1
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Häfliger F, Truong NP, Wang HS, Anastasaki A. Fate of the RAFT End-Group in the Thermal Depolymerization of Polymethacrylates. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1207-1212. [PMID: 37615956 PMCID: PMC10515620 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Thermal RAFT depolymerization has recently emerged as a promising methodology for the chemical recycling of polymers. However, while much attention has been given to the regeneration of monomers, the fate of the RAFT end-group after depolymerization has been unexplored. Herein, we identify the dominant small molecules derived from the RAFT end-group of polymethacrylates. The major product was found to be a unimer (DP = 1) RAFT agent, which is not only challenging to synthesize using conventional single-unit monomer insertion strategies, but also a highly active RAFT agent for methyl methacrylate, exhibiting faster consumption and yielding polymers with lower dispersities compared to the original, commercially available 2-cyano-2-propyl dithiobenzoate. Solvent-derived molecules were also identified predominantly at the beginning of the depolymerization, thus suggesting a significant mechanistic contribution from the solvent. Notably, the formation of both the unimer and the solvent-derived products remained consistent regardless of the RAFT agent, monomer, or solvent employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Häfliger
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nghia P. Truong
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
- Monash
Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash
University, 399 Royal
Parade, Parkville, VIC 3152, Australia
| | - Hyun Suk Wang
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Athina Anastasaki
- Laboratory
of Polymeric Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Oishi E, Takamura M, Takahashi T. Removal of Trithiocarbonyl End Group of RAFT-Polymerized Poly(stearyl acrylate) and Effect of the End Group on Thermal and Structural Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234169. [PMID: 34883670 PMCID: PMC8659507 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a long alkyl end group on the thermal and structural properties of RAFT (reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer)-polymerized poly(stearyl acrylate) (PSA) was investigated. RAFT-polymerized PSA was prepared using 2-cyano-2-[(dodecylsulfanylthiocarbonyl) sulfanyl] propane (CDTP) with long alkyl group as a chain transfer agent and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. The RAFT polymerization resulted in the polymerized structure having trithiocarbonyl (TTC) at one end and isobutyronitrile at the other end. RAFT-polymerized PSA was prepared with two different molecular weights. The TTC end group was replaced by isobutyronitrile using radical reaction with AIBN through optimization of the conditions, which resulted in isobutyronitrile at both ends. The effect of the end group on the thermal and structural properties was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction, and the results indicated that the long alkyl group from TTC lowers the melting point and semi-crystalline structure in the case of low molecular weight PSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Oishi
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduated School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan;
| | - Masumi Takamura
- Open Innovation Platform, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan;
| | - Tatsuhiro Takahashi
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduated School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Yamagata, Japan;
- Correspondence:
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3
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López-Pérez L, Maldonado-Textle H, Elizalde-Herrera LE, Telles-Padilla JG, Guerrero-Santos R, Collins S, Jiménez-Regalado EJ, St Thomas C. Methylation of poly(acrylic acid), prepared using RAFT polymerization, with trimethylsilyldiazomethane: A metamorphosis of the thiocarbonyl group to a thiol-end group. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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4
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Jovic K, Nitsche T, Lang C, Blinco JP, De Bruycker K, Barner-Kowollik C. Hyphenation of size-exclusion chromatography to mass spectrometry for precision polymer analysis – a tutorial review. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py00370c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein we demonstrate how SEC-ESI-MS can be used to analyze complex polymers, a significant challenge in contemporary polymer chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Jovic
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Tobias Nitsche
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christiane Lang
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
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5
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Guo X, Choi B, Feng A, Thang SH. Polymer Synthesis with More Than One Form of Living Polymerization Method. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1800479. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201800479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Guo
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Bonnie Choi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - Anchao Feng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
| | - San H. Thang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, College of Material Science and Engineering; Beijing University of Chemical Technology; Beijing 100029 China
- School of Chemistry; Monash University; Clayton Campus VIC 3800 Australia
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6
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Eggers S, Abetz V. Hydroperoxide Traces in Common Cyclic Ethers as Initiators for Controlled RAFT Polymerizations. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700683. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Eggers
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Grindelallee 117 20146 Hamburg Germany
| | - Volker Abetz
- Department of Physical Chemistry; University of Hamburg; Grindelallee 117 20146 Hamburg Germany
- Institute of Polymer Research; Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht; Max-Planck-Straße 1 21502 Geesthacht Germany
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7
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Flanders MJ, Gramlich WM. Reversible-addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mediated depolymerization of brush polymers. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00446c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Brush polymers synthesized by reversible-addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization undergo controlled depolymerization when heated as dictated by polymerization thermodynamics.
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8
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Reyhani A, McKenzie TG, Ranji-Burachaloo H, Fu Q, Qiao GG. Fenton-RAFT Polymerization: An "On-Demand" Chain-Growth Method. Chemistry 2017; 23:7221-7226. [PMID: 28382790 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Fine control over the architecture and/or microstructure of synthetic polymers is fast becoming a reality owing to the development of efficient and versatile polymerization techniques and conjugation reactions. However, the transition of these syntheses to automated, programmable, and high-throughput operating systems is a challenging step needed to translate the vast potential of precision polymers into machine-programmable polymers for biological and functional applications. Chain-growth polymerizations are particularly appealing for their ability to form structurally and chemically well-defined macromolecules through living/controlled polymerization techniques. Even using the latest polymerization technologies, the macromolecular engineering of complex functional materials often requires multi-step syntheses and purification of intermediates, and results in sub-optimal yields. To develop a proof-of-concept of a framework polymerization technique that is readily amenable to automation requires several key characteristics. In this study, a new approach is described that is believed to meet these requirements, thus opening avenues toward automated polymer synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Reyhani
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Thomas G McKenzie
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Hadi Ranji-Burachaloo
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Qiang Fu
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Greg G Qiao
- Polymer Science Group, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
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9
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Sha Y, Zhu Q, Wan Y, Li L, Wang X, Xue G, Zhou D. Synthesis of polymer with defined fluorescent end groups via reversible addition fragmentation transfer polymerization for characterizing the conformations of polymer chains in solutions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Sha
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructure, Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructure, Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanxin Wan
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructure, Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 People's Republic of China
| | - Linling Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructure, Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructure, Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 People's Republic of China
| | - Gi Xue
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructure, Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 People's Republic of China
| | - Dongshan Zhou
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Nanjing National Laboratory of Microstructure, Nanjing University; Nanjing 210093 People's Republic of China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Xinjiang Laboratory of Phase Transitions and Microstructures in Condensed Matters; Yili Normal University; Yining 835000 People's Republic of China
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10
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Dimzon IK, Trier X, Frömel T, Helmus R, Knepper TP, de Voogt P. High Resolution Mass Spectrometry of Polyfluorinated Polyether-Based Formulation. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2016; 27:309-18. [PMID: 26519300 PMCID: PMC4723628 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1269-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
High resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) was successfully applied to elucidate the structure of a polyfluorinated polyether (PFPE)-based formulation. The mass spectrum generated from direct injection into the MS was examined by identifying the different repeating units manually and with the aid of an instrument data processor. Highly accurate mass spectral data enabled the calculation of higher-order mass defects. The different plots of MW and the nth-order mass defects (up to n = 3) could aid in assessing the structure of the different repeating units and estimating their absolute and relative number per molecule. The three major repeating units were -C2H4O-, -C2F4O-, and -CF2O-. Tandem MS was used to identify the end groups that appeared to be phosphates, as well as the possible distribution of the repeating units. Reversed-phase HPLC separated of the polymer molecules on the basis of number of nonpolar repeating units. The elucidated structure resembles the structure in the published manufacturer technical data. This analytical approach to the characterization of a PFPE-based formulation can serve as a guide in analyzing not just other PFPE-based formulations but also other fluorinated and non-fluorinated polymers. The information from MS is essential in studying the physico-chemical properties of PFPEs and can help in assessing the risks they pose to the environment and to human health. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Ken Dimzon
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands
- Hochschule Fresenius, Institute for Analytical Research, Limburger St. 2, D-65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Xenia Trier
- The National Food Institute, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Tobias Frömel
- Hochschule Fresenius, Institute for Analytical Research, Limburger St. 2, D-65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Rick Helmus
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas P Knepper
- Hochschule Fresenius, Institute for Analytical Research, Limburger St. 2, D-65510, Idstein, Germany
| | - Pim de Voogt
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, Amsterdam, 1098XH, The Netherlands.
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11
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Abel BA, McCormick CL. Mechanistic Insights into Temperature-Dependent Trithiocarbonate Chain-End Degradation during the RAFT Polymerization of N-Arylmethacrylamides. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brooks A. Abel
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
| | - Charles L. McCormick
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406-5050, United States
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12
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13
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Adelsberger J, Bivigou-Koumba AM, Miasnikova A, Busch P, Laschewsky A, Müller-Buschbaum P, Papadakis CM. Polystyrene-block-poly (methoxy diethylene glycol acrylate)-block-polystyrene triblock copolymers in aqueous solution—a SANS study of the temperature-induced switching behavior. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3535-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Charles L. MALDI of synthetic polymers with labile end-groups. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2014; 33:523-543. [PMID: 24285426 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 02/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is increasingly used in the field of synthetic polymers as a fast and accurate technique for end-group analysis. More particularly, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has gained much popularity because it allows quite simple mass spectra to be obtained, displaying a single distribution for each polymeric species present in the sample, in contrast to electrospray ionization (ESI) which readily promotes multiple charging for most polymers. A soft ionization process, ensuring the integrity of the species upon transfer into gas phase ions, is however mandatory for polymer end-group analysis since information about the chain terminations mainly rely on the m/z values measured for polymer adducts. As compared to ESI, MALDI is sometimes suspected to be a quite "hard" ionization technique, leading to spontaneous dissociation of ionized species either in the source or during their flight time. This issue is of particular concern for polymers carrying so-called fragile end-groups arising from their mode of synthesis. In particular, controlled radical polymerization (CRP) processes, one of the most important advances in the field of polymer science during the last 20 years, allow the production of polymers with well-defined molecular distribution and low polydispersities, but they are all based on the low dissociation energy of the chemical bond between the last monomer and the terminating group. As a result, if macromolecules are activated while being ionized, this end-group is prone to fragmentation and ions measured in the mass spectra do no longer reflect the original chain composition. However, different results are reported in the literature about the ability of MALDI to generate intact ions from CRP synthetic polymers. This article reviews MALDI MS data reported for synthetic polymers produced by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation transfer polymerization (RAFT), and nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP), the three most studied CRP techniques. The general principle of each polymerization process, which defines the structure of the end-groups in both targeted macromolecules and species arising from eventual side-reactions, is first briefly presented. An overview of MALDI data reported for samples obtained upon polymerization of different monomers are then commented for each polymerization techniques with regards to the success of the ionization method to generate intact cationic adducts and its propensity to distinguish in-source fragments from polymerization side-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Charles
- Aix-Marseille Université-CNRS, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire: ICR UMR 7273, 13397, Marseille, France
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15
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Van Hoeylandt T, Chen K, Du Prez F, Lynen F. Deconvolution of overlapping spectral polymer signals in size exclusion separation-diode array detection separations by implementing a multivariate curve resolution method optimized by alternating least square. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1342:63-9. [PMID: 24726681 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Peaks eluting from a size exclusion separation (SEC) are often not completely baseline-separated due to the inherent dispersity of the polymer. Lowering the flow rate is sometimes a solution to obtain a better physical separation, but results in a longer retention time, which is often not desirable. The chemometrical deconvolution method discussed in this work provides the possibility of calculating the contribution of each peak separately in the total chromatogram of overlapping peaks. An in-house-developed MATLAB script differentiates between compounds based on their difference in UV-spectrum and retention time, using the entire 3D retention time UV-spectrum. Consequently, the output of the script offers the calculated chromatograms of the separate compounds as well as their respective UV-spectrum, of which the latter can be used for peak identification. This approach is of interest to quantitate contributions of different polymer types with overlapping UV-spectra and retention times, as is often the case in, for example, copolymer or polymer blend analysis. The applicability has been proven on mixtures of different polymer types: polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(ethoxyethyl acrylate). This paper demonstrates that both qualitative and quantitative analyses are possible after deconvolution and that alternating concentrations of adjacent peaks do not significantly influence the obtained accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Van Hoeylandt
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kai Chen
- Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Frédéric Lynen
- Separation Science Group, Department of Organic Chemistry, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Pfizer Analytical Research Centre, Krijgslaan 281 S4-bis, Ghent, Belgium.
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16
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Wu Y, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Zhang W, Pan X, Zhang Z, Zhu X. Fast conversion of terminal thiocarbonylthio groups of RAFT polymers to “clickable” thiol groups via versatile sodium azide. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00732h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A facile and fast way of converting thiocarbonylthio end groups of RAFT polymers to thiol groups was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yanyan Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jian Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiangqiang Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zhengbiao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123, China
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17
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Well-defined diblock copolymers of poly(tert-butyldimethylsilyl methacrylate) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) synthesized by RAFT polymerization. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2013.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Wu Y, Zhao J, Zhang X, Zhu J, Zhang W, Zhang Z, Zhu X. Zero-valent metal catalyzed removal of thiocarbonylthio end groups from RAFT-made polystyrene: producing controllable bimodal molecular weight distribution. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01327h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Semsarilar M, Jones ER, Armes SP. Comparison of pseudo-living character of RAFT polymerizations conducted under homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01042b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evidence is presented for (i) the greater pseudo-living character of RAFT dispersion polymerization compared to the equivalent solution polymerization and (ii) the presence of monomer-swollen micelles in the former formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Semsarilar
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Brook Hill
- Sheffield
- UK
| | | | - Steven P. Armes
- Department of Chemistry
- The University of Sheffield
- Brook Hill
- Sheffield
- UK
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20
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Marsat JN, Stahlhut F, Laschewsky A, Berlepsch HV, Böttcher C. Multicompartment micelles from silicone-based triphilic block copolymers. Colloid Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-3001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Soeriyadi AH, R.Whittaker M, Boyer C, Davis TP. Soft ionization mass spectroscopy: Insights into the polymerization mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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22
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Dorff G, Hahn M, Laschewsky A, Lieske A. Optimization of the property profile of poly-L-lactide by synthesis of PLLA-polystyrene-block copolymers. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.37836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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23
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Junkers T, Delaittre G, Chapman R, Günzler F, Chernikova E, Barner-Kowollik C. Thioketone-Mediated Polymerization with Dithiobenzoates: Proof for the Existence of Stable Radical Intermediates in RAFT Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:984-90. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Miasnikova A, Laschewsky A, De Paoli G, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P, Funari SS. Thermoresponsive hydrogels from symmetrical triblock copolymers poly(styrene-block-(methoxy diethylene glycol acrylate)-block-styrene). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:4479-4490. [PMID: 22356247 DOI: 10.1021/la204665q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A series of symmetrical, thermo-responsive triblock copolymers was prepared by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and studied in aqueous solution with respect to their ability to form hydrogels. Triblock copolymers were composed of two identical, permanently hydrophobic outer blocks, made of low molar mass polystyrene, and of a hydrophilic inner block of variable length, consisting of poly(methoxy diethylene glycol acrylate) PMDEGA. The polymers exhibited a LCST-type phase transition in the range of 20-40 °C, which markedly depended on molar mass and concentration. Accordingly, the triblock copolymers behaved as amphiphiles at low temperatures, but became water-insoluble at high temperatures. The temperature dependent self-assembly of the amphiphilic block copolymers in aqueous solution was studied by turbidimetry and rheology at concentrations up to 30 wt %, to elucidate the impact of the inner thermoresponsive block on the gel properties. Additionally, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was performed to access the structural changes in the gel with temperature. For all polymers a gel phase was obtained at low temperatures, which underwent a gel-sol transition at intermediate temperatures, well below the cloud point where phase separation occurred. With increasing length of the PMDEGA inner block, the gel-sol transition shifts to markedly lower concentrations, as well as to higher transition temperatures. For the longest PMDEGA block studied (DP(n) about 450), gels had already formed at 3.5 wt % at low temperatures. The gel-sol transition of the hydrogels and the LCST-type phase transition of the hydrophilic inner block were found to be independent of each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Miasnikova
- Department of Chemistry, Universität Potsdam, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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25
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Guo R, Shi Z, Wang X, Dong A, Zhang J. Separation and quantification of dead species in styrene RAFT polymerization by gradient polymer elution chromatography. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py20102j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Schmid C, Weidner S, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. In-Depth LCCC-(GELC)-SEC Characterization of ABA Block Copolymers Generated by a Mechanistic Switch from RAFT to ROP. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2022452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Schmid
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut
für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Steffen Weidner
- BAM, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Falkenhagen
- BAM, Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut
für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18, 76128
Karlsruhe, Germany
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27
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A Snapshot of Thermo-Oxidative Degradation Products in Poly(bisphenol A carbonate) by Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry and Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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28
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Herfurth C, Voll D, Buller J, Weiss J, Barner-Kowollik C, Laschewsky A. Radical addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of ferrocenyl (Meth)acrylates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Biedermann F, Appel EA, del Barrio J, Gruendling T, Barner-Kowollik C, Scherman OA. Postpolymerization Modification of Hydroxyl-Functionalized Polymers with Isocyanates. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2008018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Biedermann
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Jesús del Barrio
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Till Gruendling
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Oren A. Scherman
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, U.K
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Zhong Q, Wang W, Adelsberger J, Golosova A, Bivigou Koumba AM, Laschewsky A, Funari SS, Perlich J, Roth SV, Papadakis CM, Müller-Buschbaum P. Collapse transition in thin films of poly(methoxydiethylenglycol acrylate). Colloid Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-011-2384-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Li C, He J, Zhou Y, Gu Y, Yang Y. Radical-induced oxidation of RAFT agents-A kinetic study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Harvison MA, Roth PJ, Davis TP, Lowe AB. End Group Reactions of RAFT-Prepared (Co)Polymers. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the chemistry of thiocarbonylthio groups with an emphasis on chemistry conducted at ω or α and ω chain-ends in copolymers prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization. We begin by giving a general overview of reactions associated with the thiocarbonylthio groups, followed by examples associated with macromolecular thiols.
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Skrabania K, Miasnikova A, Bivigou-Koumba AM, Zehm D, Laschewsky A. Examining the UV-vis absorption of RAFT chain transfer agents and their use for polymer analysis. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00173f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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34
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Moad G, Rizzardo E, Thang SH. End-functional polymers, thiocarbonylthio group removal/transformation and reversible addition-fragmentation-chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. POLYM INT 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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35
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Soeriyadi AH, Bennet F, Whittaker MR, Barker PJ, Barner-Kowollik C, Davis TP. Degradation of poly(butyl methacrylate) model compounds studied via high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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36
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Gruendling T, Kaupp M, Blinco JP, Barner-Kowollik C. Photoinduced Conjugation of Dithioester- and Trithiocarbonate-Functional RAFT Polymers with Alkenes. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma101893u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Till Gruendling
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Kaupp
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - James P. Blinco
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Preparative Macromolecular Chemistry, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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37
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Li Z, Serelis AK, Reed WF, Alb AM. Online monitoring of the copolymerization of 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate with styrene by RAFT. Deviations from reaction control. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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38
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Millard PE, Barner L, Reinhardt J, Buchmeiser MR, Barner-Kowollik C, Müller AH. Synthesis of water-soluble homo- and block-copolymers by RAFT polymerization under γ-irradiation in aqueous media. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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Päch M, Zehm D, Lange M, Dambowsky I, Weiss J, Laschewsky A. Universal Polymer Analysis by 1H NMR Using Complementary Trimethylsilyl End Groups. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:8757-65. [DOI: 10.1021/ja102096u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Päch
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstrasse 69, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany, and University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Daniel Zehm
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstrasse 69, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany, and University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Maik Lange
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstrasse 69, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany, and University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ina Dambowsky
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstrasse 69, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany, and University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jan Weiss
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstrasse 69, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany, and University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - André Laschewsky
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Polymer Research, Geiselbergstrasse 69, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany, and University of Potsdam, Institute of Chemistry, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen M. Weidner
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
| | - Sarah Trimpin
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), D-12489 Berlin, Richard-Willstaetter-Strasse 11, Germany, and Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Avenue, 33 Chemistry, Detroit, Michigan 48202
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41
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Bennet F, Hart-Smith G, Gruendling T, Davis TP, Barker PJ, Barner-Kowollik C. Degradation of Poly(methyl methacrylate) Model Compounds Under Extreme Environmental Conditions. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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42
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Gruendling T, Junkers T, Guilhaus M, Barner-Kowollik C. Mark-Houwink Parameters for the Universal Calibration of Acrylate, Methacrylate and Vinyl Acetate Polymers Determined by Online Size-Exclusion Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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43
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A Perfect Couple: PLP/SEC/ESI-MS for the Accurate Determination of Propagation Rate Coefficients in Free Radical Polymerization. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.200900394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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44
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Dietrich M, Glassner M, Gruendling T, Schmid C, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. Facile conversion of RAFT polymers into hydroxyl functional polymers: a detailed investigation of variable monomer and RAFT agent combinations. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00273a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Gruendling T, Weidner S, Falkenhagen J, Barner-Kowollik C. Mass spectrometry in polymer chemistry: a state-of-the-art up-date. Polym Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/b9py00347a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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46
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47
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Roth PJ, Haase M, Basché T, Theato P, Zentel R. Synthesis of Heterotelechelic α,ω Dye-Functionalized Polymer by the RAFT Process and Energy Transfer between the End Groups. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma902391b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Roth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Haase
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz, Welderweg 11, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Basché
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Mainz, Welderweg 11, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, World Class University (WCU) program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment (C2E2), Seoul National University, 151-744 Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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48
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Roth PJ, Jochum FD, Zentel R, Theato P. Synthesis of Hetero-Telechelic α,ω Bio-Functionalized Polymers. Biomacromolecules 2009; 11:238-44. [DOI: 10.1021/bm901095j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Roth
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment (C2E2), College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 151-744 Seoul, Korea
| | - Florian D. Jochum
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment (C2E2), College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 151-744 Seoul, Korea
| | - Rudolf Zentel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment (C2E2), College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 151-744 Seoul, Korea
| | - Patrick Theato
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Mainz, Duesbergweg 10-14, 55099 Mainz, Germany, and School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, WCU Program of Chemical Convergence for Energy and Environment (C2E2), College of Engineering, Seoul National University, 151-744 Seoul, Korea
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49
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Grover GN, Alconcel SNS, Matsumoto NM, Maynard HD. Trapping of Thiol Terminated Acrylate Polymers with Divinyl Sulfone to Generate Well-Defined Semi-Telechelic Michael Acceptor Polymers. Macromolecules 2009; 42:7657-7663. [PMID: 21552430 PMCID: PMC3088163 DOI: 10.1021/ma901036x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of vinyl sulfone end functionalized PEGylated polymers by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization for conjugation to proteins. Poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate (PEGA) was polymerized in the presence of 1-phenylethyl dithiobenzoate with 2,2'-azobis(2-methylpropionitrile) as the initiator to generate well-defined polyPEGAs with number-average molecular weights (M(n)) by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) of 6.7 kDa, 11.8 kDa and 16.1 kDa. Post-polymerization, the majority of polymer chains contained the dithioester functional group at the omega chain end, and the polydispersity indexes (PDI) of the polymers ranged from 1.08 to 1.24. The dithioester was subsequently reduced via aminolysis, and the resulting thiol was trapped with a divinyl sulfone in situ to produce semi-telechelic, vinyl sulfone polyPEGAs with efficiencies ranging between 85% and 99%. It was determined that the retention of vinyl sulfone was directly related to reaction time, with the maximum dithioester being transformed into a vinyl sulfone within 30 minutes. Longer reaction times resulted in slow decomposition of the vinyl sulfone end group. The resulting semi-telechelic vinyl sulfone polymers were then conjugated to a protein containing a free cysteine, bovine serum albumin (BSA). Gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the reaction was highly efficient and that conjugates of increasing size were readily prepared. After polymer attachment, the activity of the BSA was 92% of the unmodified biomolecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N. Grover
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Fax: 1-310-206-0204
| | - Steevens N. S. Alconcel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Fax: 1-310-206-0204
| | - Nicholas M. Matsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Fax: 1-310-206-0204
| | - Heather D. Maynard
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry & California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, 607 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, California 90095-1569, Fax: 1-310-206-0204
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50
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Girod M, Mazarin M, Phan TNT, Gigmes D, Charles L. Determination of block size in poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene block copolymers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.23414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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