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Salazkin SN, Shaposhnikova VV. Poly(arylene ether ketones): Thermostable, Heat Resistant, and Chemostable Thermoplastics and Prospects for Designing Various Materials on Their Basis. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES C 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1811238220020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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2
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Nguyen HD, Porihel R, Brubach JB, Planes E, Soudant P, Judeinstein P, Porcar L, Lyonnard S, Iojoiu C. Perfluorosulfonyl Imide versus Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomers in Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells at Low Relative Humidity. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:590-600. [PMID: 31793224 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Designing highly conductive ionomers at high temperature and low relative humidity is challenging in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Perfluorosulfonyl imide ionomers were believed to achieve this goal, owing to their exceptional acidity and excellent thermal stability. Perfluorosulfonyl imide ionomers are less conductive than the analogous perfluorosulfonic acids despite similar membrane microstructure. In this study, the distinct behavior is rationalized by in situ synchrotron infrared spectroscopy during hydration. The protonation mechanism, formation of the protonic moiety and water clustering are totally different for the two different families of membranes. The ionization mediated by trans-to-cis conformational transition of the perfluorosulfonyl imide ionomer is not accompanied by the formation of hydronium ions. In contrast, Zundel-ion entities were identified as the elementary protonic complex, which is stable over the hydration range. The H-bond network of surrounding water molecules appears to be less connected and the protons remain highly localized and unavailable for efficient structural transport. The delocalization of protons and their mitigated interaction with the surrounding medium are prominent effects that negatively impact conductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu-Dat Nguyen
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, UMR5279, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Regis Porihel
- Synchrotron Soleil, Saint Aubin-BP48, 91192, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | | | - Emilie Planes
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, UMR5279, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Priscillia Soudant
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, UMR5279, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Judeinstein
- Laboratoire Léon Brillouin (LLB, UMR12) CEA Saclay, CEA-CNRS-Université Paris Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institut Laue Langevin (ILL), 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Lyonnard
- INAC-SyMMES, CEA Grenoble, CEA-CNRS-Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Cristina Iojoiu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, UMR5279, 38000, Grenoble, France
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3
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Han J, Kim K, Kim J, Kim S, Choi SW, Lee H, Kim JJ, Kim TH, Sung YE, Lee JC. Cross-linked highly sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) membranes prepared by in-situ casting and thiol-ene click reaction for fuel cell application. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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4
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Oshima T, Yoshizawa-Fujita M, Takeoka Y, Rikukawa M. Use of a High-Performance Poly( p-phenylene)-Based Aromatic Hydrocarbon Ionomer with Superacid Groups in Fuel Cells under Low Humidity Conditions. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:939-942. [PMID: 31457174 PMCID: PMC6640801 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic ionomers with perfluoroalkyl sulfonic acid groups for fuel cell applications have been prepared mostly by the post-functionalization method. Herein, we present a direct polymerization method using a novel monomer with a perfluorosulfonic acid group to control the amount and position of the sulfonic acid groups. A poly(p-phenylene)-based aromatic hydrocarbon ionomer bearing a pendant perfluorosulfonic acid group in a substituent at the 2-position is synthesized by Ni(0)-catalyzed coupling polymerization. The direct polymerization provides M n values of up to 169 000 with a highly controlled molecular structure and allows the formation of thin membranes. These ionomers were found to combine the positive features of perfluorinated and aromatic hydrocarbon ionomers, and these thin membranes with a relatively high ion exchange capacity showed high proton conductivity and excellent fuel cell performance (907 mW cm-2 even at 80 °C and 30% RH) under low humidity conditions compared with other reported aromatic hydrocarbon ionomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Oshima
- Department of Materials
and
Life Sciences, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoshizawa-Fujita
- Department of Materials
and
Life Sciences, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Yuko Takeoka
- Department of Materials
and
Life Sciences, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Masahiro Rikukawa
- Department of Materials
and
Life Sciences, Sophia University, 7-1 Kioi-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
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Jung HY, Kim O, Park MJ. Ion Transport in Nanostructured Phosphonated Block Copolymers Containing Ionic Liquids. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1116-23. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Young Jung
- Department of Chemistry; Division of Advanced Materials Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 790-784 Korea
| | - Onnuri Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Division of Advanced Materials Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 790-784 Korea
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry; Division of Advanced Materials Science; Pohang University of Science and Technology; Pohang 790-784 Korea
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Chang Y, Mohanty AD, Smedley SB, Abu-Hakmeh K, Lee YH, Morgan JE, Hickner MA, Jang SS, Ryu CY, Bae C. Effect of Superacidic Side Chain Structures on High Conductivity Aromatic Polymer Fuel Cell Membranes. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, New York State Center for Polymer
Synthesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Angela D. Mohanty
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, New York State Center for Polymer
Synthesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Sarah B. Smedley
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Khaldoon Abu-Hakmeh
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Young Hun Lee
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Joel E. Morgan
- Center
for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Michael A. Hickner
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Seung Soon Jang
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Chang Y. Ryu
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, New York State Center for Polymer
Synthesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, New York State Center for Polymer
Synthesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, 110 Eighth Street, Troy, New York 12180, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
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7
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Assumma L, Nguyen HD, Iojoiu C, Lyonnard S, Mercier R, Espuche E. Effects of Block Length and Membrane Processing Conditions on the Morphology and Properties of Perfluorosulfonated Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Multiblock Copolymer Membranes for PEMFC. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:13808-13820. [PMID: 26036143 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorosulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone) multiblock copolymers have been shown to be promising as proton exchange membranes. The commonly used approach for preparation of the membrane is solvent casting; the properties of the resulting membranes are very dependent on the membrane processing conditions. In this paper, we study the effects of block length, selectivity of the solvent, and thermal treatment on the membrane properties such as morphology, water uptake, and ionic conductivity. DiMethylSulfOxide (DMSO), and DiMethylAcetamide (DMAc) were selected as casting solvents based on the Flory-Huggins parameter calculated by inversion gas chromatography (IGC). It was found that the solvent selectivity has a mild impact on the mean size of the ionic domains and the expansion upon swelling, while it dramatically affects the supramolecular ordering of the blocks. The membranes cast from DMSO exhibit more interconnected ionic clusters yielding higher conductivities and water uptake as compared to membranes cast from DMAc. A 10-fold increase in proton conductivity was achieved after thermal annealing of membranes at 150 °C, and the ionomers with longer block lengths show conductivities similar to Nafion at 80 °C and low relative humidity (30%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Assumma
- †Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LEPMI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- ‡CNRS, LEPMI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Huu-Dat Nguyen
- †Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LEPMI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- ‡CNRS, LEPMI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Cristina Iojoiu
- †Univ. Grenoble Alpes, LEPMI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- ‡CNRS, LEPMI, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Lyonnard
- ⊥CEA-Grenoble, INAC/SPrAM, Groupe Polymères Conducteurs Ioniques, UMR-5819, CEA-CNRS-UJF, 17 Rue de Martyrs 38054 Grenoble, CEDEX 9 France
| | - Régis Mercier
- §Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR-5223, IMP@LYON1, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 15 Bd. A Latarjet, 69622, Villeurbanne CEDEX France
| | - Eliane Espuche
- §Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR-5223, IMP@LYON1, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 15 Bd. A Latarjet, 69622, Villeurbanne CEDEX France
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Assumma L, Iojoiu C, Mercier R, Lyonnard S, Nguyen HD, Planes E. Synthesis of partially fluorinated poly(arylene ether sulfone) multiblock copolymers bearing perfluorosulfonic functions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Assumma
- LEPMI, University of Grenoble; F-38000 Grenoble France
- LEPMI, CNRS; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Cristina Iojoiu
- LEPMI, University of Grenoble; F-38000 Grenoble France
- LEPMI, CNRS; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Régis Mercier
- Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR-5223, IMP@LYON1, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1; 15 Bd. A Latarjet 69622 Villeurbanne CEDEX France
| | - Sandrine Lyonnard
- INAC/SPrAM, Groupe Polymères Conducteurs Ioniques, UMR-5819, CEA-CNRS-UJF, CEA-Grenoble; 17 Rue de Martyrs 38054 Grenoble CEDEX 9 France
| | - Huu Dat Nguyen
- LEPMI, University of Grenoble; F-38000 Grenoble France
- LEPMI, CNRS; F-38000 Grenoble France
| | - Emilie Planes
- LEPMI, CNRS; F-38000 Grenoble France
- LEPMI, University of Savoie; F-73000 Chambéry France
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9
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Investigation of proton conductivity of inorganic–organic hybrid membranes based on boronic acid and tetrazole. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Lee HF, Wang PH, Huang YC, Su WH, Gopal R, Lee CC, Holdcroft S, Huang WY. Synthesis and proton conductivity of sulfonated, multi-phenylated poly(arylene ether)s. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Feng Lee
- Department of Photonics; National Sun Yat-Sen University; No. 70, Lienhai Rd. Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
| | - Po-Hsun Wang
- Department of Photonics; National Sun Yat-Sen University; No. 70, Lienhai Rd. Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chiang Huang
- Department of Photonics; National Sun Yat-Sen University; No. 70, Lienhai Rd. Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Su
- Department of Photonics; National Sun Yat-Sen University; No. 70, Lienhai Rd. Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
| | - Ram Gopal
- Department of Photonics; National Sun Yat-Sen University; No. 70, Lienhai Rd. Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
| | - Chun Che Lee
- Department of Photonics; National Sun Yat-Sen University; No. 70, Lienhai Rd. Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive; Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Steven Holdcroft
- Department of Chemistry; Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive; Burnaby BC V5A 1S6 Canada
| | - Wen-Yao Huang
- Department of Photonics; National Sun Yat-Sen University; No. 70, Lienhai Rd. Kaohsiung 80424 Taiwan
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11
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Sinirlioglu D, Muftuoglu AE, Golcuk K, Bozkurt A. Investigation of proton conductivity of anhydrous proton exchange membranes prepared via grafting vinyltriazole onto alkaline-treated PVDF. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Sinirlioglu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Fatih University; 34500 Buyukcekmece Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ali Ekrem Muftuoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering; Yildiz Technical University, Davutpasa Campus; 34220 Esenler Istanbul Turkey
| | - Kurtulus Golcuk
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Fatih University; 34500 Buyukcekmece Istanbul Turkey
| | - Ayhan Bozkurt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences; Fatih University; 34500 Buyukcekmece Istanbul Turkey
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12
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Wegener J, Kaltbeitzel A, Graf R, Klapper M, Müllen K. Proton conductivity in doped aluminum phosphonate sponges. CHEMSUSCHEM 2014; 7:1148-1154. [PMID: 24573985 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201301055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Proton-conducting networks (NETs) were prepared successfully by the insertion of phosphonated nanochannels into organic-inorganic hybrid materials that contain Al(3+) as the connector and hexakis(p-phosphonatophenyl)benzene (HPB) as the linker. Noncomplexed phosphonic acid groups remain in the framework, which depends on the ratio of both compounds, to yield a proton conductivity in the region of 10(-3) S cm(-1). This conductivity can be further improved and values as high as Nafion, a benchmark proton-exchange membrane for fuel cell applications, can be obtained by filling the network pores with intrinsic proton conductors. As a result of their sponge-like morphology, aluminum phosphonates adsorb conductive small molecules such as phosphonic acids, which results in a very high proton conductivity of approximately 5 × 10(-2) S cm(-1) at 120 °C and 50 % relative humidity (RH). Contrary to Nafion, the doped networks show a remarkably low temperature dependence of proton conductivity from external humidification. This effect indicates a transport mechanism that is different to the water vehicle mechanism. Furthermore, the materials exhibit an activation energy of 40 kJ mol(-1) at 15 % RH that starts to diminish to 10 kJ mol(-1) at 80 % RH, which is even smaller than the corresponding values obtained for Nafion 117.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Wegener
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz (Germany), Fax: (+49) 6131-379-350
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13
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Li N, Guiver MD. Ion Transport by Nanochannels in Ion-Containing Aromatic Copolymers. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402254h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanwen Li
- National
Research
Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- School
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Michael D. Guiver
- National
Research
Council, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
- Department
of Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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14
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Gao N, Zhang S. Phenolphthalein-based cardo poly(arylene ether sulfone): Preparation and application to separation membranes. J Appl Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/app.38810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Yasumoto K, Norisuye T, Teranishi Y, Tran-Cong-Miyata Q, Nomura S. Fabrication and proton conductivity of sulfonated silica composites prepared by postoxidization of mercaptomethoxysilane. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Li XF, Paoloni FPV, Weiber EA, Jiang ZH, Jannasch P. Fully Aromatic Ionomers with Precisely Sequenced Sulfonated Moieties for Enhanced Proton Conductivity. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201599p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Li
- Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic
of China
| | - François P. V. Paoloni
- Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - E. Annika Weiber
- Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Zhen-Hua Jiang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Institute,
Department of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street 2699, Changchun 130012, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Patric Jannasch
- Polymer & Materials Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
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18
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Zhang H, Shen PK. Advances in the high performance polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2382-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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19
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Chang Y, Brunello GF, Fuller J, Hawley M, Kim YS, Disabb-Miller M, Hickner MA, Jang SS, Bae C. Aromatic Ionomers with Highly Acidic Sulfonate Groups: Acidity, Hydration, and Proton Conductivity. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma201759z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Giuseppe F. Brunello
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Jeffrey Fuller
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | | | | | - Melanie Disabb-Miller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Michael A. Hickner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Seung Soon Jang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 771 Ferst Dr., Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Box 454003, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
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20
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Miyatake K, Bae B, Watanabe M. Fluorene-containing cardo polymers as ion conductive membranes for fuel cells. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00103e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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