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Turhan Z, d’Arcy R, El Mohtadi F, Teixeira LI, Francini N, Geven M, Castagnola V, Alshamsan A, Benfenati F, Tirelli N. Dual Thermal- and Oxidation-Responsive Polymers Synthesized by a Sequential ROP-to-RAFT Procedure Inherently Temper Neuroinflammation. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:4478-4493. [PMID: 36757736 PMCID: PMC10565819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
This study is about multiple responsiveness in biomedical materials. This typically implies "orthogonality" (i.e., one response does not affect the other) or synergy (i.e., one increases efficacy or selectivity of the other), but an antagonist effect between responses may also occur. Here, we describe a family of very well-defined amphiphilic and micelle-forming block copolymers, which show both oxidative and temperature responses. They are produced via successive anionic ring-opening polymerization of episulfides and RAFT polymerization of dialkylacrylamides and differ only in the ratio between inert (N,N-dimethylacrylamide, DMA) and temperature-sensitive (N,N-diethylacrylamide, DEA) units. By scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), these polymers are anti-inflammatory; through temperature responsiveness, they can macroscopically aggregate, which may allow them to form depots upon injection. The localization of the anti-inflammatory action is an example of synergy. An extensive evaluation of toxicity and anti-inflammatory effects on in vitro models, including BV2 microglia, C8D30 astrocytes and primary neurons, shows a link between capacity of aggregation and detrimental effects on viability which, albeit mild, can hinder the anti-inflammatory potential (antagonist action). Although limited in breadth (e.g., only in vitro models and only DEA as a temperature-responsive unit), this study suggests that single-responsive controls should be used to allow for a precise assessment of the (synergic or antagonist) potential of double-responsive systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiye
Y. Turhan
- Laboratory
for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Division
of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Richard d’Arcy
- Laboratory
for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Farah El Mohtadi
- Division
of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
| | - Lorena Infante Teixeira
- Laboratory
for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Nora Francini
- Laboratory
for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mike Geven
- Laboratory
for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Castagnola
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Aws Alshamsan
- Department
of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King
Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Nanobiotechnology
Unit, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center
for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16132 Genova, Italy
- IRCCS
Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Laboratory
for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Division
of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, United
Kingdom
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d’Arcy R, El Mohtadi F, Francini N, DeJulius CR, Back H, Gennari A, Geven M, Lopez-Cavestany M, Turhan ZY, Yu F, Lee JB, King MR, Kagan L, Duvall CL, Tirelli N. A Reactive Oxygen Species-Scavenging ‘Stealth’ Polymer, Poly(thioglycidyl glycerol), Outperforms Poly(ethylene glycol) in Protein Conjugates and Nanocarriers and Enhances Protein Stability to Environmental and Biological Stressors. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:21304-21317. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard d’Arcy
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Farah El Mohtadi
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Nora Francini
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Carlisle R. DeJulius
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Hyunmoon Back
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Arianna Gennari
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mike Geven
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Maria Lopez-Cavestany
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Zulfiye Yesim Turhan
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jong Bong Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Michael R. King
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Leonid Kagan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Translational Research and Education, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Craig L. Duvall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Nicola Tirelli
- Laboratory for Polymers and Biomaterials, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, U.K
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Geven M, d'Arcy R, Turhan ZY, El-Mohtadi F, Alshamsan A, Tirelli N. Sulfur-based oxidation-responsive polymers. Chemistry, (chemically selective) responsiveness and biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kamperman T, Teixeira LM, Salehi SS, Kerckhofs G, Guyot Y, Geven M, Geris L, Grijpma D, Blanquer S, Leijten J. Engineering 3D parallelized microfluidic droplet generators with equal flow profiles by computational fluid dynamics and stereolithographic printing. Lab Chip 2020; 20:490-495. [PMID: 31841123 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00980a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic droplet generators excel in generating monodisperse micrometer-sized droplets and particles. However, the low throughput of conventional droplet generators hinders their clinical and industrial translation. Current approaches to parallelize microdevices are challenged by the two-dimensional nature of the standard fabrication methods. Here, we report the facile production of three-dimensionally (3D) parallelized microfluidic droplet generators consisting of stacked and radially multiplexed channel designs. Computational fluid dynamics simulations form the design basis for a microflow distributor that ensures similar flow rates through all droplet generators. Stereolithography is the selected technique to fabricate microdevices, which enables the manufacturing of hollow channels with dimensions as small as 50 μm. The microdevices could be operated up to 4 bars without structural damage, including deformation of channels, or leakage of the on-chip printed Luer-Lok type connectors. The printed microdevices readily enable the production of water-in-oil emulsions, as well as polymer containing droplets that act as templates for both solid and core-shell hydrogel microparticles. The cytocompatibility of the 3D printed device is demonstrated by encapsulating mesenchymal stem cells in hydrogel microcapsules, which results in the controllable formation of stem cell spheroids that remain viable and metabolically active for at least 21 days. Thus, the unique features of stereolithography fabricated microfluidic devices allow for the parallelization of droplet generators in a simple yet effective manner by enabling the realization of (complex) 3D designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kamperman
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Liliana Moreira Teixeira
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands. and Regenerative Medicine Utrecht, Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Seyedeh Sarah Salehi
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands. and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box: 11155-9567, Tehran, Iran
| | - Greet Kerckhofs
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and Department Materials Engineering, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 44, 3001 LEUVEN, Belgium and Biomechanics Lab - Institute of Mechanics, Materials, and Civil Engineering, UCLouvain, Place du Levant 2/L5.04.02, 1348, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium and IREC - Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, UCLouvain, Avenue Hippocrate, 55 bte B1.55.02, 1200 Woluwé-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Yann Guyot
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA in silico medicine, Université de Liège, Avenue de l'Hopital 11, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Mike Geven
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbet Geris
- Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium and Biomechanics Research Unit, GIGA in silico medicine, Université de Liège, Avenue de l'Hopital 11, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Dirk Grijpma
- Department of Biomaterials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastien Blanquer
- Institut Charles Gerhardt Montpellier - UMR5253, Université Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Technical Medical Centre, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Geven M, Luo H, Koo D, Panambur G, Donno R, Gennari A, Marotta R, Grimaldi B, Tirelli N. Disulfide-Mediated Bioconjugation: Disulfide Formation and Restructuring on the Surface of Nanomanufactured (Microfluidics) Nanoparticles. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:26607-26618. [PMID: 31282644 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b07972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study is about (1) nanomanufacturing (focusing on microfluidic-assisted nanoprecipitation), (2) advanced colloid characterization (focusing on field flow fractionation), and (3) the possible restructuring of surface disulfides. Disulfides are dynamic and exchangeable groups, and here we specifically focus, first, on their use to introduce biofunctional groups and, second, on their re-organization, which may lead to variable surface chemistries and uncontrolled cell interactions. The particles were obtained via microfluidic-assisted (flow-focused) nanoprecipitation of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) bearing or not a 2-pyridyl disulfide (PDS) terminal group, which quantitatively exchanges with thiols in solution. In this study, we have paid specific attention to size characterization, thereby also demonstrating the limitations of dynamic light scattering (DLS) as a stand-alone technique. By using asymmetric flow field flow fractionation coupled with DLS, static light scattering (SLS), and refractive index detectors, we show that relatively small amounts of >100 nm aggregates (cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and SLS/DLS comparison suggesting them to be wormlike micelles) dominated the stand-alone DLS results, whereas the "real" size distributions picked <50 nm. Our key result is that the kinetics of the conjugation based on PDS-thiol exchange was controlled by the thiol pKa, and this also determined the rate of the exchange between the resulting disulfides and glutathione (GSH). In particular, more acidic thiols (e.g., peptides, where a cysteine is flanked by cationic residues) react faster with PDS, but their disulfides hardly exchange with GSH; the reverse applies to thiols with a higher pKa. Disulfides that resist against restructuring via thiol-disulfide exchange allow for a stable bioconjugation, although they may be bad news for payload release under reducing conditions. However, experiments of both thiol release and nanoparticles uptake in cells (HCT116) show that also the disulfides formed from less-acidic and, therefore, less-reactive, and more exchangeable thiols were stable for at least a few hours even in a GSH-rich (10 mM) environment; this suggests a sufficiently long stability of surface groups to achieve, for example, a cell-targeting effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanying Luo
- MilliporeSigma Materials Science , 6000 N Teutonia Avenue , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53209 , United States
| | - Donghun Koo
- MilliporeSigma Materials Science , 6000 N Teutonia Avenue , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53209 , United States
| | - Gangadhar Panambur
- MilliporeSigma Materials Science , 6000 N Teutonia Avenue , Milwaukee , Wisconsin 53209 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicola Tirelli
- Division of Pharmacy and Optometry, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health , The University of Manchester , M13 9PT Manchester , U.K
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Wang R, Both SK, Geven M, Calucci L, Forte C, Dijkstra PJ, Karperien M. Kinetically stable metal ligand charge transfer complexes as crosslinks in nanogels/hydrogels: Physical properties and cytotoxicity. Acta Biomater 2015; 26:136-44. [PMID: 26292264 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A terpyridine end-functionalized 8-arm poly(ethylene glycol) was prepared using the reaction of a 4'-aminopentanoxy substituted terpyridine with a p-nitrophenyl chloroformate activated PEG-(OH)8. Supramolecular complexation of the polymer terpyridine moieties by Fe(2+) ions was investigated using NMR, UV-Vis and dynamic light scattering experiments. At low concentrations addition of Fe(2+) ions to an aqueous solution of the polymer conjugate afforded nanogels with a single size distribution around 250 nm. At concentrations above 3 wt%, and at a 1:2 metal to ligand molar ratio, hydrogels were formed with increasing mechanical properties at increasing polymer concentrations. Using bovine chondrocytes, the biocompatibility and potential cytotoxicity of the polymer conjugate, nanogels and hydrogels were studied. The polymer conjugate with free ligands was toxic to the cells likely due to depletion of essential metal ions. When the terpyridine groups were complexed with Fe(2+) ions, both nanogel suspensions and hydrogels showed no cytotoxicity in direct contact with chondrocytes. Indirect contact of gels with chondrocytes using transwells revealed the absence of toxic components by leaching. A Live-Dead assay on chondrocytes encapsulated in the hydrogels indicated that the hydrogels are cytocompatible, revealing the potential use of these materials for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE The binding between transition metal ions and ligands with multiple binding sites can be almost as strong as covalent bonds. This metal-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) complexation was used to crosslink water soluble polymers into hydrogels. This approach to novel materials may find applications in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields. Transition metal ions are essential trace elements present in tissue but up to now no cytotoxicity data of free ligands are available. Data presented show that free ligands are toxic to cells likely by depletion of trace metal ions, whereas kinetically stable complexes are not cytotoxic even when embedded in hydrogels. These results provide fundamental issues to be considered in the design of hydrogels crosslinked through metal ligand complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine and Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Sanne K Both
- MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine and Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Mike Geven
- MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine and Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Lucia Calucci
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - CNR, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Forte
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche - CNR, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Pieter J Dijkstra
- MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine and Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- MIRA - Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine and Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Wang R, Geven M, Dijkstra PJ, Martens P, Karperien M. Hydrogels by supramolecular crosslinking of terpyridine end group functionalized 8-arm poly(ethylene glycol). Soft Matter 2014; 10:7328-7336. [PMID: 25088281 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm01162g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Metallo supramolecular assemblies of an 8-arm poly(ethylene glycol) partially substituted with terpyridyl end-groups and the transition metal ions Ni(2+), Fe(2+), Co(2+) and Zn(2+) were studied for their nano-particle formation at dilute conditions and gelation at higher concentrations. The large differences in dissociation rate constants of the metal ligand complexes largely determine the assembly behavior. Thermodynamically stable complexes are generated with Ni(2+) and Fe(2+) chlorides, which lead to distinct particle sizes of ∼200 nm in dilute conditions. The Co(2+) and Zn(2+) chlorides provide multiple size distributions revealing that mono and bis-complexes are present at equilibrium. Upon complexation, terpyridyl groups move to the outer sphere giving aggregates with a charged surface. At polymer concentrations above 5 wt%, crosslinking upon addition of transition metal ions provides hydrogels. Elastic hydrogels were obtained with Ni(2+), Fe(2+) and Co(2+) having storage moduli in excess of 20 kPa, whereas Zn(2+) gels are relatively viscous. Only Zn(2+) gels show a thermoreversible sol to gel transition at a temperature of 25 °C independent of polymer concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Department of Developmental Bioengineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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Nagase K, Geven M, Kimura S, Kobayashi J, Kikuchi A, Akiyama Y, Grijpma DW, Kanazawa H, Okano T. Thermoresponsive copolymer brushes possessing quaternary amine groups for strong anion-exchange chromatographic matrices. Biomacromolecules 2014; 15:1031-43. [PMID: 24467304 DOI: 10.1021/bm401918a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A thermoresponsive copolymer incorporating a quaternary amine group, poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-3-acrylamidopropyl trimethylammonium chloride (APTAC)-co-tert-butylacrylamide), was conjugated to the surface of silica beads through surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Prepared copolymer- and copolymer brush-modified beads were characterized by CHN elemental analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, gel permeation chromatography, and observation of phase transition profiles. Phase transition profiles of the prepared copolymer indicated that 5 mol % APTAC is suitable for enabling thermally modulated property changes in the copolymer. Chromatographic elution behaviors of adenosine nucleotides and proteins were observed using prepared beads as chromatography matrices. Higher retention time of adenosine nucleotides and strong protein adsorption behavior were observed compared with those on beads with tertiary amine groups, because of the strong basic properties. Therefore, copolymer brush modified beads will be useful as thermoresponsive ion-exchange chromatographic matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Nagase
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University , TWIns, 8-1 Kawadacho, Shinjuku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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