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Prudlik A, Mohebbati N, Hildebrandt L, Heck A, Nuhn L, Francke R. TEMPO-Modified Polymethacrylates as Mediators in Electrosynthesis: Influence of the Molecular Weight on Redox Properties and Electrocatalytic Activity. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202730. [PMID: 36426862 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Homogeneous catalysts ("mediators") are frequently employed in organic electrosynthesis to control selectivity. Despite their advantages, they can have a negative influence on the overall energy and mass balance if used only once or recycled inefficiently. Polymediators are soluble redox-active polymers applicable as electrocatalysts, enabling recovery by dialysis or membrane filtration. Using anodic alcohol oxidation as an example, we have demonstrated that TEMPO-modified polymethacrylates (TPMA) can act as efficient and recyclable catalysts. In the present work, the influence of the molecular size on the redox properties and the catalytic activity was carefully elaborated using a series of TPMAs with well-defined molecular weight distributions. Cyclic voltammetry studies show that the polymer chain length has a pronounced impact on the key-properties. Together with preparative-scale electrolysis experiments, an optimum size range was identified for polymediator-guided sustainable reaction control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Prudlik
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Laura Hildebrandt
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alina Heck
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128, Mainz, Germany.,Chair of Macromolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Röntgenring 11, 97070, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a, 18059, Rostock, Germany.,Institute of Chemistry, Rostock University, Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a, 18059, Rostock, Germany
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2
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Mohebbati N, Prudlik A, Scherkus A, Gudkova A, Francke R. TEMPO‐Modified Polymethacrylates as Mediators in Electrosynthesis – Redox Behavior and Electrocatalytic Activity toward Alcohol Substrates. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayereh Mohebbati
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Adrian Prudlik
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Anton Scherkus
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Aija Gudkova
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Robert Francke
- Leibniz Institute for Catalysis Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
- Institute of Chemistry Rostock University Albert-Einstein-Str. 3a 18059 Rostock Germany
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3
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4
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Xie Y, Zhang K, Yamauchi Y, Oyaizu K, Jia Z. Nitroxide radical polymers for emerging plastic energy storage and organic electronics: fundamentals, materials, and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:803-829. [PMID: 34821316 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demand for portable and flexible electronic devices requires seamless integration of the energy storage system with other electronic components. This ever-growing area has urged on the rapid development of new electroactive materials that not only possess excellent electrochemical properties but hold capabilities to be fabricated to desired shapes. Ideally, these new materials should have minimal impact on the environment at the end of their life. Nitroxide radical polymers (NRPs) with their remarkable electrochemical and physical properties stand out from diverse organic redox systems and have attracted tremendous attention for their identified applications in plastic energy storage and organic devices. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of NRPs with respect to the fundamental electrochemical properties, design principles and fabrication methods for different types of energy storage systems and organic electronic devices. While highlighting some exciting progress on charge transfer theory and emerging applications, we end up with a discussion on the challenges and opportunities regarding the future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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5
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Muench S, Gerlach P, Burges R, Strumpf M, Hoeppener S, Wild A, Lex‐Balducci A, Balducci A, Brendel JC, Schubert US. Emulsion Polymerizations for a Sustainable Preparation of Efficient TEMPO-based Electrodes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:449-455. [PMID: 33078905 PMCID: PMC7839472 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic polymer-based batteries represent a promising alternative to present-day metal-based systems and a valuable step toward printable and customizable energy storage devices. However, most scientific work is focussed on the development of new redox-active organic materials, while straightforward manufacturing and sustainable materials and production will be a necessary key for the transformation to mass market applications. Here, a new synthetic approach for 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperinidyl-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-based polymer particles by emulsion polymerization and their electrochemical investigation are reported. The developed emulsion polymerization protocol based on an aqueous reaction medium allowed the sustainable synthesis of a redox-active electrode material, combined with simple variation of the polymer particle size, which enabled the preparation of nanoparticles from 35 to 138 nm. Their application in cell experiments revealed a significant effect of the size of the active-polymer particles on the performance of poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperinidyl-N-oxyl methacrylate) (PTMA)-based electrodes. In particular rate capabilities were found to be reduced with larger diameters. Nevertheless, all cells based on the different particles revealed the ability to recover from temporary capacity loss due to application of very high charge/discharge rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Muench
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743 JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Patrick Gerlach
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - René Burges
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743 JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Maria Strumpf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743 JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Stephanie Hoeppener
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743 JenaGermany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 707743JenaGermany
| | - Andreas Wild
- Evonik Operations GmbHResearch, Development & InnovationPaul-Baumann-Straße 145772MarlGermany
| | - Alexandra Lex‐Balducci
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743 JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Andrea Balducci
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental ChemistryFriedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Johannes C. Brendel
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743 JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)Friedrich Schiller University JenaHumboldtstr. 1007743 JenaGermany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich Schiller University JenaPhilosophenweg 7a07743JenaGermany
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6
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Naveed KUR, Wang L, Yu H, Teng L, Uddin MA, Fahad S, Ullah RS, Nazir A, Elshaarani T. Synthesis of spin labeled ethylene glycol based polymers and study of their segmental motion. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilhwan Yu
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeyoung Jeon
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Bryan Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Yongho Joo
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), 92 Chudong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
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8
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Hansen KA, Chambers LC, Eing M, Barner-Kowollik C, Fairfull-Smith KE, Blinco JP. A Methoxyamine-Protecting Group for Organic Radical Battery Materials-An Alternative Approach. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2386-2393. [PMID: 32202387 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An alternative synthetic route towards the widely employed electroactive poly(TEMPO methacrylate) (PTMA) via a thermally robust methoxyamine-protecting group is demonstrated herein. Protection of the radical moiety of hydroxy-TEMPO with a methyl functionality and subsequent esterification with methacrylic anhydride allows the high-yielding formation of the novel monomer methyl-TEMPO methacrylate (MTMA). The polymerization of MTMA to poly(MTMA) (PMTMA) is investigated via free radical polymerization and reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization (RAFT), a reversible-deactivation radical polymerization technique. Cleavage of the temperature-stable methoxyamine functionality by oxidative treatment of PMTMA with meta-chloroperbenzoic acid (mCPBA) releases the electroactive PTMA. The redox activity of PTMA was confirmed by cyclic voltammetry in lithium-ion coin cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- Soft Matter Materials Laboratory, Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Lewis C Chambers
- Soft Matter Materials Laboratory, Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Matthias Eing
- Soft Matter Materials Laboratory, Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Soft Matter Materials Laboratory, Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Fairfull-Smith
- Soft Matter Materials Laboratory, Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
| | - James P Blinco
- Soft Matter Materials Laboratory, Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry and Physics, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD, 4000, Australia
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9
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Cintora A, Takano H, Khurana M, Chandra A, Hayakawa T, Ober CK. Block copolymers containing stable radical and fluorinated blocks with long-range ordered morphologies prepared by anionic polymerization. Polym Chem 2019; 10:5094-5102. [PMID: 31853268 PMCID: PMC6919551 DOI: 10.1039/c9py00416e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile synthetic approach to create stable radical block copolymers containing a secondary fluorinated block via anionic polymerization using a bulky, sterically hindered countercation composed of a sodium ion and di-benzo-18-crown-6 complex. The synthetic conditions described in this report allowed for controlled molecular weights and dispersity (<1.3) of both homopolymers: poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy-methacrylate) (PTMA) and poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl methacrylate) (PTFEMA) as well as their block copolymers (PTMA-b-PTFEMA). The stable radical concentration of the polymers was determined by electron spin resonance (ESR) and showed radical content above 70%. An analysis of the microphase morphologies in PTMA-b-PTFEMA thin films via atomic force microscopy (AFM) and grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) showed clear evidence of long-range ordering of lamellar and cylindrical morphologies with 32 and 36 nm spacing, respectively. The long-range ordering of the morphologies was developed with the aid of two separate neutral layers: PTMA-ran-PTFEMA-ran-poly(hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and poly(isobutyl methacrylate) (PiBMA)-ran-PTFEMA-ran-PHEMA, which helped us corroborate, along with the Zisman method, the surface energy estimation of PTMA to be 30.1 mJ/m2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Cintora
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Hiroki Takano
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mohit Khurana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alvin Chandra
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Teruaki Hayakawa
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-S8-36 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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10
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Boujioui F, Zhuge F, Gohy J. Redox Polymer–Based Nano‐Objects via Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadoi Boujioui
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Flanco Zhuge
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Jean‐François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
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11
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Wang K, Yang L, Li H, Zhang F. Surfactant Pyrolysis-Guided in Situ Fabrication of Primary Amine-Rich Ordered Mesoporous Phenolic Resin Displaying Efficient Heavy Metal Removal. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:21815-21821. [PMID: 31125196 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b03063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A unique strategy for the direct preparation of primary amine-functionalized ordered mesoporous phenolic resin (NH2-MPRN) was presented. The essence of our approach avoided the side reactions in the m-nitrophenol-formaldehyde resol synthesis using m-nitrophenol and formaldehyde as the monomers. Importantly, these resols can efficiently assemble with triblock copolymer F127 to form a mesostructured composite. The final prolysis treatment removed the F127 template to produce ordered mesopores, and meanwhile, the accompanying reductive gas in situ transferred the nitro groups to primary amines. Notably, the obtained NH2-MPRN material delivered fast toxic hexavalent chromium sorption kinetics with high uptake capacity and selectivity due to a mesoporous structure, high amine availability, and a hydrophobic surface. Interestingly, almost all of adsorbed chromium species existed as low-toxic trivalent chromium in the resin owing to the cooperative detoxification process by the neighboring primary amines and phenolic hydroxyl groups. Also, it showed the reversible detoxification for at least five times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixuan Wang
- Department of Chemistry , Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Liping Yang
- Department of Chemistry , Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Hexing Li
- Department of Chemistry , Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road , Shanghai 200234 , China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry , Shanghai Normal University , 100 Guilin Road , Shanghai 200234 , China
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12
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Influence of the salt concentration on the electrochemical performance of electrodes for polymeric batteries. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.03.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Wang S, Li F, Easley AD, Lutkenhaus JL. Real-time insight into the doping mechanism of redox-active organic radical polymers. NATURE MATERIALS 2019; 18:69-75. [PMID: 30478451 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-018-0215-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Organic radical polymers for batteries represent some of the fastest-charging redox active materials available. Electron transport and charge storage must be accompanied by ion transport and doping for charge neutrality, but the nature of this process in organic radical polymers is not well understood. This is difficult to intuitively predict because the pendant radical group distinguishes organic radical polymers from conjugated, charged or polar polymers. Here we show for the first time a quantitative view of in situ ion transport and doping in organic radical polymers during the redox process. Two modes dominate: doping by lithium ion expulsion and doping by anion uptake. The dominance of one mode over the other is controlled by anion type, electrolyte concentration and timescale. These results apply in any scenario in which electrolyte is in contact with a non-conjugated redox active polymer and present a means of quantifying doping effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Wang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Fei Li
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alexandra D Easley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jodie L Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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14
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Fischer TS, Spann S, An Q, Luy B, Tsotsalas M, Blinco JP, Mutlu H, Barner-Kowollik C. Self-reporting and refoldable profluorescent single-chain nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2018; 9:4696-4702. [PMID: 29899964 PMCID: PMC5969495 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc01009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We pioneer the formation of self-reporting and refoldable profluorescent single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) via the light-induced reaction (λmax = 320 nm) of nitroxide radicals with a photo-active crosslinker.
We pioneer the formation of self-reporting and refoldable profluorescent single-chain nanoparticles (SCNPs) via the light-induced reaction (λmax = 320 nm) of nitroxide radicals with a photo-active crosslinker. Whereas the tethered nitroxide moiety in these polymers fully quenches the luminescence (i.e. fluorescence) of the aromatic backbone, nitroxide trapping of a transient C-radical leads to the corresponding closed shell alkoxyamine thereby restoring luminescence of the folded SCNP. Hence, the polymer in the folded state is capable of emitting light, while in the non-folded state the luminescence is silenced. Under oxidative conditions the initially folded SCNPs unfold, resulting in luminescence switch-off and the reestablishment of the initial precursor polymer. Critically, we show that the luminescence can be repeatedly silenced and reactivated. Importantly, the self-reporting character of the SCNPs was followed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), dynamic light scattering (DLS), fluorescence, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and diffusion ordered NMR spectroscopy (DOSY).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias S Fischer
- Macromolecular Architectures , Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstraße 18 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany . .,Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory , Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Karlsruhe , Germany .
| | - Sebastian Spann
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen 4 - Magnetische Resonanz , Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Postfach 3640 , 76021 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Qi An
- Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen , Karlsruhe Institue of Technology (KIT) , Herrmann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Burkhard Luy
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany.,Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen 4 - Magnetische Resonanz , Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT) , Postfach 3640 , 76021 Karlsruhe , Germany
| | - Manuel Tsotsalas
- Institut für Organische Chemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 , 76131 Karlsruhe , Germany.,Institut für Funktionelle Grenzflächen , Karlsruhe Institue of Technology (KIT) , Herrmann-von Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 , Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - James P Blinco
- Macromolecular Architectures , Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstraße 18 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany . .,School of Chemistry , Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street , QLD 4000 , Brisbane , Australia . ;
| | - Hatice Mutlu
- Macromolecular Architectures , Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstraße 18 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany . .,Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory , Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Karlsruhe , Germany .
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures , Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstraße 18 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany . .,Soft Matter Synthesis Laboratory , Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Karlsruhe , Germany . .,School of Chemistry , Physics and Mechanical Engineering , Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , 2 George Street , QLD 4000 , Brisbane , Australia . ;
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15
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Boase NRB, Torres MDT, Fletcher NL, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Fairfull-Smith KE. Polynitroxide copolymers to reduce biofilm fouling on surfaces. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polynitroxide films – the first example of surface tethered nitroxides reducing biofilm fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. B. Boase
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Marcelo D. T. Torres
- Synthetic Biology Group
- MIT Synthetic Biology Center
- Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
- Research Laboratory of Electronics
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Nicholas L. Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Synthetic Biology Group
- MIT Synthetic Biology Center
- Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
- Research Laboratory of Electronics
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Kathryn E. Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
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16
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Hansen KA, Blinco JP. Nitroxide radical polymers – a versatile material class for high-tech applications. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py02001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies for the preparation of nitroxide radical polymer materials and a state-of-the-art perspective on their latest and most exciting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
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17
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Liu JJ, Wei ZJ, Zhang YL, Meng Y, Di B. Dynamics of Polarons in Organic Conjugated Polymers with Side Radicals. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:2366-2370. [PMID: 28219010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b00501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on the one-dimensional tight-binding Su-Schrieffer-Heeger (SSH) model, and using the molecular dynamics method, we discuss the dynamics of electron and hole polarons propagating along a polymer chain, as a function of the distance between side radicals and the magnitude of the transfer integrals between the main chain and the side radicals. We first discuss the average velocities of electron and hole polarons as a function of the distance between side radicals. It is found that the average velocities of the electron polarons remain almost unchanged, while the average velocities of hole polarons decrease significantly when the radical distance is comparable to the polaron width. Second, we have found that the average velocities of electron polarons decrease with increasing transfer integral, but the average velocities of hole polarons increase. These results may provide a theoretical basis for understanding carriers transport properties in polymers chain with side radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Liu
- Institute for Nationalities Attached to Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang 050091, China
| | - Z J Wei
- Shijiazhuang Institute of Technology , Shijiazhuang 050200, China
| | - Y L Zhang
- College of Physics, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Y Meng
- Department of Physics, Xingtai University , Xingtai 054001, China
| | - B Di
- College of Physics, and Hebei Advanced Thin Films Laboratory, Hebei Normal University , Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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18
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Zhang K, Hu Y, Wang L, Fan J, Monteiro MJ, Jia Z. The impact of the molecular weight on the electrochemical properties of poly(TEMPO methacrylate). Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00151g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis of high molecular weight poly(TEMPO methacrylate) and the molecular weight influence on electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Yuxiang Hu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Jiyu Fan
- Department of Applied Physics
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- China
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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19
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Fischer TS, Steinkoenig J, Woehlk H, Blinco JP, Fairfull-Smith K, Barner-Kowollik C. High resolution mass spectrometric access to nitroxide containing polymers. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01316g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a mass spectrometric access route to nitroxide containing polymers via high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HR ESI MS), a polymer class that is – due to the presence of unpaired spins – highly challenging to analyze via NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias S. Fischer
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Jan Steinkoenig
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Hendrik Woehlk
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - James P. Blinco
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
| | - Kathryn Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Polymerchemie
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)
- 76128 Karlsruhe
- Germany
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20
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Freyer JL, Brucks SD, Gobieski GS, Russell ST, Yozwiak CE, Sun M, Chen Z, Jiang Y, Bandar JS, Stockwell BR, Lambert TH, Campos LM. Clickable Poly(ionic liquids): A Materials Platform for Transfection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:12382-6. [PMID: 27578602 PMCID: PMC6552664 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The potential applications of cationic poly(ionic liquids) range from medicine to energy storage, and the development of efficient synthetic strategies to target innovative cationic building blocks is an important goal. A post-polymerization click reaction is reported that provides facile access to trisaminocyclopropenium (TAC) ion-functionalized macromolecules of various architectures, which are the first class of polyelectrolytes that bear a formal charge on carbon. Quantitative conversions of polymers comprising pendant or main-chain secondary amines were observed for an array of TAC derivatives in three hours using near equimolar quantities of cyclopropenium chlorides. The resulting TAC polymers are biocompatible and efficient transfection agents. This robust, efficient, and orthogonal click reaction of an ionic liquid, which we term ClickabIL, allows straightforward screening of polymeric TAC derivatives. This platform provides a modular route to synthesize and study various properties of novel TAC-based polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Freyer
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Spencer D Brucks
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Graham S Gobieski
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Sebastian T Russell
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Carrie E Yozwiak
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Mengzhen Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Zhixing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Yivan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Bandar
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Brent R Stockwell
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Luis M Campos
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
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21
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Liu S, Wang H, Chu X. Nitroxide polymer brushes as efficient and recoverable catalysts for the selective oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Liu
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering; Hebei University of Science & Technology; Shijiazhuang 050018 People's Republic of China
- Hebei Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Center of Solid Waste Utilization; Shijiazhuang 050018 People's Republic of China
| | - Huali Wang
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering; Hebei University of Science & Technology; Shijiazhuang 050018 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomeng Chu
- College of Chemical & Pharmaceutical Engineering; Hebei University of Science & Technology; Shijiazhuang 050018 People's Republic of China
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22
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Hansen KA, Fairfull-Smith KE, Bottle SE, Blinco JP. Development of a Redox-Responsive Polymeric Profluorescent Probe. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- School of Chemistry; Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - Kathryn E. Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry; Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - Steven E. Bottle
- School of Chemistry; Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Queensland 4001 Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry; Physics and Mechanical Engineering; Science and Engineering Faculty; Queensland University of Technology; Queensland 4001 Australia
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23
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Freyer JL, Brucks SD, Gobieski GS, Russell ST, Yozwiak CE, Sun M, Chen Z, Jiang Y, Bandar JS, Stockwell BR, Lambert TH, Campos LM. Clickable Poly(ionic liquids): A Materials Platform for Transfection. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Freyer
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Spencer D. Brucks
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Graham S. Gobieski
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | | | - Carrie E. Yozwiak
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Mengzhen Sun
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Zhixing Chen
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Yivan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Bandar
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Brent R. Stockwell
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Tristan H. Lambert
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
| | - Luis M. Campos
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University 3000 Broadway New York NY 10027 USA
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24
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McLeod DC, Tsarevsky NV. Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization of Monomers Containing Activated Aziridine Groups. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1694-1700. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David C. McLeod
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery; Design, and Delivery at Dedman College; Southern Methodist University; 3215 Daniel Avenue Dallas TX 75275 USA
| | - Nicolay V. Tsarevsky
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Drug Discovery; Design, and Delivery at Dedman College; Southern Methodist University; 3215 Daniel Avenue Dallas TX 75275 USA
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25
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Muench S, Wild A, Friebe C, Häupler B, Janoschka T, Schubert US. Polymer-Based Organic Batteries. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9438-84. [PMID: 27479607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The storage of electric energy is of ever growing importance for our modern, technology-based society, and novel battery systems are in the focus of research. The substitution of conventional metals as redox-active material by organic materials offers a promising alternative for the next generation of rechargeable batteries since these organic batteries are excelling in charging speed and cycling stability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these systems and discusses the numerous classes of organic, polymer-based active materials as well as auxiliary components of the battery, like additives or electrolytes. Moreover, a definition of important cell characteristics and an introduction to selected characterization techniques is provided, completed by the discussion of potential socio-economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Muench
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Wild
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Friebe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Häupler
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Janoschka
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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26
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Wingate AJ, Boudouris BW. Recent advances in the syntheses of radical-containing macromolecules. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Wingate
- School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; West Lafayette Indiana 47907
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27
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Li F, Zhang Y, Kwon SR, Lutkenhaus JL. Electropolymerized Polythiophenes Bearing Pendant Nitroxide Radicals. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:337-341. [PMID: 35614701 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.5b00937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a facile way to synthesize polythiophenes carrying pendant 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO) radicals, here called PTATs, by electropolymerization in boron trifluoride diethyl etherate (BFEE). The spacing between the TEMPO radical and the polythiophene backbone is varied by an alkyl spacer (n = 2, 4, 6), and the electronic and electrochemical properties are examined using UV-vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Film morphologies are also studied via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), which show that the longer octyl chain placed between thiophene and TEMPO effectively suppresses aggregation. The highest conductivity and electroactivity are observed for n = 4 and n = 6, respectively. Such morphology differences provide an opportunity to better understand the charge transport and energy storage properties in electronic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
| | - Yanpu Zhang
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
| | - Se Ra Kwon
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
| | - Jodie L. Lutkenhaus
- Artie McFerrin Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3122 TAMU, College Station, Texas 77843-3122, United States
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28
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Jähnert T, Hager MD, Schubert US. Assorted Phenoxyl-Radical Polymers and Their Application in Lithium-Organic Batteries. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:725-30. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jähnert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich Schiller; University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich Schiller; University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich Schiller; University Jena; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
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29
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Paquette JA, Ezugwu S, Yadav V, Fanchini G, Gilroy JB. Synthesis, characterization, and thin-film properties of 6-oxoverdazyl polymers prepared by ring-opening metathesis polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Paquette
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR); The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
| | - Sabastine Ezugwu
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR); The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Vishal Yadav
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR); The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Giovanni Fanchini
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR); The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy; The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 3K7 Canada
| | - Joe B. Gilroy
- Department of Chemistry; The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
- The Centre for Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research (CAMBR); The University of Western Ontario; London Ontario N6A 5B7 Canada
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30
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Abstract
We present an overview of the synthetic strategies and methodologies for stable organic radical polymers, and summarise their applications in diverse areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane 4072
- Australia
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31
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Peng H, Xu W, Pich A. Temperature and pH dual-responsive poly(vinyl lactam) copolymers functionalized with amine side groups via RAFT polymerization. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py00885b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of statistical copolymers based on cyclic N-vinyl lactams and N-vinylformamide were synthesized via RAFT polymerization. Tempertaure/pH dual responsive polymers were obtained via hydrolysis the copolymers in alkaline conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Peng
- Functional and Interactive Polymers
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Wenjing Xu
- Functional and Interactive Polymers
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- Functional and Interactive Polymers
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry
- RWTH Aachen University
- D-52074 Aachen
- Germany
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32
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Baradwaj AG, Rostro L, Boudouris BW. On the Environmental and Electrical Bias Stability of Radical Polymer Conductors in the Solid State. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201500272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya G. Baradwaj
- School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; 480 Stadium Mall Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Lizbeth Rostro
- School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; 480 Stadium Mall Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- School of Chemical Engineering; Purdue University; 480 Stadium Mall Drive West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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33
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Facile grafting-onto-preparation of block copolymers of TEMPO and glycidyl methacrylates on an oxide substrate as an electrode-active layer. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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34
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Favretto ME, Krieg A, Schubert S, Schubert US, Brock R. Multifunctional poly(methacrylate) polyplex libraries: A platform for gene delivery inspired by nature. J Control Release 2015; 209:1-11. [PMID: 25862514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-based gene delivery systems have enormous potential in biomedicine, but their efficiency is often limited by poor biocompatibility. Poly(methacrylate)s (PMAs) are an interesting class of polymers which allow to explore structure-activity relationships of polymer functionalities for polyplex formation in oligonucleotide delivery. Here, we synthesized and tested a library of PMA polymers, containing functional groups contributing to the different steps of gene delivery, from oligonucleotide complexation to cellular internalization and endosomal escape. By variation of the molar ratios of the individual building blocks, the physicochemical properties of the polymers and polyplexes were fine-tuned to reduce toxicity as well as to increase activity of the polyplexes. To further enhance transfection efficiency, a cell-penetrating peptide (CPP)-like functionality was introduced on the polymeric backbone. With the ability to synthesize large libraries of polymers in parallel we also developed a workflow for a mid-to-high throughput screening, focusing first on safety parameters that are accessible by high-throughput approaches such as blood compatibility and toxicity towards host cells and only at a later stage on more laborious tests for the ability to deliver oligonucleotides. To arrive at a better understanding of the molecular basis of activity, furthermore, the effect of the presence of heparan sulfates on the surface of host cells was assessed and the mechanism of cell entry and intracellular trafficking investigated for those polymers that showed a suitable pharmacological profile. Following endocytic uptake, rapid endosomal release occurred. Interestingly, the presence of heparan sulfates on the cell surface had a negative impact on the activity of those polyplexes that were sensitive to decomplexation by heparin in solution. In summary, the screening approach identified two polymers, which form polyplexes with high stability and transfection capacity exceeding the one of poly(ethylene imine) also in the presence of serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Favretto
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - A Krieg
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - S Schubert
- Jena Center for Soft Matter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - U S Schubert
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), Eindhoven, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - R Brock
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
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35
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Bertrand O, Ernould B, Boujioui F, Vlad A, Gohy JF. Synthesis of polymer precursors of electroactive materials by SET-LRP. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00896d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
SET-LRP is used for the controlled copolymerisation of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-4-yl methacrylate (TMPM) with 3-azidopropyl methacrylate (AzPMA), followed by the oxidation of TMPM to produce electroactive poly(TEMPO methacrylate) (PTMA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Bertrand
- Institute of condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Bruno Ernould
- Institute of condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Fadoi Boujioui
- Institute of condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Alexandru Vlad
- Information and Communication Technologies
- Electronics and Applied Mathematics (ICTEAM)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of condensed Matter and Nanoscience (IMCN)
- Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA)
- Université catholique de Louvain
- 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve
- Belgium
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36
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Janoschka T, Morgenstern S, Hiller H, Friebe C, Wolkersdörfer K, Häupler B, Hager MD, Schubert US. Synthesis and characterization of TEMPO- and viologen-polymers for water-based redox-flow batteries. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble polymers for application in polymer-based redox-flow batteries (pRFB) were synthesized and their properties were studied in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Janoschka
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
| | - S. Morgenstern
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
| | - H. Hiller
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
| | - C. Friebe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
| | - K. Wolkersdörfer
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
| | - B. Häupler
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
| | - M. D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
| | - U. S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC)
- Friedrich Schiller University Jena
- 07743 Jena
- Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)
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37
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Aqil M, Aqil A, Ouhib F, El Idrissi A, Detrembleur C, Jérôme C. RAFT polymerization of an alkoxyamine bearing acrylate, towards a well-defined redox active polyacrylate. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16839b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A new strategy for the synthesis of a well-defined redox active polymer, a polyacrylate bearing TEMPO, and its grafting onto a gold substrate is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Aqil
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM)
- University of Liege
- 4000 Liege
- Belgium
- LCAE-URAC 18
| | - A. Aqil
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM)
- University of Liege
- 4000 Liege
- Belgium
| | - F. Ouhib
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM)
- University of Liege
- 4000 Liege
- Belgium
| | - A. El Idrissi
- LCAE-URAC 18
- Faculty of Science
- University of Mohammed Premier
- 60000 Oujda
- Morocco
| | - C. Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM)
- University of Liege
- 4000 Liege
- Belgium
| | - C. Jérôme
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM)
- University of Liege
- 4000 Liege
- Belgium
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38
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On the synthesis of sequence-controlled poly(vinyl benzyl amine-co-N-substituted maleimides) copolymers. Eur Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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39
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40
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Tomlinson EP, Hay ME, Boudouris BW. Radical Polymers and Their Application to Organic Electronic Devices. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5014572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward P. Tomlinson
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Martha E. Hay
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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41
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Rostro L, Wong SH, Boudouris BW. Solid State Electrical Conductivity of Radical Polymers as a Function of Pendant Group Oxidation State. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500626t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Rostro
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Si Hui Wong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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42
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Sukegawa T, Omata H, Masuko I, Oyaizu K, Nishide H. Anionic Polymerization of 4-Methacryloyloxy-TEMPO Using an MMA-Capped Initiator. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:240-243. [PMID: 35590514 DOI: 10.1021/mz400644y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Anionic polymerization of 4-methacryloyloxy-TEMPO (TEMPO = 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl) was successfully carried out using methyl methacrylate-capped 1,1-diphenylhexyllithium (DPHLi/MMA), of which nucleophilicity is moderate enough to suppress the side reaction between the nitroxide radical of TEMPO moiety and the carbanion of DPHLi, to yield the radical polymer with well-controlled molecular weight, narrow polydispersity index (PDI < 1.10), high yield (>95%), and almost 1.0 radicals per monomer unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sukegawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hajime Omata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Issei Masuko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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43
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Zhang J, Wang L, Li C, Li Y, Liu J, Tu Y, Zhang W, Zhou N, Zhu X. Preparation and characterization of solution processable phthalocyanine-containing polymers via a combination of RAFT polymerization and post-polymerization modification techniques. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.27051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Laibing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Yaowen Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangfei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfeng Tu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Nianchen Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiulin Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Design and Application; Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University; Suzhou 215123 People's Republic of China
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44
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Rostro L, Baradwaj AG, Boudouris BW. Controlled radical polymerization and quantification of solid state electrical conductivities of macromolecules bearing pendant stable radical groups. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:9896-9901. [PMID: 24044350 DOI: 10.1021/am403223s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Macromolecules with aliphatic backbones that bear pendant stable radical groups (i.e., radical polymers) have attracted much attention in applications where a supporting electrolyte is capable of aiding charge transport in solution; however, the utilization of these materials in solid state applications has been limited. Here, we synthesize a model radical polymer, poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy methacrylate) (PTMA), through a controlled reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mediated polymerization mechanism to generate well-defined and easily-tunable functional polymers. These completely amorphous, electronically-active polymers demonstrate relatively high glass transition temperatures (Tg ∼170 °C) and, because of the aliphatic nature of the backbone of the radical polymers, are almost completely transparent in the visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Additionally, we quantify the conductivity of PTMA (∼1×10(-6) S cm(-1)) and find it to be on par with pristine π-conjugated polymers such as poly(phenylene vinylenes) (PPVs) and poly(3-alkylthiophenes) (P3ATs). Furthermore, we demonstrate that the addition of small molecules bearing stable radical groups provides for more solid state charge hopping sites without altering the chemical nature of radical polymers; this, in turn, allows for an increase in the conductivity of PTMA relative to neat PTMA thin films while still retaining the same high degree of optical transparency and device stability. Because of the synthetic flexibility and easily-controlled doping mechanisms (that do not alter the PTMA chemistry), radical polymers present themselves as promising and tunable materials for transparent solid-state plastic electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Rostro
- 480 Stadium Mall Drive, School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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45
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Hauffman G, Maguin Q, Bourgeois JP, Vlad A, Gohy JF. Micellar Cathodes from Self-Assembled Nitroxide-Containing Block Copolymers in Battery Electrolytes. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 35:228-233. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Hauffman
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA); Université catholique de Louvain; Place L. Pasteur, 1 1348 Louvain la Neuve Belgium
| | - Quentin Maguin
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA); Université catholique de Louvain; Place L. Pasteur, 1 1348 Louvain la Neuve Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Bourgeois
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA); Université catholique de Louvain; Place L. Pasteur, 1 1348 Louvain la Neuve Belgium
| | - Alexandru Vlad
- Information and Communication Technologies; Electronics and Applied Mathematics (ICTEAM); Université catholique de Louvain; Place de Levant, 3 1348 Louvain la Neuve Belgium
| | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio- and Soft Matter (BSMA); Université catholique de Louvain; Place L. Pasteur, 1 1348 Louvain la Neuve Belgium
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46
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Jähnert T, Häupler B, Janoschka T, Hager MD, Schubert US. Synthesis and Charge-Discharge Studies of Poly(ethynylphenyl)galvinoxyles and Their Use in Organic Radical Batteries with Aqueous Electrolytes. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jähnert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Bernhard Häupler
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Tobias Janoschka
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Humboldtstr. 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM); Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
- Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI); P.O. Box 902 5600 AX Eindhoven The Netherlands
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47
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Kang Y, Lu A, Ellington A, Jewett MC, O’Reilly RK. Effect of Complementary Nucleobase Interactions on the Copolymer Composition of RAFT Copolymerizations. ACS Macro Lett 2013; 2:581-586. [PMID: 35581785 DOI: 10.1021/mz4001833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Methacryloyl-type monomers containing adenine and thymine have been successfully synthesized with good yields. The homopolymerization and copolymerization of these two new functional monomers were carried out using RAFT polymerization. The reactivity ratios of monomer pairs were measured and calculated using a nonlinear least-squares (NLLS) method, and the results confirmed that the monomer reactivities were dependent on the solvent used for polymerization. The presence and absence of hydrogen bonding affected the resultant copolymer composition where moderate alternating copolymers had a tendency to be formed in CHCl3, while in DMF, statistical copolymers were formed. Furthermore, the glass transition temperatures of the copolymers were investigated, and the self-assembly of block copolymers made in solvents with different polarity were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road,
Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Annhelen Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road,
Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Ellington
- Chemistry and Biochemistry
Department, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical
and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3120, United States
| | - Rachel K. O’Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Library Road,
Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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48
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Behrends F, Wagner H, Studer A, Niehaus O, Pöttgen R, Eckert H. Polynitroxides from Alkoxyamine Monomers: Structural and Kinetic Investigations by Solid State NMR. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma400351q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederik Behrends
- Institute of Physical
Chemistry, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße
30, 48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Hendrik Wagner
- Organic Chemistry Institute, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Armido Studer
- Organic Chemistry Institute, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster,
Germany
| | - Oliver Niehaus
- Institute of Inorganic
and Analytical
Chemistry, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße
30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rainer Pöttgen
- Institute of Inorganic
and Analytical
Chemistry, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße
30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hellmut Eckert
- Institute of Physical
Chemistry, WWU Münster, Corrensstraße
30, 48149 Münster,
Germany
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49
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Radlauer MR, Buckley AK, Henling LM, Agapie T. Bimetallic Coordination Insertion Polymerization of Unprotected Polar Monomers: Copolymerization of Amino Olefins and Ethylene by Dinickel Bisphenoxyiminato Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:3784-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja4004816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madalyn R. Radlauer
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California
Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Aya K. Buckley
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California
Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Lawrence M. Henling
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California
Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical
Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California
Boulevard, MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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50
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Sukegawa T, Kai A, Oyaizu K, Nishide H. Synthesis of Pendant Nitronyl Nitroxide Radical-Containing Poly(norbornene)s as Ambipolar Electrode-Active Materials. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302278h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sukegawa
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kai
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nishide
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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