1
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Lin C, Peng R, Shi J, Ge Z. Research progress and application of high efficiency organic solar cells based on benzodithiophene donor materials. EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2024; 4:20230122. [PMID: 39175891 PMCID: PMC11335474 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20230122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
In recent decades, the demand for clean and renewable energy has grown increasingly urgent due to the irreversible alteration of the global climate change. As a result, organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged as a promising alternative to address this issue. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the molecular design strategies of benzodithiophene (BDT)-based polymer and small molecule donor materials since their birth, focusing on the development of main-chain engineering, side-chain engineering and other unique molecular design paths. Up to now, the state-of-the-art power conversion efficiency (PCE) of binary OSCs prepared by BDT-based donor materials has approached 20%. This work discusses the potential relationship between the molecular changes of donor materials and photoelectric performance in corresponding OSC devices in detail, thereby presenting a rational molecular design guidance for stable and efficient donor materials in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congqi Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingboPeople's Republic of China
- Faculty of Materials and Chemical EngineeringNingbo UniversityNingboPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ruixiang Peng
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingboPeople's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Shi
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingboPeople's Republic of China
| | - Ziyi Ge
- Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Research Center of Energy Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingboPeople's Republic of China
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2
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Zhang X, Jin R. Rational Design of Low-Band Gap Star-Shaped Molecules With 2,4,6-Triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine as Core and Diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivatives as Arms for Organic Solar Cells Applications. Front Chem 2019; 7:122. [PMID: 30941343 PMCID: PMC6433785 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of D-A novel star-shaped molecules with 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine (TPTA) as core, diketopyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole (DPP) derivatives as arms, and triphenylamine (TPA) derivatives as end groups have been systematically investigated for organic solar cells (OSCs) applications. The electronic, optical, and charge transport properties were studied using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) approaches. The parameters such as energetic driving force ΔE L-L, adiabatic ionization potential AIP, and adiabatic electron affinity AEA were also calculated at the same level. The calculated results show that the introduction of different groups to the side of DPP backbones in the star-shaped molecules can tune the frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) energy of the designed molecules. The designed molecules can provide match well with those of typical acceptors PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) and PC71BM ([6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester). Additionally, the absorption wavelengths of the designed molecules show bathochromic shifts compared with that of the original molecule, respectively. The introduction of different groups can extend the absorption spectrum toward longer wavelengths, which is beneficial to harvest more sunlight. The calculated reorganization energies suggest that the designed molecules are expected to be the promising candidates for ambipolar charge transport materials except molecule with benzo[c]isothiazole group can be used as hole and electron transport material. Moreover, the different substituent groups do not significantly affect the stability of the designed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
| | - Ruifa Jin
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Functional Materials, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chifeng University, Chifeng, China
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3
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Ratha R, Singh A, Raju TB, Iyer PK. Insight into the synthesis and fabrication of 5,6-alt-benzothiadiazole-based D–π–A-conjugated copolymers for bulk-heterojunction solar cell. Polym Bull (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-017-2193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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4
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Wudarczyk J, Papamokos G, Marszalek T, Nevolianis T, Schollmeyer D, Pisula W, Floudas G, Baumgarten M, Müllen K. Dicyanobenzothiadiazole Derivatives Possessing Switchable Dielectric Permittivities. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:20527-20535. [PMID: 28562012 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Benzothiadiazoles are important electron acceptors and are frequently employed as electron-deficient components of donor-acceptor polymers. We report the effect of nitrile functionalities on the reactivity, steric hindrance, optoelectronic properties, and dielectric permittivity in dicyanobenzothioadiazole (DCNBT). Dielectric spectroscopy in the bulk and in solution assisted by DFT-calculations revealed that these molecules can be engineered to engender maximum values of the dipole moment and of dielectric permittivity due to the strong electron-withdrawing effect of the nitrile groups. The self-assembly in the bulk was investigated by X-ray scattering performed on single crystals, fibers (2D-WAXS), and thin films (GiWAXS). Combining these results, we found a switching of dielectric permittivity of the 4,7-alkylthienyl-substituted dicyanobenzothiadiazole at the transition from the liquid crystalline to the isotropic phase with values capable of competing with the best known rodlike liquid crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Wudarczyk
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - George Papamokos
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina , 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Tomasz Marszalek
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Nevolianis
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina , 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Dieter Schollmeyer
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz , 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wojciech Pisula
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Molecular Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology , Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - George Floudas
- Department of Physics, University of Ioannina , 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Martin Baumgarten
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Klaus Müllen
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research , Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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5
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Casey A, Han Y, Gann E, Green JP, McNeill CR, Anthopoulos TD, Heeney M. Vinylene-Linked Oligothiophene-Difluorobenzothiadiazole Copolymer for Transistor Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:31154-31165. [PMID: 27766837 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of the novel donor-acceptor monomer 4,7-bis[(E)-2-(5-bromo-3-dodecylylthiophen-2-yl)ethenyl]-5,6-difluoro-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (FBT-V2T2) is reported. Polymerization with 4,4'-ditetradecyl-5,5'-bistrimethylstannyl-2,2'-bithiophene afforded a highly crystalline polymer that aggregated strongly in solution. Polymer films were well ordered resulting in high performance field-effect transistors with low onset voltages, negligible hysteresis, high channel current on/off ratios, and peak hole mobilities of up to 0.5 cm2 V-1 s-1. Notably the transistors exhibited close to ideal behavior with extracted mobilities almost independent of gate of voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Casey
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Yang Han
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Eliot Gann
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University , Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Joshua P Green
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University , Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Thomas D Anthopoulos
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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6
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Bhuwalka A, Mike JF, Intemann JJ, Ellern A, Jeffries-EL M. A versatile and efficient synthesis of bithiophene-based dicarboxaldehydes from a common synthon. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:9462-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01135c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The efficient synthesis of several bithiophene dialdehydes from a common intermediate is reported.
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7
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Sun C, Qi D, Li Y, Yang L. Tunable spectra and charge transfer process of benzodifurandione-based polymer by sulfur substitution. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra16147e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The ground state geometry, optical and charge transport properties of benzodifurandione-based PPV (BDPPV) have been studied with density functional theory methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofan Sun
- College of Science
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Dawei Qi
- College of Science
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - Yuanzuo Li
- College of Science
- Northeast Forestry University
- Harbin 150040
- China
| | - LinPo Yang
- Department of Optoelectronics Science
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Weihai
- China
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8
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Hariharan A, Subramanian K, Alagar M, Dinakaran K. Conjugated donor–acceptor copolymers derived from phenylenevinylene and trisubstituted pyridine units. HIGH PERFORM POLYM 2014. [DOI: 10.1177/0954008314559312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Copolymers having intramolecular donor–acceptor systems encompassing trisubstituted pyridine derivatives as acceptor and phenylenevinylene (PPV) unit as a donor segment were synthesized. In addition, thiophene-containing random terpolymer PPVPYT via palladium-catalyzing Heck coupling reaction is reported. The novel-substituted pyridine monomers (PYBr) are synthesized by adopting a one-pot synthesis method using p-toluenesulfonic acid as catalyst in ethanol medium, which results in an excellent yield of about 95%. All the copolymers Poly phenylenevinylene-co-Pyridine derivatives (PPVPY) and terpolymers of Polyphenylenevinylene-co-Pyridine and Thiophene (PPVPYT) are found to be soluble in organic solvents, such as tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, and N, N-dimethylformamide. The molecular weights of the synthesized polymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and their chemical structures were confirmed by infra red and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The electrochemical band gaps of PPVPY-1, PPVPY-2, and PPVPY-3 copolymers are estimated to be 2.55, 2.48, and 2.0, respectively. Similarly, the band gap of PPVPY75T25, PPVPY50T50, and PPVPY25T75 random copolymers are estimated as 2.31, 1.95, and 2.23, respectively. These polymers also show excellent optical and thermal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Hariharan
- Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Subramanian
- Department of Chemistry, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M. Alagar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Dinakaran
- Department of Chemistry, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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9
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Marzano G, Ciasca CV, Babudri F, Bianchi G, Pellegrino A, Po R, Farinola GM. Organometallic Approaches to Conjugated Polymers for Plastic Solar Cells: From Laboratory Synthesis to Industrial Production. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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10
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Niskanen M, Hukka TI. Modeling of photoactive conjugated donor–acceptor copolymers: the effect of the exact HF exchange in DFT functionals on geometries and gap energies of oligomer and periodic models. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:13294-305. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp01165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Commonly used density functionals including an optimally tuned OT-ωB97X functional are benchmarked on oligomer and periodic models of donor–acceptor copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Niskanen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Tampere University of Technology
- Tampere, Finland
| | - T. I. Hukka
- Department of Chemistry and Bioengineering
- Tampere University of Technology
- Tampere, Finland
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11
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Prosa M, Sagnella A, Posati T, Tessarolo M, Bolognesi M, Cavallini S, Toffanin S, Benfenati V, Seri M, Ruani G, Muccini M, Zamboni R. Integration of a silk fibroin based film as a luminescent down-shifting layer in ITO-free organic solar cells. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08390c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A bio-derived silk-fibroin film doped with a luminescent dye and its application as luminescent down-shifting layer in organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Prosa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Sagnella
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Marta Tessarolo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Susanna Cavallini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Toffanin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Valentina Benfenati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Mirko Seri
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Giampiero Ruani
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Muccini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN)
- Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Zamboni
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) – Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF)
- Bologna, Italy
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12
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Gedefaw D, Tessarolo M, Zhuang W, Kroon R, Wang E, Bolognesi M, Seri M, Muccini M, Andersson MR. Conjugated polymers based on benzodithiophene and fluorinated quinoxaline for bulk heterojunction solar cells: thiophene versus thieno[3,2-b]thiophene as π-conjugated spacers. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01519j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Seri M, Bolognesi M, Chen Z, Lu S, Koopman W, Facchetti A, Muccini M. Fine Structural Tuning of Cyanated Dithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole–Oligothiophene Copolymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photovoltaic Response. Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma4011186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Seri
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica
e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna,
Italy
| | | | - Zhihua Chen
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Shaofeng Lu
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Wouter Koopman
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali
Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Polyera Corporation, 8045 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, Illinois 60077, United States
| | - Michele Muccini
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali
Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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14
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Martinelli C, Farinola GM, Pinto V, Cardone A. Synthetic Aspects and Electro-Optical Properties of Fluorinated Arylenevinylenes for Luminescence and Photovoltaics. MATERIALS 2013; 6:1205-1236. [PMID: 28809206 PMCID: PMC5452319 DOI: 10.3390/ma6041205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the main synthetic aspects and properties of fluorinated arylenevinylene compounds, both oligomers and polymers, are summarized and analyzed. Starting from vinyl organotin derivatives and aryl halides, the Stille cross-coupling reaction has been successfully applied as a versatile synthetic protocol to prepare a wide series of π-conjugated compounds, selectively fluorinated on the aromatic and/or vinylene units. The impact of fluoro-functionalization on properties, the solid state organization and intermolecular interactions of the synthesized compounds are discussed, also in comparison with the non-fluorinated counterparts. Luminescent and photovoltaic applications are also discussed, highlighting the role of fluorine on the performance of devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Martinelli
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici CNR-ICCOM di Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari I-70125, Italy.
| | - Gianluca M Farinola
- Deparment of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, Bari I-70125, Italy.
| | - Vita Pinto
- Deparment of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", Via Orabona 4, Bari I-70125, Italy.
| | - Antonio Cardone
- Istituto di Chimica dei Composti OrganoMetallici CNR-ICCOM di Bari, Via Orabona 4, Bari I-70125, Italy.
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15
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Bolognesi M, Gedefaw D, Dang D, Henriksson P, Zhuang W, Tessarolo M, Wang E, Muccini M, Seri M, Andersson MR. 2D π-conjugated benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene- and quinoxaline-based copolymers for photovoltaic applications. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44238a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Nakabayashi K, Mori H. All-Polymer Solar Cells Based on Fully Conjugated Block Copolymers Composed of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and Poly(naphthalene bisimide) Segments. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma302170e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nakabayashi
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hideharu Mori
- Department of Polymer Science and
Engineering, Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa 992-8510, Japan
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17
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Grisorio R, Allegretta G, Romanazzi G, Suranna GP, Mastrorilli P, Mazzeo M, Cezza M, Carallo S, Gigli G. An Insight into the Potential of Random Poly(heteroarylene–vinylene)s as Donor Materials in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma301163p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Grisorio
- Department of Water Engineering
and of Chemistry, Polytechnic of Bari,
Campus Universitario, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
- NNL-Istituto Nanoscienze, CNR c/o distretto tecnologico Lecce, via Arnesano 16,
73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giovanni Allegretta
- Department of Water Engineering
and of Chemistry, Polytechnic of Bari,
Campus Universitario, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
- Scuola
Superiore ISUFI, University of Salento,
via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce,
Italy
| | - Giuseppe Romanazzi
- Department of Water Engineering
and of Chemistry, Polytechnic of Bari,
Campus Universitario, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Suranna
- Department of Water Engineering
and of Chemistry, Polytechnic of Bari,
Campus Universitario, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Piero Mastrorilli
- Department of Water Engineering
and of Chemistry, Polytechnic of Bari,
Campus Universitario, via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marco Mazzeo
- NNL-Istituto Nanoscienze, CNR c/o distretto tecnologico Lecce, via Arnesano 16,
73100 Lecce, Italy
- Department of Mathematics
and
Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Campus Universitario, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Miriam Cezza
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Sonia Carallo
- NNL-Istituto Nanoscienze, CNR c/o distretto tecnologico Lecce, via Arnesano 16,
73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- NNL-Istituto Nanoscienze, CNR c/o distretto tecnologico Lecce, via Arnesano 16,
73100 Lecce, Italy
- Department of Mathematics
and
Physics “E. De Giorgi”, University of Salento, Campus Universitario, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Center for Biomolecular Nanotechnology
(CBN), Italian Institute of Technology (IIT), Via Barsanti 1, Arnesano, 73010, Italy
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