation-Responsive Polymers Synthesized by a Sequential ROP-to-RAFT Procedure Inherently Temper Neuroinflammation. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4478-4493. [PMID: 36757736 PMCID: PMC10565819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
This study is about multiple responsiveness in biomedical materials. This typically implies "orthogonality" (i.e., one response does not affect the other) or synergy (i.e., one increases efficacy or selectivity of the other), but an antagonist effect between responses may also occur. Here, we describe a family of very well-defined amphiphilic and micelle-forming block copolymers, which show both oxidative and temperature responses. They are produced via successive anionic ring-opening polymerization of episulfides and RAFT polymerization of dialkylacrylamides and differ only in the ratio between inert (N,N-dimethylacrylamide, DMA) and temperature-sensitive (N,N-diethylacrylamide, DEA) units. By scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), these polymers are anti-inflammatory; through temperature responsiveness, they can macroscopically aggregate, which may allow them to form depots upon injection. The localization of the anti-inflammatory action is an example of synergy. An extensive evaluation of toxicity and anti-inflammatory effects on in vitro models, including BV2 microglia, C8D30 astrocytes and primary neurons, shows a link between capacity of aggregation and detrimental effects on viability which, albeit mild, can hinder the anti-inflammatory potential (antagonist action). Although limited in breadth (e.g., only in vitro models and only DEA as a temperature-responsive unit), this study suggests that single-responsive controls should be used to allow for a precise assessment of the (synergic or antagonist) potential of double-responsive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiye
Y. Turhan
- Laboratory
for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Division
of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Richard d’Arcy
- Laboratory
for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Farah El Mohtadi
- Division
of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Lorena Infante Teixeira
- Laboratory
for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Nora Francini
- Laboratory
for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mike Geven
- Laboratory
for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Castagnola
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Nanobiotechnology
Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Laboratory
for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Division
of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
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3
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Geven M, d'Arcy R, Turhan ZY, El-Mohtadi F, Alshamsan A, Tirelli N. Sulfur-based oxidation-responsive polymers. Chemistry, (chemically selective) responsiveness and biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Rumyantsev M. Living polymerizations of propylene sulfide initiated with potassium xanthates characterized by unprecedentedly high propagation rates. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01740j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we describe the original thiol-free approach towards the polymerization of propylene sulfide (PS) under various conditions (bulk, solution, and emulsion) initiated with potassium xanthates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misha Rumyantsev
- Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University n.a. R.E. Alekseev
- 603950 Nizhny Novgorod
- Russia
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5
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Chen R, Xiang Z, Xia Y, Ma Z, Shi Q, Wong S, Yin J. Thermal and Reactive Oxygen Species Dual‐Responsive OEGylated Polysulfides with Oxidation‐Tunable Lower Critical Solution Temperatures. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 41:e2000206. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runhai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 P. R. China
| | - Zehong Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230027 P. R. China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230027 P. R. China
| | - Zhifang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
| | - Shing‐Chung Wong
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of Akron Akron OH 44325‐3903 USA
| | - Jinghua Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and ChemistryChangchun Institute of Applied ChemistryChinese Academy of Sciences Changchun Jilin 130022 P. R. China
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6
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El-Mohtadi F, d'Arcy R, Tirelli N. Oxidation-Responsive Materials: Biological Rationale, State of the Art, Multiple Responsiveness, and Open Issues. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800699. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Farah El-Mohtadi
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry; School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Biology; Medicine, and Health; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
| | - Richard d'Arcy
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials; Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry; School of Health Sciences; Faculty of Biology; Medicine, and Health; The University of Manchester; Manchester M13 9PT UK
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials; Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia; 16163 Genova Italy
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7
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Mutlu H, Ceper EB, Li X, Yang J, Dong W, Ozmen MM, Theato P. Sulfur Chemistry in Polymer and Materials Science. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 40:e1800650. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hatice Mutlu
- Institute for Biological Interfaces III; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Ezgi Berfin Ceper
- Department of Bioengineering; Yildiz Technical University; Esenler 34220 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesser Str. 18 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jingmei Yang
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesser Str. 18 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
- Institute of Fundamental Science and Frontiers; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China; Chengdu 610054 China
| | - Wenyuan Dong
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesser Str. 18 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Mehmet Murat Ozmen
- Department of Bioengineering; Yildiz Technical University; Esenler 34220 Istanbul Turkey
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute for Biological Interfaces III; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Engesser Str. 18 D-76131 Karlsruhe Germany
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8
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Piradashvili K, Alexandrino EM, Wurm FR, Landfester K. Reactions and Polymerizations at the Liquid–Liquid Interface. Chem Rev 2015; 116:2141-69. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keti Piradashvili
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Frederik R. Wurm
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Katharina Landfester
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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9
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Song CC, Du FS, Li ZC. Oxidation-responsive polymers for biomedical applications. J Mater Chem B 2014; 2:3413-3426. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tb21725f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This article summarizes recent progress in the design and synthesis of various oxidation-responsive polymers and their application in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Cheng Song
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Fu-Sheng Du
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
| | - Zi-Chen Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry & Physics of Ministry of Education
- Department of Polymer Science & Engineering
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Peking University
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10
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Jeanmaire D, Laliturai J, Almalik A, Carampin P, Richard d'Arcy, Lallana E, Evans R, Winpenny REP, Tirelli N. Chemical specificity in REDOX-responsive materials: the diverse effects of different Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) on polysulfide nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01475d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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11
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Vo CD, Cadman CJ, Donno R, Goos JACM, Tirelli N. Combination of episulfide ring-opening polymerization with ATRP for the preparation of amphiphilic block copolymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:156-62. [PMID: 23319175 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We report for the first time the combination of ATRP and ring-opening episulfide polymerization as a means to synthesize polysulfide-based low-dispersity amphiphilic block copolymers. The most significant finding is the possibility to perform ATRP under mild conditions using poly(propylene sulfide) macroinitiators, apparently without any significant copper sequestration by the polysulfides. Using glycerol monomethacrylate (GMMA) as a hydrophilic monomer, the polymers self-assembled in colloidal structures with a morphology depending on the PS/GMMA ratio, but also probably on GMMA degree of polymerization. We here also present a new AFM-based method to calculate the average number of amphiphilic macromolecules per micelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong-Duan Vo
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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12
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Lallana E, Tirelli N. Oxidation-Responsive Polymers: Which Groups to Use, How to Make Them, What to Expect From Them (Biomedical Applications). MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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13
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Lallana E, Ferreri T, Carroccio SC, Puga AM, Tirelli N. End-group rearrangements in poly(propylene sulfide) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight analysis. Experimental evidence and possible mechanisms. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:2158-2164. [PMID: 22886812 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Polysulfides [poly(1,2-alkylene sulfides)] are oxidation-responsive polymers that are finding application in drug release and biomaterials. The precise knowledge of their macromolecular characteristics is of the essence in view of their application to biological systems. METHODS Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with and without silver trifluoroacetate was used to characterize a series of polymers with increasing molecular weight in the range 1000-4000 g/mol and with low polydispersity (<1.12). RESULTS Well-resolved peaks and accurate mass-measured values were obtained using a 2-(4-hydroxyphenylazo)benzoic acid (HABA) matrix, but significant fragmentations took place in the absence of silver as a cationizing reagent. Elimination reactions appeared to occur at terminal groups and limited depolymerization could be recorded. Interestingly, the most common fragmentation pathway seemed to be based on an as-yet-unreported process of hydrogen transfer requiring the presence both of ester groups and of thioethers. CONCLUSIONS The use of an appropriate cationizing reagent (silver trifluoroacetate) appeared to suppress end-group eliminations; we hypothesize that this action is based on the involvement of the terminal groups in silver chelation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Lallana
- School of Materials, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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14
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Carampin P, Lallana E, Laliturai J, Carroccio SC, Puglisi C, Tirelli N. Oxidant-Dependent REDOX Responsiveness of Polysulfides. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201200264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Kuhlmann M, Singh S, Groll J. Controlled Ring-Opening Polymerization of Substituted Episulfides for Side-Chain Functional Polysulfide-Based Amphiphiles. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1482-6. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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16
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Inter-micellar dynamics in block copolymer micelles: FRET experiments of macroamphiphile and payload exchange. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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17
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Hirata M, Abe Y, Ochiai B, Endo T. Synthesis of well-defined and end-polymerizable star-shaped polysulfides and their application to negative photoresist. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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18
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Wang L, Kilcher G, Tirelli N. Avoiding Disulfides: Improvement of Initiation and End-Capping Reactions in the Synthesis of Polysulfide Block Copolymers. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200800466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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19
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Vo CD, Kilcher G, Tirelli N. Polymers and Sulfur: what are Organic Polysulfides Good For? Preparative Strategies and Biological Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:299-315. [PMID: 21706606 DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur(II)-containing polymers (polysulfides) combine flexible synthetic and processing techniques with a unique responsiveness to oxidants. Here, the polysulfide oxidative sensitivity is put into the biological context of the development of new anti-inflammatory therapies - the development of new anti-inflammatory methodologies, adopted interactions and the minimisation of foreign-body reactions - through the review of 50 years of research on polysulfide synthetic methodologies. Attention is paid to the identification of the most flexible and robust preparative techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Duan Vo
- Laboratory of Polymers and Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Abstract
Oxidation is an almost ubiquitous feature of inflammatory reactions. We discuss the development of nanocarriers that respond to the presence of oxidants with profound physical reorganization, which could in perspective allow their use for delivering anti-inflammatory principles in an inflammation-responsive fashion. We also present a study demonstrating that the response of polysulfide nanoparticles has a bulk character, i.e., the odixation reactions happen homogeneously throughout the nanoparticles, and not interfacially.
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